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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHIN- d DIVISION II
In the Matter of the Personal Restraint No. 43389 -3 -II Petition of:
ALBERT JAMAAL YOUNGBLOOD,
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Petitioner.
WORSwICK, C. J. — In this personal restraint petition, Albert Youngblood petitions this
court to vacate his two convictions for first degree kidnapping. Youngblood was convicted of
kidnapping and robbery; he now argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his
kidnapping convictions because his conduct was merely incidental to commission of the robbery.
Because Youngblood' s direct appeal determined the merits of his argument and he fails to show
that relitigating it would serve the interests of justice, we dismiss his petition. FACTS
Albert Youngblood, Samuel Ferguson, and John Fitzpatrick were convicted of four
Shari' Restaurant in Vancouver, Washington.' At about counts arising from the robbery of a s
5: 00 AM, two men entered the restaurant wearing hats with eyeholes cut in them. At gunpoint
Youngblood, Ferguson, and Fitzpatrick were tried jointly; however, Youngblood and Ferguson appealed separately. State v. Youngblood, noted at 162 Wn. App. 1008, 2011 WL 2120001, review denied, 172 Wn. 2d 1020 ( 2011); State v. Ferguson, 164 Wn. App. 370, 374, 264 P. 3d 575 2011), review denied, 173 Wn.2d 1035 ( 2012). The facts here are taken from Youngblood' s appeal. No. 43389 -3 -II
they forced two employees, Javier Rivera and Roberta Damewood, to move from the kitchen and
to lie on the floor in a storage room.
Elsewhere in the restaurant, one of the men pointed a gun at another employee, Regina
Bridges, and demanded that she open the cash register. Bridges complied, the man took money
from the cash register, and both men left. Bridges then called 911 to report the robbery. Police
officers later chased and apprehended Youngblood, Ferguson, and Fitzpatrick.
The State Youngblood, Ferguson, Fitzpatrick with four counts: ( 1) jointly charged and
first degree robbery of Bridges, ( 2) first degree kidnapping of Damewood, ( 3) first degree
kidnapping of Rivera, and ( 4) attempting to elude a pursuing police vehicle. After two jury
trials, the trial court entered convictions on all four counts. Youngblood appealed to this court,
arguing inter alia that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions for kidnapping.
Youngblood based his sufficiency of the evidence argument on the incidental restraint
doctrine applied by this court in State v. Korum, 120 Wn. App. 686, 86 P. 3d 166 ( 2004), rev' d in
part on other grounds, 157 Wn. 2d 614 ( 2006). Although this court recently reaffirmed Korum in
State v. Berg, 177 Wn. App. 119, 131, 310 P. 3d 866 ( 2013)-; cross petitions for review setfor en
Banc conference, No. 895708 ( Wash. Mar. 5, 2014), Divisions One and Three have declined to
follow Korum or apply the incidental restraint doctrine. State v. Grant, 172 Wn. App. 496, 498,
301 P. 3d 459 ( 2012), review denied, 177 Wn.2d 1021 ( 2013); State v. Butler, 165 Wn. App. 820,
830 -31, 269 P. 3d 315 ( 2012).
Before Divisions One and Three of this court declined to follow Korum, this court
transferred Youngblood' s appeal to Division One to expedite review. Order Transferring Cases,
State v. Youngblood, No. 39721 -8 - II ( Wash. Ct. App. Feb. 18, 2011), at 1, 6; see RCW 2. 06. 040;
2 No. 43389 -3 -II
CAR 21( a). Division One affirmed Youngblood' s convictions in an unpublished opinion. State
v. Youngblood, noted at 162 Wn. App. 1008, 2011 WL 2120001, at * 1, review denied, 172
Wn.2d, 1020 ( 2011).
While recognizing that Youngblood argued that " insufficient evidence exists to sustain
the kidnapping convictions" under Korum, Division One disposed of the argument by holding
that " Youngblood' s convictions for first degree kidnapping and first degree robbery do not
merge." Youngblood, 2011 WL 2120001, at * 3, * 4. In a footnote, Division One also rejected
Youngblood' s argument because the kidnappings and robbery had different victims, citing State
v. Hadovic, 99 Wn.2d 413, 424, 662 P. 2d 853 ( 1983). Youngblood, 2011 WL 2120001, at * 4
n.5.
Youngblood petitioned for review in our Supreme Court, which denied review.
Youngblood, noted at 172 Wn.2d 1020. This personal restraint petition followed.
ANALYSIS
Youngblood argues that his right to due process was violated because the evidence was
insufficient to - convict him of two counts of first degree kidnapping. Youngblood cannot renew
his argument in this personal restraint petition and, accordingly, we dismiss his petition.
A personal restraint petition will be granted only if the petitioner is under an unlawful
restraint. RAP 16. 4( a); In re Pers. Restraint of Yates, 177 Wn.2d 1, 16, 296 P. 3d 872 ( 2013).
But a personal restraint petition is not a substitute for a direct appeal. In re Pers. Restraint of
Hagler, 97 Wn.2d 818, 824, 650 P. 2d 1103 ( 1982). There are limits on the use of a personal
restraint petition to collaterally attack a conviction. Hagler, 97 Wn.2d at 824.
3 No. 43389 -3 - II
As a threshold issue, the State argues that Youngblood may not renew his sufficiency of
the evidence argument because it was resolved in his direct appeal. We agree.
A personal restraint petition cannot renew an issue that was raised and rejected on direct
appeal unless the interests ofjustice require relitigation of the issue. In re Pers. Restraint of
Davis, 152 Wn.2d 647, 671, 101 P. 3d 1 ( 2004). An issue was raised and rejected on direct
appeal if the direct appeal determined the issue' s merits adversely to the petitioner. Davis, 152
Wn.2d at 671 n.14 ( citing In re Pers. Restraint of Taylor, 105 Wn.2d 683, 687, 717 P.2d 755
1986)).
A. Youngblood' s Direct Appeal Was Rejected on the Merits
Youngblood concedes that his petition advances " one of the same arguments that he
asserted in his direct appeal," but he claims that Division One' s opinion failed to determine the
merits of this argument. Pet. at 7. Thus, Youngblood appears to assert that he is entitled to
renew the argument in his personal restraint petition. We disagree.
In support of his claim that Division One failed to determine the merits of his argument,
Youngblood asserts that Division One based its decision on merger principles and ignored his
sufficiency of the evidence argument. We disagree.
In its entirety, Division One' s consideration of Youngblood' s argument was as follows:
Sufficiency of the EvidenceMerger Youngblood first argues that " the first degree kidnapping counts were incidental to the robbery and no separate conviction may . be imposed and enforced." Appellant' s Br. at 17. He therefore maintains that because the kidnappings were done solely to facilitate the robbery and were not independent crimes, insufficient evidence exists to sustain the kidnapping convictions. Youngblood relies on State v. Korum, 120 Wn. App. 686, 86 P. 3d 166 2004). There, the State charged the defendant with several kidnapping charges stemming from a conspiracy to rob drug dealers in a series of home invasions. Korum, 120 Wn. App. at 689. The perpetrators restrained the victims with duct
11 No. 43389 -3 - II
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It ED L-02T OF APPEALS TVIIS11011z 1i
2 5I4 KKR 19 , AM 8: 47
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHIN- d DIVISION II
In the Matter of the Personal Restraint No. 43389 -3 -II Petition of:
ALBERT JAMAAL YOUNGBLOOD,
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Petitioner.
WORSwICK, C. J. — In this personal restraint petition, Albert Youngblood petitions this
court to vacate his two convictions for first degree kidnapping. Youngblood was convicted of
kidnapping and robbery; he now argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his
kidnapping convictions because his conduct was merely incidental to commission of the robbery.
Because Youngblood' s direct appeal determined the merits of his argument and he fails to show
that relitigating it would serve the interests of justice, we dismiss his petition. FACTS
Albert Youngblood, Samuel Ferguson, and John Fitzpatrick were convicted of four
Shari' Restaurant in Vancouver, Washington.' At about counts arising from the robbery of a s
5: 00 AM, two men entered the restaurant wearing hats with eyeholes cut in them. At gunpoint
Youngblood, Ferguson, and Fitzpatrick were tried jointly; however, Youngblood and Ferguson appealed separately. State v. Youngblood, noted at 162 Wn. App. 1008, 2011 WL 2120001, review denied, 172 Wn. 2d 1020 ( 2011); State v. Ferguson, 164 Wn. App. 370, 374, 264 P. 3d 575 2011), review denied, 173 Wn.2d 1035 ( 2012). The facts here are taken from Youngblood' s appeal. No. 43389 -3 -II
they forced two employees, Javier Rivera and Roberta Damewood, to move from the kitchen and
to lie on the floor in a storage room.
Elsewhere in the restaurant, one of the men pointed a gun at another employee, Regina
Bridges, and demanded that she open the cash register. Bridges complied, the man took money
from the cash register, and both men left. Bridges then called 911 to report the robbery. Police
officers later chased and apprehended Youngblood, Ferguson, and Fitzpatrick.
The State Youngblood, Ferguson, Fitzpatrick with four counts: ( 1) jointly charged and
first degree robbery of Bridges, ( 2) first degree kidnapping of Damewood, ( 3) first degree
kidnapping of Rivera, and ( 4) attempting to elude a pursuing police vehicle. After two jury
trials, the trial court entered convictions on all four counts. Youngblood appealed to this court,
arguing inter alia that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions for kidnapping.
Youngblood based his sufficiency of the evidence argument on the incidental restraint
doctrine applied by this court in State v. Korum, 120 Wn. App. 686, 86 P. 3d 166 ( 2004), rev' d in
part on other grounds, 157 Wn. 2d 614 ( 2006). Although this court recently reaffirmed Korum in
State v. Berg, 177 Wn. App. 119, 131, 310 P. 3d 866 ( 2013)-; cross petitions for review setfor en
Banc conference, No. 895708 ( Wash. Mar. 5, 2014), Divisions One and Three have declined to
follow Korum or apply the incidental restraint doctrine. State v. Grant, 172 Wn. App. 496, 498,
301 P. 3d 459 ( 2012), review denied, 177 Wn.2d 1021 ( 2013); State v. Butler, 165 Wn. App. 820,
830 -31, 269 P. 3d 315 ( 2012).
Before Divisions One and Three of this court declined to follow Korum, this court
transferred Youngblood' s appeal to Division One to expedite review. Order Transferring Cases,
State v. Youngblood, No. 39721 -8 - II ( Wash. Ct. App. Feb. 18, 2011), at 1, 6; see RCW 2. 06. 040;
2 No. 43389 -3 -II
CAR 21( a). Division One affirmed Youngblood' s convictions in an unpublished opinion. State
v. Youngblood, noted at 162 Wn. App. 1008, 2011 WL 2120001, at * 1, review denied, 172
Wn.2d, 1020 ( 2011).
While recognizing that Youngblood argued that " insufficient evidence exists to sustain
the kidnapping convictions" under Korum, Division One disposed of the argument by holding
that " Youngblood' s convictions for first degree kidnapping and first degree robbery do not
merge." Youngblood, 2011 WL 2120001, at * 3, * 4. In a footnote, Division One also rejected
Youngblood' s argument because the kidnappings and robbery had different victims, citing State
v. Hadovic, 99 Wn.2d 413, 424, 662 P. 2d 853 ( 1983). Youngblood, 2011 WL 2120001, at * 4
n.5.
Youngblood petitioned for review in our Supreme Court, which denied review.
Youngblood, noted at 172 Wn.2d 1020. This personal restraint petition followed.
ANALYSIS
Youngblood argues that his right to due process was violated because the evidence was
insufficient to - convict him of two counts of first degree kidnapping. Youngblood cannot renew
his argument in this personal restraint petition and, accordingly, we dismiss his petition.
A personal restraint petition will be granted only if the petitioner is under an unlawful
restraint. RAP 16. 4( a); In re Pers. Restraint of Yates, 177 Wn.2d 1, 16, 296 P. 3d 872 ( 2013).
But a personal restraint petition is not a substitute for a direct appeal. In re Pers. Restraint of
Hagler, 97 Wn.2d 818, 824, 650 P. 2d 1103 ( 1982). There are limits on the use of a personal
restraint petition to collaterally attack a conviction. Hagler, 97 Wn.2d at 824.
3 No. 43389 -3 - II
As a threshold issue, the State argues that Youngblood may not renew his sufficiency of
the evidence argument because it was resolved in his direct appeal. We agree.
A personal restraint petition cannot renew an issue that was raised and rejected on direct
appeal unless the interests ofjustice require relitigation of the issue. In re Pers. Restraint of
Davis, 152 Wn.2d 647, 671, 101 P. 3d 1 ( 2004). An issue was raised and rejected on direct
appeal if the direct appeal determined the issue' s merits adversely to the petitioner. Davis, 152
Wn.2d at 671 n.14 ( citing In re Pers. Restraint of Taylor, 105 Wn.2d 683, 687, 717 P.2d 755
1986)).
A. Youngblood' s Direct Appeal Was Rejected on the Merits
Youngblood concedes that his petition advances " one of the same arguments that he
asserted in his direct appeal," but he claims that Division One' s opinion failed to determine the
merits of this argument. Pet. at 7. Thus, Youngblood appears to assert that he is entitled to
renew the argument in his personal restraint petition. We disagree.
In support of his claim that Division One failed to determine the merits of his argument,
Youngblood asserts that Division One based its decision on merger principles and ignored his
sufficiency of the evidence argument. We disagree.
In its entirety, Division One' s consideration of Youngblood' s argument was as follows:
Sufficiency of the EvidenceMerger Youngblood first argues that " the first degree kidnapping counts were incidental to the robbery and no separate conviction may . be imposed and enforced." Appellant' s Br. at 17. He therefore maintains that because the kidnappings were done solely to facilitate the robbery and were not independent crimes, insufficient evidence exists to sustain the kidnapping convictions. Youngblood relies on State v. Korum, 120 Wn. App. 686, 86 P. 3d 166 2004). There, the State charged the defendant with several kidnapping charges stemming from a conspiracy to rob drug dealers in a series of home invasions. Korum, 120 Wn. App. at 689. The perpetrators restrained the victims with duct
11 No. 43389 -3 - II
tape while searching the homes and stealing drugs, money, and other valuables. Korum, 120 Wn. App. at 690 -92. The court determined that this restraint of the victims did not constitute separate kidnappings. "[ W] e hold as a matter of law that the kidnappings here were incidental to the robberies.... ". Korum, 120 Wn.
App. at 707 ( footnote omitted). But in State v. Louis, 155 Wn.2d 563, 571, 120 P. 3d 936 ( 2005), the court held that first degree kidnapping, even when incidental to a first degree robbery, does not merge with a robbery conviction. In Louis, while robbing a jewelry store, the defendant bound the two owners' hands and feet, covered their eyes and mouths with duct tape, and forced them into a bathroom. The jury convicted him of one count of first degree kidnapping and one count of first degree robbery for each victim.
On appeal, Louis argued that his convictions for kidnapping and robbery merged because the kidnappings were simultaneous and incidental to the robbery. The court determined the crimes do not merge because proof of one is not necessary to prove the other. It reasoned that proof of kidnapping is not necessary to prove first degree robbery, and proof of first degree kidnapping requires only the intent to commit robbery, not the completion of robbery. Louis, 155 Wn.2d at 571. Because Louis controls, Youngblood' s. convictions for first degree 5 kidnapping and first degree robbery do not merge.
5 Furthermore, the victims of the kidnappings in this case were different from the victim of the robbery. Under similar facts, the court rejected this same argument in State v. Hadovic, 99 Wn.2d 413, 424, 662 P. 2d 853 ( 1983). We likewise reject it here.
Youngblood, 2011 WL 2120001, at * 3 - 4 & n. 5 ( alteration in original).
Although Division One' s analysis largely relied on merger principles found in Louis, its
footnote rejected Youngblood' s argument on sufficiency of the evidence grounds by citing
Hadovic, 99 Wn.2d at 424. Youngblood, 2011 WL 2120001, at * 4& n. 5. In Vladovic, our
Supreme Court rejected an appeal of kidnapping convictions on both merger and sufficiency of
the evidence grounds. 99 Wn.2d at 418 -22, 424. It is clear from the page cited in the
Youngblood footnote that Division One applied Hadovic' s sufficiency of the evidence holding.
Youngblood, 2011 WL 2120001, at * 4 n. 5 ( citing Hadovic, 99 Wn.2d at 424). Thus Division
One determined the merits of Youngblood' s sufficiency of the evidence argument.
5 No. 43389- 3- 11
B. The Interests ofJustice Do Not Require Relitigation
Because Division One rejected Youngblood' s sufficiency of the evidence argument on
the merits, his personal restraint petition cannot renew the argument unless relitigation of the
issue would serve the interests of justice. See Davis, 152 Wn.2d at 671. We hold that the
interests of justice do not require relitigation in this case.
The petitioner bears the burden of showing that relitigation of an issue would serve the
interests of justice. Taylor, 105 Wn.2d at 689. Although this test "` cannot be too finely
particularized, "' the interests of justice may be served by relitigating a purely legal question
when there has been an intervening change in the law or the petitioner has some justification for
failing to raise a crucial point in the direct appeal. Taylor, 105 Wn.2d at 688 -89 ( quoting Sanders v. United States, 373 U.S. 1, 16 -17, 83 S. Ct. 1068, 10 L. Ed. 2d 148 ( 1963)).
Youngblood claims that the interests of justice would be served by allowing him to
relitigate his argument in a court applying " clearly established Division [Two] case law,"
namely, this court' s decisions in Korum, 120 Wn. App. 686, and In re Pers. Restraint ofBybee, 142 Wn. App. 260, 175 P. 3d 589 ( 2007) Pet. at 7 We disagree.
The Court of Appeals is one court having three divisions.' RCW 2. 06. 010, . 020. This
state' s lower courts must give effect to mandates issued by the Court of Appeals. Thompson v.
Lennox, 151 Wn. App. 479, 490, 212 P. 3d 597 ( 2009) ( citing Ethredge v. Diamond Drill
Contracting Co., 200 Wash. 273, 276, 93 P. 2d 324 ( 1939)); see RAP 12. 2. In turn, the Court of
2 The Washington Constitution vests judicial power in " a supreme court" and " a court of CONST. art. IV, §§ 1, 30; accord using the singular noun to refer to one court. WASH. appeals,"
RCW 2. 06. 010 ( establishing " a court of appeals "). In contrast, the Washington Constitution also
vests judicial power in plural " superior courts, justices of the peace, and such inferior courts as the legislature may provide." WASH. CONST. art. IV, § 1.
rai No. 43389 -3 -II
Appeals is bound to apply Washington law as interpreted by the Washington Supreme Court.
State v. Gore, 101 Wn.2d 481, 487, 681 P. 2d 227 ( 1984). There is no such thing as " Division
Two case law," separate from Court of Appeals case law; instead, Washington law controls in
every division of the Court of Appeals. 3 See Gore, 101 Wn.2d at 487.
Here, Youngblood exercised his constitutional right as a criminal defendant to appeal his
conviction. See WASH. CONST. art. I, § 22. But Youngblood fails to show that the interests of
justice would be served if his appeal were considered by the division or the three judge panel
most receptive to his arguments.
Additionally, the interests of justice do not require relitigation because Youngblood' s
sufficiency of the evidence argument would not succeed on its merits. To resolve a procedural
question raised in a postconviction personal restraint petition, it may be necessary.to " peek at the
merits" of the petitioner' s argument. See Phillips v. Seiter, 173 F. 3d 609, 610 ( 7th Cir. 1999)
considering whether, in the interests of justice, a habeas petition should be dismissed or merely transferred to the appropriate court). Because the procedural question presented here turns on
the interests ofjustice, a peek at the merits is appropriate:
Youngblood' s argument would fail on its merits despite this court' s decision in Korum.
Youngblood argues that the evidence was insufficient to convict him of kidnapping because the
kidnappings were merely incidental to the robbery. But Youngblood was convicted of
kidnapping Rivera and Damewood; in contrast, the victim of the robbery was a different person,
Bridges. Youngblood, 2011 WL 2120001, at * 1 n.2. As a matter of law, a kidnapping is not
3 Anticipating situations in which " there is a direct conflict among prevailing decisions of panels of the court [ of appeals]," our legislature has provided for our Supreme Court to resolve such conflicts. RCW 2. 06. 030( e).
7 No. 43389 -3 - II
merely incidental to a robbery when the kidnapping and the robbery have different victims. See
Hadovic, 99 Wn.2d at 424; Korum, 120 Wn. App. at' 704 n. 14. Accordingly, Youngblood' s
argument would fail on the merits.
Youngblood fails to carry his burden to show that the interests of justice would be served
by relitigation of his sufficiency of the evidence argument. See Taylor, 105 Wn.2d at 689. Therefore he cannot renew the argument now. See Davis, 152 Wn.2d at 671. Because there are
no other grounds on which to conclude that Youngblood is unlawfully restrained, we dismiss his
personal restraint petition. See Yates, 177 Wn.2d at 16.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2. 06. 040, it is so ordered.
Worswick, C. J.