COLIRT IST OF APPEALS DIVIStWq 1T 2015 JUN 30 41 8: 30 STA r R nyASHINGTO?, IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINd TY DIVISION II
In Re the Matter of the Personal Restraint of No. 45426 -2 -II
MICHAEL ALAN WHEELER, PUBLISHED OPINION Petitioner.
LEE, J. — Michael Alan Wheeler filed a CrR 7. 8 motion, alleging that his 2000 conviction .
for failure to register as a sex offender is invalid because it is based on his 1985 conviction of third
degree statutory rape, which the legislature repealed as an offense in 1988. Wheeler' s motion was
transferred to this court as a personal restraint petition. We hold that the judgment and sentence
is invalid on its face, grant the petition, and vacate Wheeler' s 2000 conviction for failure to register
as a sex offender.
FACTS
Wheeler pleaded guilty to third degree statutory rape in 1985. The legislature repealed the
statute under which Wheeler was convicted in 1988. LAWS of 1988, ch. 145, § 24. In 1990, the
legislature enacted RCW 9A.44. 130, which.required sex offenders to register. LAWS of 1990, ch.
3, § 402. In 1999, the State charged Wheeler with failing to register as a sex offender under the
newly enacted law based on his 1985 third degree statutory rape conviction. In 2000, Wheeler
pleaded guilty to failure to register as a sex offender, with his 1985 statutory .rape conviction
serving as the predicate offense. No. 45426 -2 -II
In 2013, Wheeler filed a CrR 7. 8 motion in superior court, alleging that his 2000 conviction
was unlawful under State v. Taylor, 162 Wn. App. 791, 259 P. 3d 289 ( 2011). Because the motion
appeared to be time barred, the superior court transferred it to this court for consideration as a
personal restraint petition under CrR 7. 8( c)( 2). After the State filed a response arguing that the
petition was untimely under RCW 10.73. 090( 1) and RCW 10. 73. 100, we requested, and the parties
provided, supplemental briefing regarding the facial validity of the 2000 judgment and sentence.
ANALYSIS
A. . LEGAL PRINCIPLES
To obtain relief by means of a personal restraint petition, a petitioner must demonstrate
that he is under restraint and that the restraint is unlawful. In re Pers. Restraint ofMartinez, 171
Wn.2d 354, 363, 256 P. 3d 277 ( 2011). A petitioner is under restraint if he has limited freedom
because of a court decision, is confined or subject to imminent confinement, or is under some other
disability resulting from a judgment or sentence in a criminal case. RAP 16. 4( b). Wheeler has
completed his sentence for failure to register, but the State concedes that he meets the " restraint"
requirements due to the stigma and collateral consequences associated with his conviction. See In
re Pers. Restraint of Richardson, 100 Wn.2d 669, 670, 675 P. 2d 209 ( 1983) ( allowing petitioner
who had completed sentence to bring personal restraint petition to " remove a serious blot from his
record"), overruled on other grounds, State v. Dhaliwal, 150 Wn.2d 559, 79 P. 3d 432 ( 2003).
To show that his restraint is unlawful, a petitioner must demonstrate either constitutional
error that resulted in actual and substantial prejudice or a fundamental defect of a nonconstitutional
nature that resulted in a complete miscarriage of justice. In re Pers. Restraint of Cook, 114 Wn.2d
2 No. 45426 -2 -II
802, 810- 13, 792 P. 2d 506 ( 1990). The imposition of an unlawful sentence is a fundamental defect.
In re Pers. Restraint of Carrier, 173 Wn.2d 791, 818, 272 P. 3d 209 ( 2012).
In addition, a petition challenging a judgment and sentence generally must be filed within
one year after the judgment becomes final. RCW 10. 73. 090( 1). The time limit may be avoided if
the judgment and sentence is invalid on its face. RCW 10. 73. 090( 1). A judgment is invalid on its
face under RCW 10. 73. 090( 1) where the trial court exceeded its statutory authority in entering the
judgment or sentence. In re Pers. Restraint of Coats, 173 Wn.2d 123,, 135, 267 P. 3d 324 ( 2011).
Where a defendant is convicted of a nonexistent crime, the judgment and sentence is invalid on its
face. In re Pers. Restraint of Hinton, 152 Wn.2d 853, 860, 100 P. 3d 801 ( 2004). This is true
whether or not the petitioner pleaded guilty. Hinton, 152 Wn.2d at 860. An agreement to plead
guilty to a nonexistent crime does not foreclose collateral relief because a plea agreement cannot
exceed the statutory authority granted to the courts. In re Pers. Restraint ofThompson, 141 Wn.2d
712, 723, 10 P. 3d 380 ( 2000).
Wheeler' s judgment and sentence became final when it was entered in 2000. See RCW
10. 73. 090( 3)( a) ( judgment becomes final when filed with the trial court clerk). He filed this
petition well beyond the one- year time limit. If his judgment and sentence is invalid on its face,
however, his petition is exempt from that time limit.
B. JUDGMENT AND SENTENCE INVALID ON ITs FACE
The State concedes in its briefing that Wheeler' s judgment and sentence is facially invalid
if we agree with Division One' s analysis in Taylor, 162 Wn. App. 791. 1 In Taylor, the defendant
1 Despite its written concession, the State asserted during oral argument that Wheeler' s guilty plea waived his facial invalidity claim. As discussed, Hinton disposes of this assertion.
9 No. 45426 -2 -II
was convicted of third degree statutory rape under former RCW 9A.44. 090 ( 1979) in 1988. 162.
Wn. App. at 793- 94. The legislature repealed former RCW 9A.44. 090 later that year. LAWS of
1988, ch. 145, § 24; Taylor, 162 Wn. App. at 793- 94.2 In 2009, the State charged Taylor with
failure to register as a sex offender in violation of former RCW 9A.44. 130 ( 2006), listing the 1988
rape conviction as his ,predicate offense. Taylor, 162 Wn. App. at 794 n. l . The trial statutory
court found him guilty as charged, and he appealed. Taylor, 162 Wn. App. at 794.
At the time of Taylor'.s 2009 offense, the sex offender registration statute required any
adult who had been convicted of a sex offense to register with the county sheriff. Former RCW
9A.44. 130( 1)( a); Taylor, 162 Wn. App. at 794. The registration statute defined a sex offense, in
part, as any offense so defined by RCW 9. 94A. 030. Former RCW 9A.44. 130( 10)( a)( i). The
Taylor court held that the relevant part of the sex offense definition was that defining a sex offense
as a felony that " is" a violation of chapter 9A.44 RCW. 162 Wn. App. at 795. Because the
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COLIRT IST OF APPEALS DIVIStWq 1T 2015 JUN 30 41 8: 30 STA r R nyASHINGTO?, IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINd TY DIVISION II
In Re the Matter of the Personal Restraint of No. 45426 -2 -II
MICHAEL ALAN WHEELER, PUBLISHED OPINION Petitioner.
LEE, J. — Michael Alan Wheeler filed a CrR 7. 8 motion, alleging that his 2000 conviction .
for failure to register as a sex offender is invalid because it is based on his 1985 conviction of third
degree statutory rape, which the legislature repealed as an offense in 1988. Wheeler' s motion was
transferred to this court as a personal restraint petition. We hold that the judgment and sentence
is invalid on its face, grant the petition, and vacate Wheeler' s 2000 conviction for failure to register
as a sex offender.
FACTS
Wheeler pleaded guilty to third degree statutory rape in 1985. The legislature repealed the
statute under which Wheeler was convicted in 1988. LAWS of 1988, ch. 145, § 24. In 1990, the
legislature enacted RCW 9A.44. 130, which.required sex offenders to register. LAWS of 1990, ch.
3, § 402. In 1999, the State charged Wheeler with failing to register as a sex offender under the
newly enacted law based on his 1985 third degree statutory rape conviction. In 2000, Wheeler
pleaded guilty to failure to register as a sex offender, with his 1985 statutory .rape conviction
serving as the predicate offense. No. 45426 -2 -II
In 2013, Wheeler filed a CrR 7. 8 motion in superior court, alleging that his 2000 conviction
was unlawful under State v. Taylor, 162 Wn. App. 791, 259 P. 3d 289 ( 2011). Because the motion
appeared to be time barred, the superior court transferred it to this court for consideration as a
personal restraint petition under CrR 7. 8( c)( 2). After the State filed a response arguing that the
petition was untimely under RCW 10.73. 090( 1) and RCW 10. 73. 100, we requested, and the parties
provided, supplemental briefing regarding the facial validity of the 2000 judgment and sentence.
ANALYSIS
A. . LEGAL PRINCIPLES
To obtain relief by means of a personal restraint petition, a petitioner must demonstrate
that he is under restraint and that the restraint is unlawful. In re Pers. Restraint ofMartinez, 171
Wn.2d 354, 363, 256 P. 3d 277 ( 2011). A petitioner is under restraint if he has limited freedom
because of a court decision, is confined or subject to imminent confinement, or is under some other
disability resulting from a judgment or sentence in a criminal case. RAP 16. 4( b). Wheeler has
completed his sentence for failure to register, but the State concedes that he meets the " restraint"
requirements due to the stigma and collateral consequences associated with his conviction. See In
re Pers. Restraint of Richardson, 100 Wn.2d 669, 670, 675 P. 2d 209 ( 1983) ( allowing petitioner
who had completed sentence to bring personal restraint petition to " remove a serious blot from his
record"), overruled on other grounds, State v. Dhaliwal, 150 Wn.2d 559, 79 P. 3d 432 ( 2003).
To show that his restraint is unlawful, a petitioner must demonstrate either constitutional
error that resulted in actual and substantial prejudice or a fundamental defect of a nonconstitutional
nature that resulted in a complete miscarriage of justice. In re Pers. Restraint of Cook, 114 Wn.2d
2 No. 45426 -2 -II
802, 810- 13, 792 P. 2d 506 ( 1990). The imposition of an unlawful sentence is a fundamental defect.
In re Pers. Restraint of Carrier, 173 Wn.2d 791, 818, 272 P. 3d 209 ( 2012).
In addition, a petition challenging a judgment and sentence generally must be filed within
one year after the judgment becomes final. RCW 10. 73. 090( 1). The time limit may be avoided if
the judgment and sentence is invalid on its face. RCW 10. 73. 090( 1). A judgment is invalid on its
face under RCW 10. 73. 090( 1) where the trial court exceeded its statutory authority in entering the
judgment or sentence. In re Pers. Restraint of Coats, 173 Wn.2d 123,, 135, 267 P. 3d 324 ( 2011).
Where a defendant is convicted of a nonexistent crime, the judgment and sentence is invalid on its
face. In re Pers. Restraint of Hinton, 152 Wn.2d 853, 860, 100 P. 3d 801 ( 2004). This is true
whether or not the petitioner pleaded guilty. Hinton, 152 Wn.2d at 860. An agreement to plead
guilty to a nonexistent crime does not foreclose collateral relief because a plea agreement cannot
exceed the statutory authority granted to the courts. In re Pers. Restraint ofThompson, 141 Wn.2d
712, 723, 10 P. 3d 380 ( 2000).
Wheeler' s judgment and sentence became final when it was entered in 2000. See RCW
10. 73. 090( 3)( a) ( judgment becomes final when filed with the trial court clerk). He filed this
petition well beyond the one- year time limit. If his judgment and sentence is invalid on its face,
however, his petition is exempt from that time limit.
B. JUDGMENT AND SENTENCE INVALID ON ITs FACE
The State concedes in its briefing that Wheeler' s judgment and sentence is facially invalid
if we agree with Division One' s analysis in Taylor, 162 Wn. App. 791. 1 In Taylor, the defendant
1 Despite its written concession, the State asserted during oral argument that Wheeler' s guilty plea waived his facial invalidity claim. As discussed, Hinton disposes of this assertion.
9 No. 45426 -2 -II
was convicted of third degree statutory rape under former RCW 9A.44. 090 ( 1979) in 1988. 162.
Wn. App. at 793- 94. The legislature repealed former RCW 9A.44. 090 later that year. LAWS of
1988, ch. 145, § 24; Taylor, 162 Wn. App. at 793- 94.2 In 2009, the State charged Taylor with
failure to register as a sex offender in violation of former RCW 9A.44. 130 ( 2006), listing the 1988
rape conviction as his ,predicate offense. Taylor, 162 Wn. App. at 794 n. l . The trial statutory
court found him guilty as charged, and he appealed. Taylor, 162 Wn. App. at 794.
At the time of Taylor'.s 2009 offense, the sex offender registration statute required any
adult who had been convicted of a sex offense to register with the county sheriff. Former RCW
9A.44. 130( 1)( a); Taylor, 162 Wn. App. at 794. The registration statute defined a sex offense, in
part, as any offense so defined by RCW 9. 94A. 030. Former RCW 9A.44. 130( 10)( a)( i). The
Taylor court held that the relevant part of the sex offense definition was that defining a sex offense
as a felony that " is" a violation of chapter 9A.44 RCW. 162 Wn. App. at 795. Because the
predicate offense for Taylor' s 2009 failure to register conviction was not a violation of chapter
9A.44 RCW in 2009, Division One reversed the conviction. 162 Wn. App. at 801.
Here, Wheeler pleaded guilty to third degree statutory rape under former RCW 9A.44. 090
1979) in 1985. As stated, the legislature repealed the statutory rape statutes in 1988. LAWS of
1988, ch. 145, § 24. In 2000, Wheeler pleaded guilty to failure to register as a sex offender between
September 1997 and April 1998. At the time of his offense, the sex offender registration statute
required any adult who had been convicted of a sex offense to register with the county sheriff.
Former RCW 9A.44. 130( 1) ( 1997). The statute defined a sex offense, in part, as any felony so
2 The legislature replaced the provisions defining three degrees of statutory rape with three degrees of the crime of rape of a child. Taylor, 162 Wn. App. at 796 n.4.
El No. 45426 -2 -II
defined by RCW 9. 94A. 030. Former RCW 9A.44. 130( 6)( a). The corresponding definition of
sex offense" stated as follows:
a) A felony that is a violation of chapter 9,4. 44 RCW or RCW 9A.64. 020 or 9. 68A.090 or a felony that is, under chapter 9A.28 RCW, a criminal attempt, criminal solicitation, or criminal conspiracy to commit such crimes; b) A felony with a finding of sexual motivation under RCW 9. 94A. 127 or 13. 40. 135; or c) Any federal or out-of-state conviction for an offense that under the laws of this state would be a felony classified as a sex offense under ( a) of this
subsection.
Former RCW 9. 94A.030( 33) ( 1997) ( emphasis added). Under the reasoning in Taylor, because
statutory rape was repealed in 1988 and, therefore, not a violation of chapter 9A.44 RCW in 1997
and 1998, Wheeler' s resulting conviction for failure to register as a sex offender would be invalid
on its face.
B. LEGISLATIVE INTENT
The State maintains that we should not follow Taylor because it rests on an improper
interpretation of the word " is" in the sex offense definition. The State argues that it is far more
reasonable to read the word " is" broadly and to conclude that the legislature intended that any
crime which was at any time included in chapter 9A.44 RCW " is" a sex offense.
To support its interpretation of former RCW 9. 94A.030( 33), the State cites the policy
statement underlying the sex offender registration statute. That policy notes the high risk of
reoffense that sex offenders pose and the need to assist local law enforcement agencies in
protecting their communities by requiring sex offenders to register with those agencies. LAWS of
1990, ch. 3, § 401. The State argues that if monitoring the whereabouts of sex offenders is a
5 No. 45426 -2 -II
priority, it is unlikely that the legislature meant to exempt offenders who were convicted before
the 1990 legislation was enacted. We disagree.
The purpose of interpreting a statute is to determine and enforce the legislature' s intent.
State v. Alvarado,. 164 Wn.2d 556, 561- 62, 192 P. 3d 345 ( 2008). Where the meaning of statutory
language is plain on its face, courts must give effect to that plain meaning as an expression of
legislative intent. Id. at 562. In discerning the plain meaning of a provision, courts consider the
entire statute in which the provision is found, as well as related statutes or other provisions in the
same act that disclose legislative intent. Id.
Looking at the plain language of the sex offense definition, we observe, as did the Taylor
court, that this definition was amended in 1999 to include "[ a] ny conviction for a felony offense
in effect at any time prior to July 1, 1976, that is comparable to a felony classified as a sex offense
in ( a) of this subsection." LAWS of 1999, ch. 352, § 8; 162 Wn. App. at 798. This action is
consistent with the view that the previous language did not apply the duty to register to crimes not
currently listed in chapter 9A.44 RCW. Taylor, 162 Wn. App. at 798. This action also shows the
legislature' s ability to tailor the definition to include offenses other than those currently classified
as sex offenses under the SRA.
We observe further that despite the holding in Taylor, the legislature has not amended the
sex offense definition to include comparable post -1976 felonies that were subsequently repealed.
The legislature is presumed to be familiar with past judicial interpretations of statutes, including
appellate court decisions. State v. Stalker, 152 Wn. App. 805, 812- 13, 219 P. 3d 722 ( 2009), review
denied, 168 Wn.2d 1043 ( 2010). "[ L]egislative inaction following a judicial decision interpreting.
a statute often is deemed to indicate legislative acquiescence in or acceptance of the decision."
3 No. 45426 -2 -II
Stalker, 152 Wn. App. at 813. "` [ W] here statutory language remains unchanged after a court
decision the court will not overrule clear precedent interpreting the same statutory language."'
Stalker, 152 Wn. App. at 813 ( quoting Riehl v. Foodmaker, Inc., 152 Wn.2d 138, 147, 94 P. 3d 930
2004)). Consequently, we agree with Taylor that the sex offense definition in effect when
Wheeler failed to register supports a reading of " is" that permits only sex offenses
contemporaneously included in chapter 9A.44 RCW to serve as the predicate for a failure to
register conviction.
Wheeler' s 2000 judgment and sentence is invalid on its face because his conviction is not
based on an offense defined as a sex offense at the time of the failure to register. This error
constitutes a fundamental defect that entitles Wheeler to relief. Accordingly, we grant the petition
and vacate Wheeler' s 2000 conviction for failing to register as a sex offender.
Lee, J. We concur:
4 Worswick, P. J.
taxa, J.