MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any May 23 2019, 9:01 am court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
APPELLANT PRO SE ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE Perry D. Shilts Robert Owen Vegeler Fort Wayne, Indiana Vegeler Law Office LLC Fort Wayne, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Perry D. Shilts, May 23, 2019 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 18A-PL-2339 v. Appeal from the Allen Superior Court Anthony Kohrman, The Honorable Craig J. Bobay, Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge Trial Court Cause No. 02D02-1805-PL-149
Friedlander, Senior Judge.
[1] Perry Shilts appeals the trial court’s declaratory judgment in favor of Anthony
Kohrman. Concluding the court’s decision was not clearly erroneous, we
affirm.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-PL-2339 | May 23, 2019 Page 1 of 6 [2] Anthony Kohrman (Anthony) married Kristine Kohrman (Kristine) in 2004. In
2010, Kristine filed for a dissolution of their marriage. A settlement agreement
and decree of dissolution were entered on April 16, 2015.
[3] Shilts, an attorney, initially represented Kristine in the dissolution action. By
the time the settlement agreement was entered, however, Shilts no longer
represented her. Nevertheless, on May 19, 2015, Shilts filed his notice of
intention to file and hold a lien for his attorney fees, which was then supplanted
by a judgment he received against Kristine on August 20 for $22,261.89.
Kristine eventually filed bankruptcy.
[4] Subsequently, in the course of attempting to refinance the mortgage for the
marital residence, Anthony was informed that Shilts’ judgment against Kristine
was appearing as a lien on the property, which prevented him from refinancing.
In May 2018, Anthony filed this declaratory judgment action against Shilts
seeking a declaration that Shilts’ judgment did not and could not attach to the
real estate because Kristine did not have an interest to which it could attach.
Following a trial to the bench, judgment was entered in favor of Anthony.
Shilts now appeals.
[5] Indiana Trial Rule 52(A) sets forth the standard of review that an appellate
court must utilize when considering the appeal of a trial court judgment entered
after a bench trial. In the present case, the record does not reflect a request by
either of the parties for specific findings. Instead, it appears the trial court
entered specific findings of fact and conclusions thereon sua sponte. The
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-PL-2339 | May 23, 2019 Page 2 of 6 court’s findings control only as to those issues specifically referenced therein,
and the findings and judgment will be set aside only if they are clearly
erroneous, meaning that there are no facts or inferences supporting them. Coles
v. McDaniel, 117 N.E.3d 573 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018). Further, a judgment is
clearly erroneous when a review of the record leaves us with a firm conviction
that a mistake has been made. Id. In conducting our review, we consider only
the evidence favorable to the judgment and all reasonable inferences flowing
therefrom. We will neither reweigh the evidence nor assess witness credibility.
Id. As to the issues on which there are no findings, we apply a general
judgment standard. Bock v. Bock, 116 N.E.3d 1124 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018).
[6] Additionally, a judgment is clearly erroneous under Trial Rule 52 if it relies on
an incorrect legal standard. Blacklidge v. Blacklidge, 96 N.E.3d 108 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2018). We evaluate questions of law de novo and owe no deference to a
trial court’s determination of such questions. Id. Moreover, we may affirm a
judgment on any legal theory, whether or not relied upon by the trial court, so
long as the trial court’s findings are not clearly erroneous and support the
theory adopted. Id.
[7] Here, Shilts does not challenge the court’s findings, and thus they are accepted
as correct. See Coles, 117 N.E.3d 573 (stating that because party did not
challenge court’s findings on appeal, they stand as proven) (citing Madlem v.
Arko, 592 N.E.2d 686, 687 (Ind. 1992)). Rather, he disputes the court’s
conclusion that Kristine’s interest established by the settlement agreement was
not an interest in the real estate to which a lien or judgment could attach.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-PL-2339 | May 23, 2019 Page 3 of 6 [8] At the time Anthony and Kristine’s settlement agreement was submitted to the
court, both parties were unrepresented. Paragraph 21 of the settlement
agreement is at the heart of this controversy. It provides:
21. The Wife shall have undivided possession of the Marital Residence as long as the youngest Child remains unemancipated and continues in full-time secondary or post-secondary educational enrollment or until the Child turns 19 years of age, whichever occurs first. Thereafter, if the Marital Residence is sold and the Wife has reasonably maintained the condition so as to maximize its sale price, Husband shall give to Wife twenty percent (20%) of the net sale proceeds after all closing costs and mortgages/encumbrances are paid. The Wife has no right to mortgage, lien or encumber the Marital Residence.
Ex. Vol. I, pp. 94-95. The court determined that Kristine’s “interest in proceeds
from a potential future sale of real estate does not equate to an ownership
interest, especially when that individual is not listed as a title owner of the
property and is no longer married to the title owner, regardless of whether that
individual still resides at the property.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 21.
[9] Pursuant to the specific language of the settlement agreement, Kristine was to
receive 20% of the net proceeds upon the sale of the marital residence.
Kristine’s interest in 20% of the sale proceeds was contingent upon 1.) a future
sale of the residence and 2.) Kristine’s adequate maintenance of the condition of
the residence. Thus, by its terms, the settlement agreement awarded Kristine a
contingent, future interest in sale proceeds, not an interest in the real estate
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-PL-2339 | May 23, 2019 Page 4 of 6 1 itself. Indeed, this conclusion is further supported by the agreement’s explicit
restriction that Kristine had no right to mortgage, lien, or encumber the real
estate. Consequently, Kristine had no interest in the real estate to which Shilts’
lien and/or judgment could attach, and Shilts is unable to enforce his judgment 2 against the real estate.
[10] For the reasons stated, we conclude the trial court’s decision was not clearly
erroneous.
[11] Judgment affirmed.
1 Further evidence of the conditional nature of Kristine’s interest is the parties’ modification to their settlement agreement.
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MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any May 23 2019, 9:01 am court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
APPELLANT PRO SE ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE Perry D. Shilts Robert Owen Vegeler Fort Wayne, Indiana Vegeler Law Office LLC Fort Wayne, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Perry D. Shilts, May 23, 2019 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 18A-PL-2339 v. Appeal from the Allen Superior Court Anthony Kohrman, The Honorable Craig J. Bobay, Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge Trial Court Cause No. 02D02-1805-PL-149
Friedlander, Senior Judge.
[1] Perry Shilts appeals the trial court’s declaratory judgment in favor of Anthony
Kohrman. Concluding the court’s decision was not clearly erroneous, we
affirm.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-PL-2339 | May 23, 2019 Page 1 of 6 [2] Anthony Kohrman (Anthony) married Kristine Kohrman (Kristine) in 2004. In
2010, Kristine filed for a dissolution of their marriage. A settlement agreement
and decree of dissolution were entered on April 16, 2015.
[3] Shilts, an attorney, initially represented Kristine in the dissolution action. By
the time the settlement agreement was entered, however, Shilts no longer
represented her. Nevertheless, on May 19, 2015, Shilts filed his notice of
intention to file and hold a lien for his attorney fees, which was then supplanted
by a judgment he received against Kristine on August 20 for $22,261.89.
Kristine eventually filed bankruptcy.
[4] Subsequently, in the course of attempting to refinance the mortgage for the
marital residence, Anthony was informed that Shilts’ judgment against Kristine
was appearing as a lien on the property, which prevented him from refinancing.
In May 2018, Anthony filed this declaratory judgment action against Shilts
seeking a declaration that Shilts’ judgment did not and could not attach to the
real estate because Kristine did not have an interest to which it could attach.
Following a trial to the bench, judgment was entered in favor of Anthony.
Shilts now appeals.
[5] Indiana Trial Rule 52(A) sets forth the standard of review that an appellate
court must utilize when considering the appeal of a trial court judgment entered
after a bench trial. In the present case, the record does not reflect a request by
either of the parties for specific findings. Instead, it appears the trial court
entered specific findings of fact and conclusions thereon sua sponte. The
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-PL-2339 | May 23, 2019 Page 2 of 6 court’s findings control only as to those issues specifically referenced therein,
and the findings and judgment will be set aside only if they are clearly
erroneous, meaning that there are no facts or inferences supporting them. Coles
v. McDaniel, 117 N.E.3d 573 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018). Further, a judgment is
clearly erroneous when a review of the record leaves us with a firm conviction
that a mistake has been made. Id. In conducting our review, we consider only
the evidence favorable to the judgment and all reasonable inferences flowing
therefrom. We will neither reweigh the evidence nor assess witness credibility.
Id. As to the issues on which there are no findings, we apply a general
judgment standard. Bock v. Bock, 116 N.E.3d 1124 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018).
[6] Additionally, a judgment is clearly erroneous under Trial Rule 52 if it relies on
an incorrect legal standard. Blacklidge v. Blacklidge, 96 N.E.3d 108 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2018). We evaluate questions of law de novo and owe no deference to a
trial court’s determination of such questions. Id. Moreover, we may affirm a
judgment on any legal theory, whether or not relied upon by the trial court, so
long as the trial court’s findings are not clearly erroneous and support the
theory adopted. Id.
[7] Here, Shilts does not challenge the court’s findings, and thus they are accepted
as correct. See Coles, 117 N.E.3d 573 (stating that because party did not
challenge court’s findings on appeal, they stand as proven) (citing Madlem v.
Arko, 592 N.E.2d 686, 687 (Ind. 1992)). Rather, he disputes the court’s
conclusion that Kristine’s interest established by the settlement agreement was
not an interest in the real estate to which a lien or judgment could attach.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-PL-2339 | May 23, 2019 Page 3 of 6 [8] At the time Anthony and Kristine’s settlement agreement was submitted to the
court, both parties were unrepresented. Paragraph 21 of the settlement
agreement is at the heart of this controversy. It provides:
21. The Wife shall have undivided possession of the Marital Residence as long as the youngest Child remains unemancipated and continues in full-time secondary or post-secondary educational enrollment or until the Child turns 19 years of age, whichever occurs first. Thereafter, if the Marital Residence is sold and the Wife has reasonably maintained the condition so as to maximize its sale price, Husband shall give to Wife twenty percent (20%) of the net sale proceeds after all closing costs and mortgages/encumbrances are paid. The Wife has no right to mortgage, lien or encumber the Marital Residence.
Ex. Vol. I, pp. 94-95. The court determined that Kristine’s “interest in proceeds
from a potential future sale of real estate does not equate to an ownership
interest, especially when that individual is not listed as a title owner of the
property and is no longer married to the title owner, regardless of whether that
individual still resides at the property.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 21.
[9] Pursuant to the specific language of the settlement agreement, Kristine was to
receive 20% of the net proceeds upon the sale of the marital residence.
Kristine’s interest in 20% of the sale proceeds was contingent upon 1.) a future
sale of the residence and 2.) Kristine’s adequate maintenance of the condition of
the residence. Thus, by its terms, the settlement agreement awarded Kristine a
contingent, future interest in sale proceeds, not an interest in the real estate
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-PL-2339 | May 23, 2019 Page 4 of 6 1 itself. Indeed, this conclusion is further supported by the agreement’s explicit
restriction that Kristine had no right to mortgage, lien, or encumber the real
estate. Consequently, Kristine had no interest in the real estate to which Shilts’
lien and/or judgment could attach, and Shilts is unable to enforce his judgment 2 against the real estate.
[10] For the reasons stated, we conclude the trial court’s decision was not clearly
erroneous.
[11] Judgment affirmed.
1 Further evidence of the conditional nature of Kristine’s interest is the parties’ modification to their settlement agreement. On December 15, 2016, Kristine and Anthony filed a joint stipulation in their dissolution action, which was approved by the court and provided, in pertinent part:
5. The parties agree that the Wife has needed to rely on husband[’]s fi[n]ances to maintain the property in a manner that will keep its value.
6. The need to rely on husband to maintain the Real Estate described in the above paragraph negates the Wife’s future interest.
7. The Wife and the Husband agree that she have no interest in the Real Estate as the condition precedent was not and [cannot] be [met].
Ex. Vol. I, p. 20. Thus, not only did Kristine not have an interest in the marital residence real estate, but also she relinquished her 20% interest in the proceeds of the sale thereof due to her inability to adequately maintain the marital residence, which was a condition precedent of her receipt of 20% of the sale proceeds. 2 The parties do not dispute that a judgment against Kristine alone cannot be enforced against Anthony and his interest in the property. See Windell v. Miller, 687 N.E.2d 585 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997) (stating that because former husband’s undivided interest in marital residence could not be encumbered by liens against former wife and former wife’s creditors could not enforce claims against former husband, former husband’s interest in property was not liable to execution to satisfy former wife’s liens).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-PL-2339 | May 23, 2019 Page 5 of 6 Kirsch, J., and Pyle, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-PL-2339 | May 23, 2019 Page 6 of 6