The Chancellor.
The essential point in this Case is, whether Henry P. Russell was authorized to bind, and did bind the defendants, to insure the goods of the plaintiff, at the rate, and upon the terms specified in the receipt, which [490]*490he gave to the plaintiff, on the 5th of January, 1820«' The counsel for the plaintiff^pontends, that R. was the * general agent for the defendants at Savannah, for the purpose °f receiving premiums, and agreeing to make insurances and that they were bound by his acts. The other side insist, that R. was not their agent for that purpose; He was only their surveyor, to survey and return a description of the property offered for insurance ; to state to applicants the probable rates of insurance ; to receive from persons. willing to pay, the premiums he might think fit to name, and to transmit the same to the defendants y and that they reserved to themselves a right to deliberate and act upon the application, and to accept or reject the proposal and premium, in their discretion. That in receiving the money, R. acted as the agent of the applicant; and that there was no contract of insurance in any case, until the proposal had been received and accepted by the .defendants, accompanied with a receipt of the premium at their office.
Russell’s appointment was strictly that of “ surveyor for the defendants, of buildings, and goods, offered to be in-, suredin Savannah'.” This appointment was dated the 11th of December, 1818. Under* this appointment, as surveyor, R., on the 10th of February, 1819, published in the papers, at Savannah, that “ insurances, by the defendants, might be effected by application to him, who had a table and classes of hazards, and rates of annual premiums, to be exhibited ; and that he was authorized to. say, insurance would be effected as favourable to the assured as those of any company in the United States ; and that he would attend to the surveying the property, and would obtain the policies from the defendants with the least possible delay.” These proposals he signed, as “ agent for Savannah;” and he says, that this advertisement was published at his own suggestion, and he does not know that it ever came to the knowledge of the defendants.
I apprehend-. that the defendants are not bound by any [491]*491assumed power contained in these proposals, made and published without their authority. But the proposals do not, in fact, assume any authority to make contracts of insurance binding on the company. He was to receive applications, and through him, as the medium of communication, insurances might be effected. He was authorized to say, insurances would be effected on the most favourable terms, that he possessed the rates of premium, and would attend to surveying the property, and obtaining the policies. There is nothing in all this that, upon any necessary and sound construction, carries the idea that he himself could make valid and binding contracts of insurance, in the first instance, without the subsequent sanction of the defendants. He was, evidently, from his own account, to act only as a surveyor, with authority to receive and communicate applications, and to receive and communicate the answers.
He had blank printed proposals of a circular nature, and without signature, issued by the company, and one of these he affixed up in his store-house. It was a general outline of the classes of hazards and rates of annual premiums, and conditions of insurance. One of the conditions was, that “ all applications for insurance must be made at the office of the company and another, that “ no insurance xvill be considered as made or binding until the premium is paid j and that every policy of insurance, made by the company, shall be sealed xvith its seal, and signed by the president and secretary.’’
Hitherto, we have discovered nothing that will justify the conclusion, that Russell had authority to make a contract of insurance binding on the company. And-, if xve. recur to the correspondence between them, xve shall equally fail, in discovering the power contended for in this case.
In a letter from R., to the defendants, dated Upril 9, 1819, he observed, that “ There is a difficulty, owing to the distance from Km-Torle, in getting aloxig xvith in[492]*492surances here, and I have written to Mr. Swords on the subject. Unless I am furnished with blank policies ready signed, or unless my receipt for the premiums, as agent, is made binding upon the company, until the policies can be obtained from the office, I suspect but little can be done in the way of insuring, for I find that applicants want the risk to commence as soon as the premium is paid.” The answer from the defendants, by Mr. Swords, their president, was dated the 27th of April, 1819, and states, that “ the company had never furnished their agents, or surveyors, with blank policies. The board will never sanction it. The most and best that can be done is, that all insurances that you may agree to make, and for which the premium you shall charge, shall he actually paid, and shall he received here, the office will consider as enuring at the time of the payment to you ; so that, in case of accident between such time of payment and the receipt of the money here, the company will indemnify such loss, provided however, that the office shall recognise the said rate of premium which you shall charge, and shall he otherwise satisfied with the rislc. The company will, in no case, guaranty the transmission of monej' for a premium. Insurances are effected here only, on the actual payment of the premium to one of its officers.”
By another letter from the defendants, by their secretary, of the date of the 28th of April, 1819, they say, No insurance shall be binding until the premium is received at this office. The reason of this rule is, that the company will not be responsible for the risk of sending the premium, either by land or w’ater. I am authorized, however, to assure you, that in all cases where the risk is accepted,, on the receipt of the premium here, they will execute the policy, to take effect from the time the premium was received by R., if the same shall he requested in die letter accompanying the survey.”
By these letters, the company expressly declared, that [493]*493íhe receipt of the premium by the company, at their office in New- York, was indispensable, and that the insurance was to be effected there only. The company were to recognise the rate of premium, and to be satisfied with the risk, and then, and on, the receipt of the premium, the contract was to be made by them, and then it might relate back to the date of the receipt of the premium by R., if that was the pleasure of the other party. It was impossible for the company, in more explicit language, to have retained in their own hands their right to bind themselves, or more pointedly to have denied that right to their surveyor.
It appears, by the testimony of R., that in several instances, the rate of insurance agreed on (and conditionally of course) by R. was satisfactory to the company, and confirmed by them, and the policies made to bear date with the receipt of the money at Savannah. But R. himself evidently considered his agreement with the applicants as not binding on the defendants.
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The Chancellor.
The essential point in this Case is, whether Henry P. Russell was authorized to bind, and did bind the defendants, to insure the goods of the plaintiff, at the rate, and upon the terms specified in the receipt, which [490]*490he gave to the plaintiff, on the 5th of January, 1820«' The counsel for the plaintiff^pontends, that R. was the * general agent for the defendants at Savannah, for the purpose °f receiving premiums, and agreeing to make insurances and that they were bound by his acts. The other side insist, that R. was not their agent for that purpose; He was only their surveyor, to survey and return a description of the property offered for insurance ; to state to applicants the probable rates of insurance ; to receive from persons. willing to pay, the premiums he might think fit to name, and to transmit the same to the defendants y and that they reserved to themselves a right to deliberate and act upon the application, and to accept or reject the proposal and premium, in their discretion. That in receiving the money, R. acted as the agent of the applicant; and that there was no contract of insurance in any case, until the proposal had been received and accepted by the .defendants, accompanied with a receipt of the premium at their office.
Russell’s appointment was strictly that of “ surveyor for the defendants, of buildings, and goods, offered to be in-, suredin Savannah'.” This appointment was dated the 11th of December, 1818. Under* this appointment, as surveyor, R., on the 10th of February, 1819, published in the papers, at Savannah, that “ insurances, by the defendants, might be effected by application to him, who had a table and classes of hazards, and rates of annual premiums, to be exhibited ; and that he was authorized to. say, insurance would be effected as favourable to the assured as those of any company in the United States ; and that he would attend to the surveying the property, and would obtain the policies from the defendants with the least possible delay.” These proposals he signed, as “ agent for Savannah;” and he says, that this advertisement was published at his own suggestion, and he does not know that it ever came to the knowledge of the defendants.
I apprehend-. that the defendants are not bound by any [491]*491assumed power contained in these proposals, made and published without their authority. But the proposals do not, in fact, assume any authority to make contracts of insurance binding on the company. He was to receive applications, and through him, as the medium of communication, insurances might be effected. He was authorized to say, insurances would be effected on the most favourable terms, that he possessed the rates of premium, and would attend to surveying the property, and obtaining the policies. There is nothing in all this that, upon any necessary and sound construction, carries the idea that he himself could make valid and binding contracts of insurance, in the first instance, without the subsequent sanction of the defendants. He was, evidently, from his own account, to act only as a surveyor, with authority to receive and communicate applications, and to receive and communicate the answers.
He had blank printed proposals of a circular nature, and without signature, issued by the company, and one of these he affixed up in his store-house. It was a general outline of the classes of hazards and rates of annual premiums, and conditions of insurance. One of the conditions was, that “ all applications for insurance must be made at the office of the company and another, that “ no insurance xvill be considered as made or binding until the premium is paid j and that every policy of insurance, made by the company, shall be sealed xvith its seal, and signed by the president and secretary.’’
Hitherto, we have discovered nothing that will justify the conclusion, that Russell had authority to make a contract of insurance binding on the company. And-, if xve. recur to the correspondence between them, xve shall equally fail, in discovering the power contended for in this case.
In a letter from R., to the defendants, dated Upril 9, 1819, he observed, that “ There is a difficulty, owing to the distance from Km-Torle, in getting aloxig xvith in[492]*492surances here, and I have written to Mr. Swords on the subject. Unless I am furnished with blank policies ready signed, or unless my receipt for the premiums, as agent, is made binding upon the company, until the policies can be obtained from the office, I suspect but little can be done in the way of insuring, for I find that applicants want the risk to commence as soon as the premium is paid.” The answer from the defendants, by Mr. Swords, their president, was dated the 27th of April, 1819, and states, that “ the company had never furnished their agents, or surveyors, with blank policies. The board will never sanction it. The most and best that can be done is, that all insurances that you may agree to make, and for which the premium you shall charge, shall he actually paid, and shall he received here, the office will consider as enuring at the time of the payment to you ; so that, in case of accident between such time of payment and the receipt of the money here, the company will indemnify such loss, provided however, that the office shall recognise the said rate of premium which you shall charge, and shall he otherwise satisfied with the rislc. The company will, in no case, guaranty the transmission of monej' for a premium. Insurances are effected here only, on the actual payment of the premium to one of its officers.”
By another letter from the defendants, by their secretary, of the date of the 28th of April, 1819, they say, No insurance shall be binding until the premium is received at this office. The reason of this rule is, that the company will not be responsible for the risk of sending the premium, either by land or w’ater. I am authorized, however, to assure you, that in all cases where the risk is accepted,, on the receipt of the premium here, they will execute the policy, to take effect from the time the premium was received by R., if the same shall he requested in die letter accompanying the survey.”
By these letters, the company expressly declared, that [493]*493íhe receipt of the premium by the company, at their office in New- York, was indispensable, and that the insurance was to be effected there only. The company were to recognise the rate of premium, and to be satisfied with the risk, and then, and on, the receipt of the premium, the contract was to be made by them, and then it might relate back to the date of the receipt of the premium by R., if that was the pleasure of the other party. It was impossible for the company, in more explicit language, to have retained in their own hands their right to bind themselves, or more pointedly to have denied that right to their surveyor.
It appears, by the testimony of R., that in several instances, the rate of insurance agreed on (and conditionally of course) by R. was satisfactory to the company, and confirmed by them, and the policies made to bear date with the receipt of the money at Savannah. But R. himself evidently considered his agreement with the applicants as not binding on the defendants. In his letter to the company, of the date of the 18th of December, 1819, he says, “I herewith forward to you two more applications for insurance, which I presume will be accepted by the company, at the rates of premium which I have named. As ■ I wish to do nothing which the company will not confirm, I have fixed the premium agreeably to that established by them for buildings of this description. I forward three or four .surveys. If they are received, I will thank you to inform me, as soon as may be, whethtr the offers are accepted by the company, as, in that case, we wish the insurances effected as soon as practicable. It will be desirable, in every instance, that policies be forwarded, with as little delay as possible after the receipt of the premium.”
This letter was written only a few days before the plaintiff made application to R., and paid the rate of premium agreed on; and I cannot perceive, either in the written [494]*494documents, or in the usages and practice of the company, any authority in R. to bind the defendants in a contract of insurance, before they had seen the terms, and exercised their judgment upon them, and accepted of them, and actually received the premium.
It is extremely probable, that if the terms and premium had been received, in this case, before notice of the fire, the same would have been accepted, and the policy would have been issued. And so we may say, that in ten thousand other cases, property lost by fire might have been insured, upon the usual terms, if application had been made and received in due time. The question here is, was a valid contract made by the defendants, so as to fix the risk upon them, from the receipt of the premium by R. ? If the agency of R., in agreeing to the rate of insurance, and receiving the premium, did. not, of itself, and forthwith, irrevocably bind the defendants, it is certain that they are not bound, for they did nothing afterwards, in ratification of that agreement. I consider that R. was, strictly, the agent of the plaintiff, in receiving and undertaking to transmit the premium, for the defendants had repeatedly declared that they would not consider the premium as paid, until received at their office. It would be unjust, as respects the defendants, to bind them without their assent, and contrary to their declared will, explicitly communicated to R. Nor can they be fairly accused of any deception towards the public, or charged with holding out to the world that R. was invested with absolute powers to bind them. There was nothing, in all the documents or letters he possessed, to warrant such a conclusion ; and if the plaintiff dealt with him, in confidence that the agreement with him was binding, he did it without due examination, and at his own peril.
The only circumstance that seems to give any colour to the claim, is, that the defendants, in several instances, al[495]*495lowed the policies to relate back, and cover the property, from the time that the premium was received by R., so as to assume the intermediate risk. But this was in • pursuance of their letters of the 27th and 28th of April, in which they promised to do it, if the same should be requested, and always with the proviso, that the premium had been actually received by them, and the rates of premium approved of, and the risk adjudged to be satisfactory. The important right of the company, by their board of directors, to deliberate upon the terms stated, and to judge of the expediency of the risk, was always reserved j and it is a right so essential to the safety and credit of every insurance company, that we ought not to consider it as having been renounced, unless we are warranted to do so by the clearest proof. If the company were bound definitively by the act of R., in this case, they were equally so in every other case in which the premium was paid to him; and the office of insurance, upon that construction, was in effect transferred to Savannah, and the defendant, jft., substituted for the board of directors provided for by their charter. A deduction so alarming, and so repugnant to the duty of the directors of the institution, ought to rest on positive proof, and not on presumptions raised in opposition to the declared purpose of the company.
Upon the whole, I see nothing in this case, that can justify me in saying, that the agreement between the plaintiff and R., on the 5th of January, 1820, was an agreement to which the defendants were a party, or by which they were concluded. If no loss had intervened, and the defendants, upon information of the survey and rates of premium, and payment of the premium, had, in their discretion, determined that the risk was not acceptable, I apprehend they would have been deemed in the lawful' exercise of a right of deliberation, and that the risk would not, and [496]*496could not have been enforced against them, contrary to their will. The circumstance of a loss occurring before they bad time to deliberate, cannot, in reason and justice, impair their rights, and make that act binding which otherwise would not have been deemed so. The interpretation of contracts, and the administration of justice, ought to rest on general and fixed principles, and not o» views of temporary hardship or expediency.
1 am, accordingly, of opinion, that the bill ought to be dismissed.
Bill dismissed, without costs.