Ff LED GOM, T OF APPEALS DIVISMN. 11 2013 JUL -9 f M 9 09
ST ON 8
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
In re the Personal Restraint Petition of No. 42863 6 II - -
DYNAMITE SALAVEA,
Petitioner. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
BJORGEN, J. —In this personal restraint petition (PRP), Dynamite Salavea argues that
deficient jury instructions for his trial on charges of child rape and child molestation violated his double jeopardy protections and that we should vacate several of his convictions. For the
reasons below, we deny Salavea's request for relief.
FACTS
1 -- - - _ - - - - - - __ _ . I. - CHARGESAND TRIAL TFSTIMONY -- - - -
In October 2000, the State charged Salavea with four counts of first degree child rape and two counts of first degree child molestation, all occurring between February 1996 and June 1998. Two of the child rape charges and one of the child molestation charges were for crimes
1 RCW 9A. 4. 073. 4 2 RCW 9A. 4. 083. 4 No. 42863 6 II - -
against R. .who was between five and seven years old at the time. The other two counts of T., U child rape and one count of child molestation were for crimes against R. . T., between K who was
the ages of six and eight at the time.
Salavea is the cousin of R. .and R. . At trial, R. . T. T. U K T.' and R. . s U T.' mother, B. ., s K T
testified that she used to take the two to their grandmother's house four or five times a week
while she was at work. She testified that the boys frequently stayed overnight.
T. R. . testified that he usually slept in a big bed in the basement when at his U
grandmother's, sometimes with as many as four or five relatives. At times Salavea slept in the basement bed with R. .and R. .R. . T. T. U testified that Salavea would " tick his front private U K T. s
in my back private"and that it happened more than once. Report of Proceedings (RP)at 375 76. - T. R. . stated that he tried to stop Salavea, but "[ ] st of the time" Salavea did it U mo
anyway. RP at 376. R. .also testified that sometimes he would yell when this happened, but T. U that it was hard to yell because he was lying on his stomach with his face in a pillow. Sometimes"when R. .would try to stop Salavea, Salavea would hit him, and "other times" T. U
1- T: not resist because he just..felt] U did R. : " -- scared."RP [ at 377- 8.Salavea would force anal - - 7 -
intercourse on R. .for " ifferent time limits." T. d U RP at 378.
In addition to describing the nighttime basement rapes, R. .described daytime sexual T. U assaults when his "auntie"went to the store. RP at 379. R. .testified that at these times, T. U
Salavea would "do the same things"to him but in different rooms; a couple times"the sexual "
assaults took place in his auntie's bedroom. RP at 383, 379. Once, when R. .did not go to T. U church with his grandmother, Salavea raped R. .in the living room. On this occasion, after T. U
3 We use initials to protect the privacy interests of sex crime victims. No. 42863 6 II - -
Salavea forced anal penetration, Salavea made R. .suck" front private."RP at 380, 383. T. U his
T. R. .also testified that twice or three times when he was outside, Salavea pushed him into his U
grandmother's shed and anally and orally raped him.
T. R. . K testified that he used to visit his grandmother's house almost every week and that
he would sleep in the basement. Salavea would put his hand down R. . T.' pants and rub s K
T.' private parts. R. .testified that he would start crying and tell Salavea to stop, but R. . s K T. K
Salavea would not. R. .also stated that Salavea put his "privates" on R. . T. K T.' behind and s K
rubbed it up and down. RP at 409 10. R. .testified that this happened "[ any times" and - T. K m] that " e was behind me every time I went over there."RP at 411, 415. Leah Hill, a friend of h
B. ., T testified that when R. .was eight, he told her that Salavea had "put his thing in my T. K
butt." at 357 58. RP -
Nurse practitioner Cheryl Hanna -Truscott testified that she evaluated R. .and R. . T. T. U K
when they were seven- a half and eight and a half years old, respectively. R. .told her and - - - - - T. U
1) Salavea put his "private in my butt"and he put it all the way and made it bleed," ( that that " 2) Salavea did othernasty" things, such as- . touching R. : T.' private with his -hands -and -then - - U s
touching his own until " ray stuff' came out of Salavea's private part, and (3) he tried to get g that
away, but Salavea would hit him and demand that he "hold still."RP at 330 31, 337. R. . - T. K also told Truscott that Salavea (1)pulled R. . T.' pants down and put his mouth on R. . s K T.' s K
private, telling R. .that he will try to bite it,and (2) T. K forced him to put his mouth on Salavea's private.
3 No. 42863 6 II - -
T. R. . told child interviewer Jennifer Knight about a number of the sexual assaults K
recounted above. Speaking of the incidents generally, R. .said that they started when he was T. K
about to go into the first grade and ended when he was in the second grade. II. JURY INSTRUCTIONS AND CLOSING ARGUMENT
Jury instruction 4 stated:
A separate crime is charged in each count. You must decide each count separately. Your verdict on one count should not control your verdict on any other count.
Clerk's Papers (CP)at 68.
Instruction 8 defined " exual intercourse"in the following terms: s
Sexual intercourse means any act of sexual contact between persons involving the sex organs of one person and the mouth or anus of another whether such persons are of the same or opposite sex.
CP at 72.
Instruction 10, in turn, defined " exual contact"as: s
any touching of the sexual or other intimate parts of a person done for the purpose of gratifying sexual desires of either party or a third• arty. p CP at 74.
The jury instructions also included a separate "to convict"instruction for each of the six counts. Instructions 11 through 14 all pertained to first degree child rape; instructions 11 and 12 named R. . instructions 13 and 14 named R. . Otherwise, instructions 11 through 14 T., K and T. U
were nearly identical and covered the same time period, from February 1996 through June 1998. Instructions 15 and 16 covered child molestation, one pertaining to R. .and one to R. . TU T. K
Instructions 15 and 16 were nearly identical and also covered the same time period,. from
M No. 42863 6 II - -
February 1996 through June 1998. The instructions did not direct the jury to base a verdict for
each count on separate and distinct criminal acts.
During closing argument, the State delineated the elements of first degree child molestation and the elements of first degree child rape. The State recounted the testimony,
quoting R. . and R. . extensively, arguing that the details provided by them were too T. T. U K
descript [sic]" be fabricated. RP at 637. The State argued that Salavea committed rape: (1) to
by putting his mouth on R. .and R. . T.' s U T.' penises and also (2)by putting his penis in s K U and R. T.' . R. s T.' . s K anuses. The State argued that Salavea committed child molestation by
touching R. . R. . T.' and T.' penises with his hands, rubbing his penis against their behinds, s U s K and rubbing his penis against their penises.
The jury found Salavea guilty of four counts of first degree child rape and two counts of
first degree child molestation. In his direct appeal Salavea argued that (1)prosecutorial delay denied him due process and the benefits of the juvenile court jurisdiction and (2) trial court the
improperly admitted child hearsay. We rejected both claims and affirmed. State v. Salavea, 115 Wn App. 52, - 60 P. d 1230 (2003): - Supreme Court granted reviewon -- single- - of - -- - 54; 3 Our the- issue prosecutorial delay and affirmed. State v. Salavea, 151- n.133, 86 P. d 125 (2004).Salavea 2d W 3 now petitions for relief in a PRP. ANALYSIS
In his PRP Salavea argues that (1)his two sets of convictions for child - rape violate
double jeopardy protections because the jury instructions did not require the jury to base its convictions on separate and distinct incidents; and (2)his convictions for child .molestation
5 No. 42863 6 II - -
violate double jeopardy protections because, as defined in the jury instructions, they are lesser
included offenses of his child rape convictions.
I. SEPARATE AND DISTINCT ACTS
Salavea argues that the trial court failed to instruct the jury that in order to convict him of
multiple counts of first degree child rape, the verdict on each count must be based on proof of
separate and distinct acts. The State concedes that the jury instructions lacked this language.
However, under the applicable standards this omission does not raise any reversible error under
the circumstances presented.
A. Standard of Review
To prevail on a PRP, Salavea must establish by a preponderance of the evidence that there was a constitutional error that resulted in actual and substantial prejudice or that there was a
nonconstitutional error that resulted in a fundamental defect, which inherently results "in a
complete miscarriage of justice."In re Pers. Restraint of Woods, 154 Wn. d 400, 409, 114 P. d 2 3 607 (2005); re Pers. Restraint of Borrero, 161 Wn.2d 532, 536, 167 P. d 1106 (2007).This In 3 requirement -is necessary to preserve the societal interest in finality, economy, and integrity o - - -- " - - - - - - the trial process. It also recognizes that the petitioner has had an opportunity to obtain judicial review by appeal." Woods, 154 Wn. d at 409. Salavea argues the first of these two types of 2 error.
Actual prejudice "must be determined in light of the totality of circumstances." In re Pers. Restraint of Music, 104 Wn. d 189, 191, 704 P. d 144 ( 1985). 2 2 In doing so, we will
consider the jury instructions, the arguments of counsel, the weight of evidence of guilt, and
C No. 42863 6 II - -
other relevant factors in evaluating whether a particular instruction caused actual prejudice.
Music, 104 Wn. d at 191. 2
The ultimate question in determining whether actual prejudice exists is whether the error
so infected the petitioner's entire trial that the resulting conviction violates due process."
Music, 104 Wn. d at 191. An error warrants relief when the reviewing court has "` grave doubt 2 a
as to the harmlessness of an error. "' In re Pers. Restraint of Sims, 118 Wn. App. 471, 477, 73
P. d 398 (2003) quoting In re Pers. Restraint of Smith, 117 Wn. App. 846, 860, 73 P. d 386 3 ( 3
2003), overruled on other grounds by In re Domingo, 155 Wn. d 356, 119 P. d 816 (2005)). 2 3 A
per se prejudice rule is appropriate where it is certain that the defendant suffered multiple
punishments for the same act and there is no possibility that the jury used different actions as the basis for the conviction. In re Pers. Restraint ofFrancis, 170 Wn. d 517, 524 25,242 P. d 866 2 - 3
2010).
B. Constitutional Error
The state and federal constitutional guaranties against double jeopardy protect a
multiple punishments for the same offense " - Statev. - 471 defendant against " - - Mutch, Wn 2d 646 - - -- .-
661, 254 P. d 803 ( 2011). To avoid this error in cases where multiple identical counts are 3
alleged to have occurred within the same charging period, the trial court must explicitly instruct
the jury that it is to find "separate and distinct acts" for convictions on each count or must otherwise make "the need for a finding of separate and distinct acts' manifestly apparent to the `
average juror."State v. Borsheim, 140 Wn. App. 357, 368, 165 P. d 417 (2007).In the absence 3 of such an instruction, it is possible for a unanimous jury to find that the State has proved only
one act beyond a reasonable doubt and yet base multiple convictions on proof of that single act.
7 No.42863 6 II - -
State v. Berg, 147 Wn. App. 923, 935, 198 P. d 529 (2008), 3 overruled by Mutch, 171 Wn. d at 2
663 64. -
In applying these rules, however, the court in Mutch, 171 Wn. d at 663 64, expressly 2 -
modified the approach of Berg, 147 Wn. App. at 931, and State v. Carter, 156 Wn. App. 561,
234 P. d 275 (2010), 3 overruled by Mutch, 171 Wn. d at 663 64..Berg and Carter held that 2 -
where the instructions were unclear about the need to find that each count arose from a separate
and distinct act, the resulting ambiguity potentially exposed the defendant to multiple
punishments for a single offense in violation of the double jeopardy clauses. Mutch, 171 Wn. d 2 at 662. Mutch refined Berg and Carter in two respects. First, it held that not just the
instructions, but the evidence, the argument, and the entire trial record may be considered in
treating these issues. Mutch, 171 Wn. d at 2 664. Second, our Supreme Court held that the
potential alone for multiple punishments for the same offense does not violate the double
jeopardy clauses. Rather, there must be multiple punishments for the same offense. Mutch, 171 Wn. d at 663 64. 2 -
Under Mutch, there is a double jeopardy violation if,considering the evidence,arguments- - -
and instructions,
it is not clear that it was `manifestly apparent to the jury that the State [was] not seeking to impose multiple punishments for the same offense' and that each count was based on a separate act.
Mutch, 171 Wn. d at 664 (quoting Berg, 147 Wn.App. at 931).If the reviewing court concludes 2
that an actual, rather than possible double jeopardy violation exists under this rule, the proper
remedy is to vacate the redundant convictions. Mutch, 171 Wn. d at 664. 2 No. 42863 6 II - -
Considering the entire record in this case, no double jeopardy violations occurred under
the rule in Mutch. Turning to the first degree child rapes of R. . charged in counts 3 and 4, T., U as
T. R. .testified directly to repeated acts of anal and oral intercourse when he was between the U
ages of five and eight, occurring in at least four different locations at his grandmother's house:
1) basement; 2) upstairs living room; 3) aunt's bedroom; and (4) shed. Thus, in the ( the ( his the addition to testimony that rapes occurred many times, the evidence before the jury described distinct acts of sexual intercourse. Each act of intercourse is sufficient to support a single count
of rape.
Regarding the first degree child rapes of R. .as charged in counts 1 and 2, R. . T., K T. K
disclosed at least two clear acts of oralgenital intercourse. One disclosure specified that Salavea /
put his mouth on R. .penis; another disclosure specified that Salavea put his penis in T.' s K T.' mouth. Further, R. .disclosed that Salavea anally raped him and that Salavea forced R. . s K T. K
him to put his penis in Salavea's anus. In addition to testimony that rape occurred many times, the evidence before the jury described several distinct acts of sexual intercourse. Each act .of intercourse is sufficient to support a single count of rape - . - - -
This evidence, together with the jury instructions and closing argument, made it
manifestly apparent to the jury that the State was not seeking to impose multiple punishments for the same offense and that each count was based on a separate act. Under Mutch this does not
create double jeopardy. Further, the acts of rape found in Mutch were no more separate or
distinct than those found here. If those circumstances did not offend the double jeopardy clauses
in the absence of a "separate and distinct act"instruction, the circumstances presented here also would not.
E No. 42863 6 II - -
Under governing case law,the jury instructions did not put Salavea in double jeopardy by
punishing him multiple times for the same act. Because no error occurred, Salavea has not met
the first requirement for granting a PRP.
C. Actual and Substantial Prejudice
Even if Salavea had shown the alleged error, he failed to show actual and substantial
prejudice, the second requirement for a PRP. To demonstrate actual prejudice, Salavea must
show by a preponderance of the evidence that had the jury received an instruction requiring it to
find separate and distinct acts, it would have reached a different decision. Borrero, 161 Wn. d at 2
536. However, Salavea does not present any reason why such an instruction would have made
any difference when, as shown above, the jury had evidence before it of multiple acts
constituting each rape count. With that, Salavea does not show that the verdicts would have
differed had there been an instruction stating that the jury must base each conviction on a
separate and distinct act.
II. LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSES
Salavea argues -next thatunder the juryinstructions -his convictions-for childmolestation - - - -
violate double jeopardy protections because they are lesser included offenses to his convictions for child rape. For this reason, he asserts that the molestation convictions must be vacated. We disagree, because even if these instructions made molestation a lesser included offense of child
rape, it is clear from the evidence and the arguments that the convictions for rape and molestation were based on separate acts.
Our Supreme Court in State v. French, 157 Wn.2d 593, 141 P. d 54 (2006), that first 3 held degree child molestation is not a lesser included offense of first degree child rape. The court
10 No. 42863 6 II - -
based this ruling on two conclusions: first, that sexual contact, an element of child molestation,
continues to require a showing of purpose or intent, while child rape does not; and, second, that
child rape also requires a finding of penetration, while child molestation does not. French, 157
Wn. d at 611. 2 Thus, the court held that the two crimes are separate and can be charged and
punished separately. French, 157 Wn. d at 611. 2
Salavea argues that the holding in French does not. follow from the specific jury
instructions given at his trial. He points out that instruction 8 defined "intercourse," element an
of child rape, as sexual contact involving the sex organs of one person and the mouth or anus of
another. He further points out that instruction 10 defined " exual contact"as any touching of the s
sexual or intimate parts done for the purpose of gratifying sexual desires. Therefore, he argues, child molestation did not have an element that child rape lacked.
Salavea is correct under the instructions given. The court in French ruled that
molestation was not a lesser included offense, among other reasons, because it lacked the
element of penetration found in child rape. French, 157 Wn. d at 611. In doing so, it applied 2 the rule from State v.Freeman, 153 Wn. d 765, 772, 108 P. d 753 (2005)citing-lockburger v. - -- - - -- 2 3 ( B
United States, 284 U. .299, 304 52 S. Ct. 180, 76 L.Ed. 306 (1932)), S that
t] test for whether two offenses may be separately charged and punished is he whether each crime contains an element that the other does not and whether the evidence necessary to support a conviction for one crime would have been sufficient to warrant a conviction for the other.
French, 157 Wn. d at 610. 2
Here, the instructions defined "intercourse" as " certain sexual contact,"omitting the
element of penetration from child rape. Jury instructions to which no objections are made
become the law of the case. State v. Hickman, 135 Wn. d 97, 102, 954 P. d 900 (1998).Under 2 3
11 No:42863 6 II - -
these instructions, all the elements of child molestation are also elements of child rape, and
evidence necessary to support a conviction of child rape would have warranted a conviction for molestation. Under the test in French and these instructions, Salavea cannot be convicted of
molestation for the same act for which he was convicted of rape. Salavea was convicted of first
degree child rape. Therefore, the double jeopardy guaranties would prohibit convicting him of child molestation for the same act for which he was convicted of child rape.
Here, though, the State never argued that Salavea's acts of rape simultaneously,
constituted acts of molestation; rather, the State argued that Salavea committed two different
crimes based on different acts. During closing argument, the State argued that Salavea
committed child molestation by touching R. . R. . T.' and T.' penises with his hands, rubbing s U s K
his penis against their behinds, and rubbing his penis against their penises. In contrast, the State argued that Salavea committed rape when he took other action, namely: (1) putting his mouth by on R. .and R. . T.' s U T.' penises and also (2)by putting his"penis in R. .and R. . s K T.' s U T.' s K anuses.
The testimonyat trial supported the distinctionbetween acts thatconstitute molestation -- --
and acts that constitute rape. Salavea was convicted of one count of child molestation of R. . T., U
and testimony supported that separate from the acts constituting rape, Salavea touched R. . T.' s U
private"with his hands and then touched his own until he ejaculated. RP at 331. Salavea was convicted of one count of child molestation of R. .and testimony supported that separate T., K
from the acts constituting rape, Salavea put his hand in R. . T.' pants, and held and squeezed his s K
private." at 336. RP
12 No. 42863 6 II - -
The evidence amply supports conviction of Salavea on two counts of child molestation
for acts that do not constitute child rape. Therefore, even if these instructions made molestation
a lesser included offense of child rape, he has not shown that he was convicted of child
molestation for the same act for which he was convicted of child rape. Nor has he met his
burden of proving actual rather than possible prejudice by a preponderance of the evidence. As
noted, even without the evidence that showed rape, the jury had sufficient evidence from which
it could find molestation.
The PRP is denied.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 040, 2.6.it is so ordered. 0
RG , , J. We concur: