OPINION OE THE COURT.
BRATTON, J.
1. Findings of fact made by the trial court that the supplies furnished were necessary expenses, and that all of the money, save the $1,000 which was paid directly to the appellant and by him credited upon his indebtedness, was used to pay off and discharge the operating' expenses of the business, are supported by substantial evidence. They will, therefore, not be disturbed on appeal. We shall consume neither time nor space to cite tbe many decisions from this court declaring this well-known rule.
2. Much bas been said by counsel in their briefs with respect to tbe authority of tbe probate court to authorize in advance, or ratify afterwards, a chattel mortgage executed in favor of 'an existing creditor of an estate. This discussion has revolved around whether or not to do that results in preferring one creditor over the others in violation of the statutes of this state. ' We think this is beside the controlling question in this case. It is provided by section 2293 Code of 1915, that in all cases of administration the executor or administrator shall be allowed, in the settlement of his accounts, all necessary expenses incurred in the care, management, and settlement of the estate, including reasonable attorney’s fees incurred in the course of litigation or in matters requiring legal advice or counsel.
“An executor or administrator shall be allowed, in the settlement of his accounts, all necessary expenses incurred in the care, management, and settlement of the estate, including reasonable attorney fees in any necessary litigation or matter requiring legal advice or counsel. For his services he shall receive such compensation as the law provides; but when the deceased, by his will, has made special provision for the compensation of his executor, such executor is not entitled to any other compensation for his services, unless he shall within ten days after his appointment, subscribe and file, with the c.lerlt a written declaration renouncing the compensation provided by the will.” Section 2293, Code of 1915.
Section 2283 of the Code provides that as soon as the executor or administrator (the word executor alone is used, but as used, means administrator also — section 2215, Code of 1915) is possessed of sufficient means, over and above the expenses of the administration, he shall pay off the charges of the last sickness &nd funeral of the deceased, _ and then any allowance which may have been made by the court for the maintenance of the widow and children.
‘‘As soon as the executors are possessed of sufficient means over and above the expenses of administration they shall pay off the charges of the last sickness ancl funeral of the deceased, and they shall next pay any allowance which, may be made by the court as provided by law for the maintenance of the widow and children-.” Section 2283, Code of 1915.
The next succeeding section of the statute then provides that other demands against the estate shall be payable in the order therein named, the first being the preferred claims, into which class, conceding the contention of the appellant to be sound, he falls.
From these statutes, it plainly appears that all necessary and proper costs and 'expenses incurred in the care, management and control of an estate must be paid to the executor or administrator, as the case may be, before any of ‘the claims of creditors, whether they be secured or unsecured, preferred or otherwise, and, so far as we are informed, such has been the uniform practice universally adopted throughout the state. So that, had the administrators furnished the money with which to pay the expenses of operating the business in question, including the purchase of supplies, we think it perfectly clear that they should be authorized to first deduct such sums from the money on hand before paying anything to any of the creditors. And assuming for the moment that the chattel mortgage held by the appellant' was valid — a question which we neither decide nor express an opinion upon— such expenses would have to be .first paid before the appellant would be entitled to receive anything upon his debt so secured. Instead of furnishing such money and supplies from their personal funds, the administrators secured the same from the Mercantile Company. And that company claims to take the place and stead of the administrators, and hence becomes entitled to be first paid before the appellant receives anything, and we think its contention is sound. The money and supplies furnished by it were used for the benefit of the estate and to protect and preserve its assets. At the death of the decedent, the rights of his creditors were fixed against all of the property he died seized of, and their rights, as among themselves, were fixed upon tbe status existing at the time; but such rights do not extend to nor include creditors who, subsequent to the death of the decedent, furnish money to the administrator with which to protect and preserve the estate. Here the supplies were used • in the operation of the business; all of the money except $1,000, which was paid directly to the appellant and which he -received the full benefits of, was used to defray the expenses of the business, and hence it served to protect and preserve the assets of the estate. And the appellant must be deemed to have consented to the administrators, continuing to operate and conduct such business, because he extended his loan and accepted collateral security therefor, and must have known that expenses would be incurred and money would be expended in payment thereof, and that, if the administrators took such expenses from the corpus of the estate, they would be deducted from the remaining assets securing his debt; if they paid them from their personal funds, they would be deducted, and if they secured them from the appellee and they were used to preserve such assets to which appellant was looking as his security, in good conscience, the appellee should be permitted to take the place and stead of the administrators and be reimbursed before the appellant received anything. To permit the appellant to profit by the expenses furnished by the appellee to preserve and protect the assets of the estate to which the appellant looked for his collateral security would be an unconscionable thing. Such supplies and money were no part of the assets of the estate in the hands of the administrators to be distributed among its creditors. They were merely placed with such administrators to be used in protecting and preserving the assets of such estate and hence preserving the collateral security of its creditors. How they can complain of the repayment of the same is somewhat difficult to understand.
It may be said that the appellee does not come within the strict doctrine of subrogation, because that doctrine, in its strict sensé, does not apply to volunteers, but only to substitution by contract. Such, substitution may and frequently does result from operation of law. The transaction between the administrators and the appellee is, in substance, if not in form, a transfer of the right to make a preferred claim, namely, to be reimbursed for the necessary expenses incurred and paid in the care, control, and management of the estate. Williamson’s Appeal, 94 Pa. 231.
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OPINION OE THE COURT.
BRATTON, J.
1. Findings of fact made by the trial court that the supplies furnished were necessary expenses, and that all of the money, save the $1,000 which was paid directly to the appellant and by him credited upon his indebtedness, was used to pay off and discharge the operating' expenses of the business, are supported by substantial evidence. They will, therefore, not be disturbed on appeal. We shall consume neither time nor space to cite tbe many decisions from this court declaring this well-known rule.
2. Much bas been said by counsel in their briefs with respect to tbe authority of tbe probate court to authorize in advance, or ratify afterwards, a chattel mortgage executed in favor of 'an existing creditor of an estate. This discussion has revolved around whether or not to do that results in preferring one creditor over the others in violation of the statutes of this state. ' We think this is beside the controlling question in this case. It is provided by section 2293 Code of 1915, that in all cases of administration the executor or administrator shall be allowed, in the settlement of his accounts, all necessary expenses incurred in the care, management, and settlement of the estate, including reasonable attorney’s fees incurred in the course of litigation or in matters requiring legal advice or counsel.
“An executor or administrator shall be allowed, in the settlement of his accounts, all necessary expenses incurred in the care, management, and settlement of the estate, including reasonable attorney fees in any necessary litigation or matter requiring legal advice or counsel. For his services he shall receive such compensation as the law provides; but when the deceased, by his will, has made special provision for the compensation of his executor, such executor is not entitled to any other compensation for his services, unless he shall within ten days after his appointment, subscribe and file, with the c.lerlt a written declaration renouncing the compensation provided by the will.” Section 2293, Code of 1915.
Section 2283 of the Code provides that as soon as the executor or administrator (the word executor alone is used, but as used, means administrator also — section 2215, Code of 1915) is possessed of sufficient means, over and above the expenses of the administration, he shall pay off the charges of the last sickness &nd funeral of the deceased, _ and then any allowance which may have been made by the court for the maintenance of the widow and children.
‘‘As soon as the executors are possessed of sufficient means over and above the expenses of administration they shall pay off the charges of the last sickness ancl funeral of the deceased, and they shall next pay any allowance which, may be made by the court as provided by law for the maintenance of the widow and children-.” Section 2283, Code of 1915.
The next succeeding section of the statute then provides that other demands against the estate shall be payable in the order therein named, the first being the preferred claims, into which class, conceding the contention of the appellant to be sound, he falls.
From these statutes, it plainly appears that all necessary and proper costs and 'expenses incurred in the care, management and control of an estate must be paid to the executor or administrator, as the case may be, before any of ‘the claims of creditors, whether they be secured or unsecured, preferred or otherwise, and, so far as we are informed, such has been the uniform practice universally adopted throughout the state. So that, had the administrators furnished the money with which to pay the expenses of operating the business in question, including the purchase of supplies, we think it perfectly clear that they should be authorized to first deduct such sums from the money on hand before paying anything to any of the creditors. And assuming for the moment that the chattel mortgage held by the appellant' was valid — a question which we neither decide nor express an opinion upon— such expenses would have to be .first paid before the appellant would be entitled to receive anything upon his debt so secured. Instead of furnishing such money and supplies from their personal funds, the administrators secured the same from the Mercantile Company. And that company claims to take the place and stead of the administrators, and hence becomes entitled to be first paid before the appellant receives anything, and we think its contention is sound. The money and supplies furnished by it were used for the benefit of the estate and to protect and preserve its assets. At the death of the decedent, the rights of his creditors were fixed against all of the property he died seized of, and their rights, as among themselves, were fixed upon tbe status existing at the time; but such rights do not extend to nor include creditors who, subsequent to the death of the decedent, furnish money to the administrator with which to protect and preserve the estate. Here the supplies were used • in the operation of the business; all of the money except $1,000, which was paid directly to the appellant and which he -received the full benefits of, was used to defray the expenses of the business, and hence it served to protect and preserve the assets of the estate. And the appellant must be deemed to have consented to the administrators, continuing to operate and conduct such business, because he extended his loan and accepted collateral security therefor, and must have known that expenses would be incurred and money would be expended in payment thereof, and that, if the administrators took such expenses from the corpus of the estate, they would be deducted from the remaining assets securing his debt; if they paid them from their personal funds, they would be deducted, and if they secured them from the appellee and they were used to preserve such assets to which appellant was looking as his security, in good conscience, the appellee should be permitted to take the place and stead of the administrators and be reimbursed before the appellant received anything. To permit the appellant to profit by the expenses furnished by the appellee to preserve and protect the assets of the estate to which the appellant looked for his collateral security would be an unconscionable thing. Such supplies and money were no part of the assets of the estate in the hands of the administrators to be distributed among its creditors. They were merely placed with such administrators to be used in protecting and preserving the assets of such estate and hence preserving the collateral security of its creditors. How they can complain of the repayment of the same is somewhat difficult to understand.
It may be said that the appellee does not come within the strict doctrine of subrogation, because that doctrine, in its strict sensé, does not apply to volunteers, but only to substitution by contract. Such, substitution may and frequently does result from operation of law. The transaction between the administrators and the appellee is, in substance, if not in form, a transfer of the right to make a preferred claim, namely, to be reimbursed for the necessary expenses incurred and paid in the care, control, and management of the estate. Williamson’s Appeal, 94 Pa. 231. It is generally held that a person who advances money to an executor or an administrator with which to' pay debts or expenses, and such money is used for that purpose, will be permitted to take the executor’s or administrator’s position and be subrogated to his right of reimbursement. In 24 C. J. p. 71, §491, it is said:
“While a person who lends or advances money to an executor or adniinistrator upon a promise by note or other contract acquires no right at law or in equity against the estate, unless the money has in fact been applied to pay debts or otherwise to benefit the estate, he will in such case be permitted to take the representative’s place and be subrogated to his right of reimbursement from the estate.”
In Nathan v. Lehman, Abraham & Co., 39 Ark. 256, it was declared in general terms that moneys furnished by a third person and used to improve the property belonging to an estate and to protect it from an attachment should be classed as necessary expenses. The claim had not been so classed, and it was held that, inasmuch as no fraud had been established, there was no ground to open the allowance in chancery. We think, however, the general principle of law there declared, when applied to the facts existing here, may be peculiarly applicable. It is said in that case:
“One of the claims of Lehman, Abraham & Co., being for moneys advanced to the administrator to improve the real estate, and protect it against an attachment suit, was improperly allowed and classed, in the fifth class, against the estate It should have been allowed, if at all, as expenses of administration.”
In Woods v. Ridley, 27 Miss. 119, 150-151, it is held generally that where an administrator, with his own personal money, pays the debts of an estate, be will be permitted to charge such estate with such expenditures in presenting his account, and that where a third person furnishes money to an administrator for the purpose of paying off such debts, and it is actually used for that purpose, such third person will be permitted to take the place of the administrator and may likewise hold the estate for the same. In such an instance he takes the place and stands in the shoes of the administrator and possesses all rights to enforce such a claim as the administrator would have, had he furnished such money personally. This pertinent language was used by that court:
“Notwithstanding- it is incompetent for the administrator, by his contracts or promises, such as we have been considering, to impose any debt upon the estate of the intestate, it is not to be controverted that, if he with his own money pay the debts, he will be entitled to charge the estate in his administration account with, the amount of the debts so paid, and to save the effects sold for the payment of his claim. He would also have the right by bill in equity to enforce the payment of his demand against the heirs and distributees, in case the estate had passed into their hands.
“It appears to be settled also, that where an executor or administrator has given his own note in payment of a debt of the testator or intestate, the estate would not thereby be released, unless such was the agreement of the parties: and this although the executor may have settled and given himself credit in his account for the debt. In such a case the creditor might, at his election, hold the executor personally liable, or proceed by bill against the estate. Peter v. Beverly, 10 Peters (U. S.) 532, 9 L. Ed. 522; Douglas v. Fraser, 1 Rich. Eq. R. (S. C.) 105.
“Persons dealing- with the representatives of a. deceased person, are presumed in law to be fully apprized of the extent of their authority to act in behalf of the estate which they represent. Hence, in the case of an ordinary administrator, they are presumed to know that he has no authority, as such, to make new contracts which will bind the estate in his charge; such, for example, as contracts for the loan of money even upon the pretense that it-is needed to pay the debts. A person, therefore, who, under such circumstances, advances money to an administrator acquires no right either at law or in equity as against the estate. His equity only arises in case the money advanced has in fact been applied to the payment of debts for which the estate was justly and legally bound. In such cases the creditor of the administrator will be permitted to take his place, and will be subrogated to his rights. But reason, as well as sound policy, requires that it should be shown by the clearest evidence that the estate has been benefited, or, in other words, that the money has been applied beneficially and in the payment of the debts.”
In. the case of In re Donnelly’s Estate, 246 Pa. 308, 92 Atl. 306, a large sum of money belonging to the widow and surviving children of the deceased was used by the executors to redeem certain valuable property belonging to the estate from a pledge as collateral security. Such redemption was found to be for the distinct benefit of the estate, and the court held that, inasmuch as the individual money of such widow and surviving children was used to the great advantage of the estate, it should constitute a preferred claim. This language was used by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in expressing its views:
“The court below based its action, upon a distinct finding in this case that the use of individual funds advanced to the executors by the heirs resulted in a distinct advantage to the estate. It may not have been necessary to go thus far, but certainly the position affords full justification for the action which was taken. The persons who advanced these funds to the executors were not creditors of the decedent. The deposit of their individual funds with the executors was in aid of the settlement of the estate and was for use in the protection of its assets. In paying back this money, which was merely a temporary loan to the executors, for the benefit of the estate, no harm is done to the estate itself, nor to its creditors. The payment is to that extent only the return of that which was advanced to the executors as an aid to the administration. At the death of Charles Donnelly, the claims of his creditors were fixed against all the property of which he died possessed; but the rights of the creditor’s did not extend to or include anything which the executors might aft-erwards be able to borrow, for the purpose of protecting the assets, or in aid of proper administration. The general prin_ ciple that equitable assets are to be distributed equally among all the creditors, without reference to priority, is undoubted, but the funds here in, question, which were temporarily placed with the executors by the heirs, constituted no part of the, estate in the hands of the executors for distribution to creditors. Therefore we feel that the court below was entirely justified in the preference which it awarded to the widow and children. It was merely restoring to them money of their own, which had been temporarily deposited in the hands of the executors, for the purpose of enabling them to protect the assets. This action of the heirs was undoubtedly intended to benefit the estate and the creditors, by preventing the sacrifice of the assets; and as a matter oí fact, as found by the court below, it did result in benefit. As the court below well says, in view of the proof that the creditors have gained by this transaction, and by the temporary use of funds advanced by the heirs, which did not belong to the Donnelly estate, and became no part thereof, it would be against conscience to refuse a preference in restoring these funds to the parties who advanced them.”
In Thomas v. Provident Life & Trust Co., et al, 138 Fed. 348, 70 C. C. A. 488, it was held that the mortgaged relied upon had been executed by the executor without authority, but that the money loaned and secured by such mortgage was used to pay off valid debts against the estate, and that the estate was bound to repay the amount with interest, because, in good conscience, it could not accept the benefit thereof and afterwards escape liability.
It seems, therefore, upon logic and authority, and we have arrived at the conclusion, that, conceding appellant’s mortgage to be valid, and we expressly refrain from so holding, the supplies furnished and money advanced were eoncededly in the nature of necessary expenses, except the #1,000 which was paid directly to the appellant, and had the administrators furnished such money, and it had been so used, they would have been authorized by law to deduct the same from the monej'S on hand, and it would have been the duty of the lower court to fully reimburse them therefor before paying anything to the appellant. And we further think that the Mercantile Company, having furnished such supplies and money with which to operate the business in question, in good conscience, it should be allowed and permitted to assert the same rights of priority that the administrators would have possessed had they furnished the same. The theory upon which the necessary expenses of administration, including the care, management, and settlement of an estate, are first paid is that the estate must be maintained which necessarily incurs expenses, and that, to so maintain, protect and preserve the assets of such estate, inures to the benefit of the creditors who look to • such assets as their security, and certainly they harvest the same benefits when such expenses are paid by a third person as where paid directly by the administrator.
Of course a third person could not recklessly furnish unnecessary supplies or money without the approval of the court which has supervision of the estate, and after-wards successfully make such a claim. But this is not that kind of a case. The trial court expressly found that the supplies were used in the operation of the business, and the money was likewise used to pay the expenses thereof, and hence expressly approved the claims thereof, and gave them priority of payment.
From what we have said, it appears that the trial court correctly disposed of the case and rendered the only judgment which could rightly be rendered under the pertinent facts. It should, therefore, be affirmed; and it is so ordered.
PARKER, C. J., and BOTTS, J., concur.