FIRST DIVISION BARNES, P. J., MERCIER and BROWN, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. http://www.gaappeals.us/rules
March 9, 2020
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A19A1832. ELROD v. THE STATE.
BROWN, Judge.
Leon Elrod appeals from his conviction of violating the Georgia Controlled
Substances Act by selling cocaine. In this appeal, Elrod asserts the following four
enumerations of error: (1) insufficient evidence supports his conviction; (2) the trial
court expressed an improper opinion on the evidence; (3) the trial court failed to
instruct the jury about venue and the nature and types of evidence; and (4) the trial
court improperly sentenced him to life imprisonment based upon his status as a
recidivist when he was not represented by counsel in a prior probation revocation
hearing. For the reasons explained below, we affirm Elrod’s conviction, vacate his
sentence, and remand this case to the trial court with instruction. On appeal from a criminal conviction, the standard for reviewing the
sufficiency of the evidence
is whether a rational trier of fact could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. This Court does not reweigh evidence or resolve conflicts in testimony; instead, evidence is reviewed in a light most favorable to the verdict, with deference to the jury’s assessment of the weight and credibility of the evidence.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Hayes v. State, 292 Ga. 506 (739 SE2d 313)
(2013). So viewed, the record shows that on February 21, 1992,1 a special agent with
1 Following his May 1992 jury trial, Elrod’s trial counsel filed a timely motion for new trial. Over one year later, in July 1993, the trial transcript had not been completed, but new appellate counsel (Louis M. Turchiarelli) had been appointed. In August 1993, Turchiarelli asked the trial court clerk for certified copies of the entire file “to assist in the appeal.” From the record before us, Turchiarelli took no further action in the case. In 1996, Elrod filed a pro se motion to modify his life sentence that was based upon a prior felony conviction that was never ruled upon. In August 2000, the State Board of Pardons and Paroles filed a “Notice of Final Decision to Parole” Elrod effective August 10, 2000. In September 2006, the State Board of Pardons and Paroles filed a second “Notice of Final Decision of Parole” with an effective date of September 14, 2006, with a special condition banishing him from Cherokee County. Due to a parole violation, Elrod was placed back in custody. In May 2018, Elrod filed a pro se motion for an out-of-time appeal. The State opposed the motion because the record showed that Elrod was represented by counsel and that his motion for new trial was still pending. Eight days later, the Cherokee County Indigent Defense Office appointed new appellate counsel for Elrod. In July 2018, Elrod’s second appellate counsel filed an amended motion for new trial. The trial court heard argument on the motion in October 2018, and entered an order denying it in March 2019. Elrod’s second appellate counsel filed a timely notice of appeal from this order, and this
2 the Georgia Bureau of Investigation, working undercover with a regional drug task
force, purchased a piece of crack cocaine for $20 from Elrod. The special agent
purchased the crack cocaine when he drove down a street and was approached by
Elrod, who asked him what he “was looking for”; the special agent recorded the
purchase on a hidden video camera. Although the agent had never seen Elrod before
and did not arrest him until “about a month and a half later,” the special agent
testified that he had no doubt “whatsoever” that Elrod was the person from whom he
purchased the crack cocaine. The videotape of the transaction was played for the jury
at trial, and the special agent testified that the person shown in the videotape was
Elrod. He testified that he later learned Elrod’s name because somebody told him.
The special agent testified that he purchased the cocaine in hard form, but
crushed it to see if it would become powder because he wanted to make sure that it
appeared to be real cocaine and was not “soap or something like that.” After the
purchase, he placed the ziplock bag of cocaine into another ziplock bag and labeled
the outside with the date, time, and street name where he purchased it. He also
conducted a field test on the substance, and it was positive for cocaine. It remained
direct appeal is from the trial court’s 2019 denial of Elrod’s motion for a new trial. Elrod makes no claim of error in connection with the 16-year delay for his motion for new trial to be heard.
3 in his possession for about a week until he took it to a specific person at the State
Crime Lab to be analyzed. This person testified that she worked in the Drug
Identification Section of the GBI, held a bachelor’s and master’s degree in chemistry,
and had completed the training program offered by the Drug Identification Section
of the GBI. She testified that she received a ziplock bag from the special agent
containing “white powder.” She performed three analytical tests and determined that
the substance, which weighed .2 grams, was cocaine.
1. Elrod contends that this evidence is insufficient to support his conviction
because the State failed to prove that the substance purchased by the special agent
“was in fact cocaine.” In support of this contention, Elrod points to the Crime Lab
employee’s failure to identify State’s Exhibit 2 (the ziplock bag containing the
substance purchased by the special agent) as the substance she received from the
agent, the State’s failure to present a lab report showing the test results, and the
State’s failure to tender her as an expert.2 We find no merit in this contention. First,
the State was not required to tender an otherwise qualified expert as such. Dimauro
v. State, 341 Ga. App. 710, 719-720 (3) (a) (801 SE2d 558) (2017) (“although much
2 Elrod does not assert that the Crime Lab employee was not qualified to render an expert opinion.
4 preferred for the sake of clarity and certainty and to preclude question, it is not
required that an expert be formally tendered”) (citation and footnote omitted).
Second, it is clear from the entirety of the Crime Lab employee’s testimony, viewed
in the light most favorable to the verdict, that she tested the substance found in State’s
Exhibit 2 and found it to be cocaine. Finally, testimony about the testing of a
substance found to be cocaine is sufficient to support a conviction in the absence of
the admission of a written test report. See Beck v. State, 196 Ga. App. 269, 270 (1) -
(2) (396 SE2d 59) (1990).
2. Elrod claims that he is entitled to a new trial because the trial court violated
OCGA § 17-8-57 in a statement it made while ruling upon his objection to a question
posed by the State to the Crime Lab employee. We disagree.
OCGA § 17-8-57 (a) (1) provides: “It is error for any judge, during any phase
of any criminal case, to express or intimate to the jury the judge’s opinion as to
whether a fact at issue has or has not been proved or as to the guilt of the accused.”
A “failure to make a timely objection to an alleged violation of paragraph (1) of
subsection (a) of [OCGA § 17-8-57] shall preclude appellate review, unless such
violation constitutes plain error which affects substantive rights of the parties.”
5 OCGA § 17-8-57 (b).3 As Elrod failed to object to the trial court’s comment at issue,
we conduct a review for plain error only.
To show plain error, Elrod “must identify a legal error that was not
affirmatively waived, was clear and obvious beyond reasonable dispute, likely
affected the outcome of the trial court proceedings, and seriously affected the
fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Roberts v. State, 305
Ga. 257, 263 (4) (824 SE2d 326) (2019). The comment at issue here follows:
[THE STATE]: Based upon your training and experience, . . . and the tests that you performed, do you have an opinion as to whether the item, which [the special agent] gave you and which has now been marked State’s Exhibit 2, . . . was a controlled substance?” [ELROD’S COUNSEL]: Objection. If it please the Court, she hasn’t even described the tests that she did to them yet, other than just say what the name of them were. THE COURT: Well, an expert is permitted to give an opinion, even without doing so, . . . but she’ll be subject to cross-examination. Go ahead.
As the trial court’s statement was “a permissible clarification of procedure,” Brown
v. State, 302 Ga. 454, 463 (3) (807 SE2d 369) (2017), that did “not address the
3 While this provision became effective in 2015, long after Elrod was tried, the Supreme Court of Georgia has concluded that it “applies retroactively to preclude appellate review of a claim that the trial judge commented on the evidence unless the alleged violation of the statute constitutes plain error that affects the substantive rights of the parties.” Roberts v. State, 305 Ga. 257, 263 (4), n.4 (824 SE2d 326) (2019).
6 credibility of witnesses or any fact at issue in the trial,” Roberts, 305 Ga. at 263 (4),
Elrod cannot establish plain error in this case.
3. Elrod contends the trial court erred by failing to give standard jury charges
on evidence, direct and circumstantial evidence, and venue. Although he preserved
this enumeration of error under the standard in existence at the time the case was tried
by reserving his objections at the conclusion of the charge, “he was not relieved from
the necessity of requesting instructions other than in those circumstances where the
omission is clearly harmful and erroneous as a matter of law in that it fails to provide
the jury with the proper guidelines for determining guilt or innocence.” (Citation and
punctuation omitted.) Powell v. State, 307 Ga. 96, 100 (2) (834 SE2d 822) (2019).
When making this evaluation, we review the charges given by the trial court “as a
whole in determining whether there is error.” White v. State, 281 Ga. 276, 280 (4)
(637 SE2d 645) (2006). See also Powell, 307 Ga. at 102 (2) (b).
The record shows that the following colloquy took place between the trial court
and the parties with regard to jury charges:
THE COURT: Do either of you have any requests to charge? . . . [THE STATE]: No, sir, I haven’t. I think the standard requests, under the circumstances and based on the Court’s experience, would be the only thing that would be necessary. THE COURT: [Defense counsel]?
7 [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I can’t think of any special requests, Judge. THE COURT: Well, the charge on identity — do you want me to give that? [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Well, when I say “special,” I don’t think anything tricky. I think obviously that’s the issue in the case, so that would be the — THE COURT: (Interposing) So, basically just your normal charge — [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: (Interposing) Yes, sir. THE COURT: — on the credibility of witnesses, definition of a crime, definition of this offense and identity, and that’s about it? [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Right. THE COURT: All right. [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I think that’s about it. It shouldn’t be too complicated.
Based on the above colloquy, it is clear that Elrod did not ask for the particular
charges he contends should have been given on appeal, and we therefore apply the
standard of review used by the Supreme Court of Georgia in Powell, supra.
(a) With regard to a charge on evidence, the record shows that at the beginning
of the trial, the trial court instructed the jury on the nature of evidence (testimony of
witnesses, exhibits, and stipulations) and that the indictment, plea of not guilty, and
statements of counsel were not evidence. In its final charge, the trial court instructed
the jury once again that the indictment and Elrod’s not guilty plea were not evidence.
Viewing the trial court’s charge as a whole, we cannot say that its failure to give a
8 pattern charge4 on evidence in its final instruction to the jury was “harmful and
erroneous as a matter of law in that it fail[ed] to provide the jury with the proper
guidelines for determining guilt or innocence.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.)
Powell, 307 Ga. at 100 (2).
(b) With regard to a charge on direct and circumstantial evidence, it is well
settled that if “the State presents both direct and circumstantial evidence, a trial court
must instruct the jury on circumstantial evidence only if requested by the defendant.”
Powell, 307 Ga. at 102 (2) (c). In this case, not only did Elrod fail to request a charge
on circumstantial evidence, but the State’s case consisted entirely of direct evidence.
In his brief, Elrod points to no circumstantial evidence submitted by the State to
justify a charge on circumstantial evidence. As all of the evidence was direct, we fail
to see how the trial court’s failure to charge on direct and circumstantial evidence was
“clearly harmful and erroneous as a matter of law.” Powell, supra, 307 Ga. at 100 (2).
4 Elrod asserts in his brief that the trial court should have instructed the jury as follows with regard to evidence: Evidence is the means by which any fact which is put in issue is established or disproved. Evidence includes all the testimony of the witnesses and the exhibits admitted during the trial. (It also includes any facts agrees to by counsel.) It does not include the indictment or opening statements or closing arguments by the attorneys. (Suggested Pattern Jury Charge (1992).
9 (c) Finally, the trial court did not err by failing to charge the jury on venue.
“[W]here venue is proven and the trial court charges the jury generally on the law of
reasonable doubt, it is not necessary for the court to charge the jury that proof of
venue is a material allegation of the indictment.” (Citations and punctuation omitted.)
Powell, 307 Ga. at 102 (2) (d). In this case, the State presented unrebutted evidence
showing that the crime occurred in Cherokee County, the trial court charged the jury
that the State had “to prove every material allegation of the indictment . . . beyond a
reasonable doubt,” the indictment alleged that the crime occurred in Cherokee
County, and the indictment was provided to the jury during their deliberations.
Accordingly, the trial court’s failure to charge the jury on venue was not “clearly
harmful and erroneous as a matter of law.” Id.
4. In his remaining enumeration of error, Elrod argues that the trial court was
not authorized to consider a first offender conviction, for which probation was
revoked while he was unrepresented by counsel, to impose a recidivist life sentence
under former OCGA § 16-13-30 (d) (1992). In this case, the record shows that with
regard to Elrod’s prior conviction, he was represented by counsel, that a jury found
him guilty of selling cocaine, and the trial court gave him a first offender five-year
probated sentence. On April 3, 1991, approximately six months later, the trial court
10 revoked his probation, adjudicated him guilty, and sentenced him to six years
imprisonment to serve three years. The final disposition form reflects on its face that
Elrod pled guilty and that he was not represented by counsel. Elrod objected to use
of this conviction to impose a recidivist life sentence.
It is well established that “an uncounseled felony conviction cannot be used for
the enhancement of punishment under a state recidivist statute” because it violates the
Sixth Amendment. Scott v. State, 250 Ga. 195, 198 (1) (d), n.4 (297 SE2d 18) (1982),
citing Burgett v. Texas, 389 U. S. 109[, 114-115] (88 SCt 258, 19 LE2d 319) (1967).
In recidivist sentencing, the State bears the burden of showing both the existence of the [conviction] and that the defendant was represented by counsel. . . . If the defendant was not represented by counsel, the State can meet its burden by showing that the defendant waived this right.
(Punctuation omitted.) Beck v. State, 283 Ga. 352, 353-354 (2) (658 SE2d 577)
(2008). However, “a probationer has no Sixth Amendment right to counsel at a
revocation proceeding.” Vaughn v. Rutledge, 265 Ga. 773, 774 (1) (462 SE2d 132)
(1995). Instead, the constitutional right to counsel in a probation revocation
proceeding is determined under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
“‘on a case-by-case basis.’” Id. at 774 (2), citing Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U. S. 778,
790 (III) (93 SCt 1756, 36 LE2d 656) (1973).
11 In determining whether counsel should be appointed to represent a probationer, there is no precise and detailed set of guidelines to be followed. Presumptively,[5] it may be said that counsel should be provided in cases where, after being informed of his right to request counsel, the probationer makes such a request, based on a timely and colorable claim (i) that he has not committed the alleged violation of the conditions upon which he is at liberty; or (ii) that, even if the violation is a matter of public record or is uncontested, there are substantial reasons which justified or mitigated the violation and make revocation inappropriate, and that the reasons are complex or otherwise difficult to develop or present. In passing on a request for the appointment of counsel, the responsible agency also should consider, especially in doubtful cases, whether the probationer appears to be capable of speaking effectively for himself. Gagnon v. Scarpelli, supra at 790-791 (III).
Vaughn, 265 Ga. at 775 (3). Following the Supreme Court of Georgia’s 1995 decision
in Vaughn, the case-by-case due process analysis under the Fourteenth Amendment
was used to determine the right to counsel in probation revocation proceedings.6 See,
5 In Miller v. Deal, 295 Ga. 504 (761 SE2d 274) (2014), the Supreme Court of Georgia took care to point out that “the appointment of counsel is only presumptively necessary, not absolutely required.” (Citation and punctuation omitted; emphasis in original.) Id. at 510 (2). 6 In 2005, OCGA § 17-12-23 (a) (2), providing that a circuit public defender would provide representation to indigent persons in hearings on the revocation of probation in superior court, became effective in Georgia. See Collins v. State, 352 Ga.
12 e.g., Banks v. State, 275 Ga. App. 326, 328-329 (620 SE2d 581) (2005); Kitchens v.
State, 234 Ga. App. 785, 785-787 (1) (508 SE2d 176) (1998).
In Collins v. State, 352 Ga. App. 151 (834 SE2d 291) (2019), this Court
applied the Fourteenth Amendment due process test for the right to counsel in the
context of determining whether a felony conviction based upon a revoked first
offender probation could be used to enhance a sentence.7 Id. at 154 (1). As in this
case, the probation was revoked prior to the effective date of the statute providing
counsel to indigent person in probation revocation proceedings. Id. at 154 (1), n.3. In
Collins, the probationer admitted during the probation revocation hearing that he
committed multiple crimes while on probation and that he also failed to complete his
probation requirements. Id. at 154 (1). Based on this fact, as well as the probationer’s
acknowledgment that he had a right to request counsel, we concluded that the trial
court did not err “in considering his prior felony conviction for the purpose of
recidivist sentencing.” Id.
App. 151, 154 (1), n.3 (834 SE2d 291) (2019). 7 While the State relies upon Wolcott v. State, 278 Ga. 664 (604 SE2d 478) (2004), to assert that Elrod had no right to counsel in the probation revocation hearing, that case holds only that a probationer has no Sixth Amendment right to counsel in a probation revocation hearing. Id. at 668 (4). It is silent with regard to such right under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
13 In this case, neither this Court nor the trial court had the benefit of the
transcript of the probation revocation hearing to make a determination of whether
Elrod was entitled to counsel in the probation revocation hearing. In the sentencing
hearing, Elrod’s counsel stated that such a transcript existed and that it showed that
Elrod contested his revocation and that his request for counsel was denied. According
to Elrod’s counsel, the transcript would show that Elrod claimed that his urine sample
had been mixed up with another’s urine sample and that this other person admitted
to Elrod in advance that his test “was going to be dirty.”8 The State asserted that the
transcript would show that a witness testified that there was no mix-up of the urine
samples, that Elrod’s urine sample tested positive for cocaine, and that a counselor
testified that Elrod admitted that he had been using cocaine, and that there was
another basis for the revocation of his probation based upon “the other rules and
conditions of probation.”
The trial judge who sentenced Elrod in this case stated he had also conducted
the probation revocation hearing and concluded “on the record” that he was not
entitled to an appointed attorney. It acknowledged, however, that it “may have done
8 The samples were apparently taken at a diversion center for the purpose of a drug screen.
14 so incorrectly,” even though it believed it had done it “correctly,” and that the issue
would be preserved for appeal through the recidivist sentence entered in this case.
The sentencing judge did not state what analysis he used to determine that Elrod had
no right to counsel in the probation revocation hearing. A different trial judge, who
ruled on the amended motion for new trial in 2019, concluded that the statute
providing a right to counsel in probation revocation hearings did not apply
retroactively and found no error in Elrod’s recidivist sentence. Although Elrod argued
in his amended motion for new trial that he had a due process right to counsel at the
probation revocation hearing, the trial judge did not address this argument in its 2019
order denying his motion for a new trial.
From the record currently before us, we cannot say that either the original
sentencing judge or the judge ruling on the amended motion for new trial considered
whether Elrod’s right to counsel under the due process clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment was violated during the probation revocation hearing. As neither judge
reviewed the probation revocation hearing transcript, and we cannot determine from
the record before us whether the proper guidelines were used to determine if Elrod
15 had a right to counsel in that hearing,9 we vacate Elrod’s sentence and remand this
case to the trial court to apply the factors set forth in Gagnon, supra, based upon a
review of the probation revocation hearing transcript, if it can be obtained. See
Kitchens, 234 Ga. App. at 787 (1) (remanding case to trial court to make initial
determination as to whether probationer was entitled to counsel in revocation
proceeding). Compare Banks, 275 Ga. App. at 329, n.4 (declining to remand case for
determination of whether probationer had right to counsel because appellate court
could determine issue from record before it and remand would serve no useful
purpose). If the transcript cannot be obtained, the trial should conduct whatever
hearing is necessary for it to make appropriate fact-findings, relevant to the Gagnon
factors, as to whether Elrod was entitled to counsel in the probation revocation
9 We acknowledge that the disposition form, presumably completed after the probation revocation hearing, indicates that Elrod pled guilty, but his attorney asserted in the sentencing hearing that Elrod asserted his innocence at some point during the probation revocation hearing and asked for counsel. Based upon the state of the record presently before us, we are reluctant to conclude that he was not entitled to counsel in the probation revocation hearing based upon the disposition sheet showing a guilty plea. Compare Collins, 352 Ga. App. at 154 (1) (prior felony conviction resulting from probation revocation could be used to enhance sentence because record showed that defendant was apprised of his right to request an attorney in the probation revocation hearing and admitted committing the other crimes).
16 hearing. Following the trial court’s application of the Gagnon factors, it should
determine the appropriate sentence for Elrod in this case.
Judgment affirmed, sentence vacated, and case remanded with direction.
Barnes, P. J., and Mercier, J., concur.