Ms. Justice De Jesús
delivered tlie opinion of the court.
In the afternoon of November 10, 1937, a truck loaded with stone traveling from Río Piedras towards Santurce was parked, due to something wrong with the vehicle, on the right side on a straight stretch of road of Carretera Central, near the residence of Mr. Arcelay in Martín Peña. When night came no lights were set up, as required by law. The plaintiff was engaged to watch it and in order to do this he occupied the driver Is seat. About 10.30 p.m. a Chevrolet car, driven by defendant, collided against the rear of the truck, with the result that plaintiff suffered the bodily injuries which have been the ground for this suit.
The lower court dismissed the action with costs on the plaintiff, on the ground that, even assuming that the defendant had been negligent in driving his car at a rate of speed faster than that allowed by law, the plaintiff was also negligent and contributed to the accident by leaving the truck at night on the highway without the lights required to avoid danger to passers-by. In stating the grounds for its judgment, the trial court expressed itself as follows:
“If the accident had taken place in daylight, there is no question that the plaintiff would have a clear ease of negligence on the [734]*734part of defendant; lout at night, between 10 and 10.30 p. m., in a dark spot, even conceding that the rate of speed was in excess of that allowed by the law, the fact of the parking of the truck on the right but without lights completely nullifies the duty of the defendant to protect the plaintiff, especially if the latter, who is in charge of the truck, gets inside it, we will not say to wait for the accident, but in complete disregard of his own safety. The fact that the vehicle in the care of the plaintiff was left without lights constitutes, in our opinion, even conceding negligence on the part of the defendant, contributory negligence, although it was also contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff to stay inside the truck without lights in a dark place and on such a highway as Ponce de León avenue, thus inviting danger. Stating the facts in the most favorable manner for the plaintiff, we shall have to conclude that there was reciprocal or contributory negligence which bars the plaintiff from any right to recover compensation for injuries received. Having reached this conclusion it becomes unnecessary to enter into a discussion as to the injuries inflicted.”
To our judgment the judge of the lower court did not correctly view the legal problem submitted for his consideration. In actions for damages on account of negligence, the trial judge ought not to confine himself to determine whether" or not there was negligence on the part of the plaintiff. He should go even farther and determine whether the proximate canse of the accident was either plaintiff’s or defendant’s negligence. Plaintiff may have been negligent, bnt if his negligence — although furnishing the propitious circumstances for the commission of the tortious act — was not however the proximate cause of the accident, the theory of contributory negligence is inapplicable and the plaintiff is entitled to compensation for the injuries inflicted on him by reason of defendant’s negligence. Haszczyn v. Detroit Creamery Co., 275 N.W. 211, 212, and cases cited; Colón v. Shell Co. (P. R.) Ltd., 55 P.R.R. 575.
The application of the rule just stated by us requires an analysis of the respective contribution of the parties to the accident in question.
[735]*735It was established by tbe evidence that on the nigbt in question defendant was traveling in a Chevrolet car, according to his own testimony, at 45 kilometers per hour. The road along which he was traveling was not in as good .a condition as it is at present; there were on either side of it wide and fairly deep ditches, the width of the road where the truck was parked being 22 feet; the pavement was wet because it had drizzled shortly before the accident, and defendant’s motor car was traveling with dimmed lights although going at the rate of speed indicated. Defendant stated that before he saw for the first time plaintiff’s car he had met another truck traveling towards Río Piedras, being left momentarily dazzled by the headlights, notwithstanding which he failed to slow down, and saw plaintiff’s truck, according to his own statements, although the stretch of road was straight, 40 or 50 feet away. Although he became aware of the obstacle, not only did he fail to slow down the vehicle within such distance, but also failed to swerve to the left, and this would have been very easy, since he himself admitted that at that moment there was nothing on the road, to the left of the truck, to prevent him from swerving his car. The truck, as appears from the evidence, was painted red and was parked between two electric lampposts about 100 feet apart. Francisco Iturrondo, a witness for the plaintiff, testified that defendant was coming at an “awful” rate of speed which was afterwards estimated at 45 miles. This statement was questioned by the trial judge because'Martin Andrades, another witness for the plaintiff, had testified that there were no lights at the place where the truck was parked, which led the judge of the court below to the following conclusion:
“But bearing in mincl the statement of Martin Andrades, the owner (a chauffeur) of the truck, to the effect that there were no lights at the place where the truck was parked, how could it possibly happen that Iturrondo, the witness who mentioned the speed at which defendant’s car was going, could estimate said speed and call it a awful’?”
[736]*736Beally, we fail to see any logic in such inference. Thel fact of the truck being parked in a dark place is no liar fol a person testifying as to the speed at which a car is traveling with its lights on.
That defendant must have been traveling at an awful speed under the circumstances, is shown by the result of the impact of the vehicles. Defendant testified that, upon recovering his sight after meeting the other vehicle going towards Bio Piedras, he became aware of plaintiff’s truck when 40 or 50 feet away. It is to be presumed that upon noticing the obstacle defendant, instinctively, began to slow down, and although his brakes were in perfect condition— according to his own testimony — the impact between the car and the truck was such that the car was thrown to the other side of the road and left like an “accordeon,” as the witnesses graphically described the condition in which the car was left. The truck, although loaded with stones and with a flat tire, was dragged for about 20 feet, its door thrown open and plaintiff thrown from the driver’s seat into the ditch, receiving the injuries to which we shall refer further on.
In our opinion it was not exaggeration on the part of witness Iturrondo when he said that defendant’s car was traveling at an “awful” speed.
A motor car is a dangerous contrivance if its operator does not constantly keep it under control so as to stop or swerve the same to avoid causing damage. [5] To travel at night over a road of so much traffic at such speed as defendant was traveling is a clear case of negligence, and there is no doubt that such negligence constituted the proximate cause of the accident, even assuming that the defendant might not have seen the truck long before even though he had put on the light required by the speed at which he was going.
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Ms. Justice De Jesús
delivered tlie opinion of the court.
In the afternoon of November 10, 1937, a truck loaded with stone traveling from Río Piedras towards Santurce was parked, due to something wrong with the vehicle, on the right side on a straight stretch of road of Carretera Central, near the residence of Mr. Arcelay in Martín Peña. When night came no lights were set up, as required by law. The plaintiff was engaged to watch it and in order to do this he occupied the driver Is seat. About 10.30 p.m. a Chevrolet car, driven by defendant, collided against the rear of the truck, with the result that plaintiff suffered the bodily injuries which have been the ground for this suit.
The lower court dismissed the action with costs on the plaintiff, on the ground that, even assuming that the defendant had been negligent in driving his car at a rate of speed faster than that allowed by law, the plaintiff was also negligent and contributed to the accident by leaving the truck at night on the highway without the lights required to avoid danger to passers-by. In stating the grounds for its judgment, the trial court expressed itself as follows:
“If the accident had taken place in daylight, there is no question that the plaintiff would have a clear ease of negligence on the [734]*734part of defendant; lout at night, between 10 and 10.30 p. m., in a dark spot, even conceding that the rate of speed was in excess of that allowed by the law, the fact of the parking of the truck on the right but without lights completely nullifies the duty of the defendant to protect the plaintiff, especially if the latter, who is in charge of the truck, gets inside it, we will not say to wait for the accident, but in complete disregard of his own safety. The fact that the vehicle in the care of the plaintiff was left without lights constitutes, in our opinion, even conceding negligence on the part of the defendant, contributory negligence, although it was also contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff to stay inside the truck without lights in a dark place and on such a highway as Ponce de León avenue, thus inviting danger. Stating the facts in the most favorable manner for the plaintiff, we shall have to conclude that there was reciprocal or contributory negligence which bars the plaintiff from any right to recover compensation for injuries received. Having reached this conclusion it becomes unnecessary to enter into a discussion as to the injuries inflicted.”
To our judgment the judge of the lower court did not correctly view the legal problem submitted for his consideration. In actions for damages on account of negligence, the trial judge ought not to confine himself to determine whether" or not there was negligence on the part of the plaintiff. He should go even farther and determine whether the proximate canse of the accident was either plaintiff’s or defendant’s negligence. Plaintiff may have been negligent, bnt if his negligence — although furnishing the propitious circumstances for the commission of the tortious act — was not however the proximate cause of the accident, the theory of contributory negligence is inapplicable and the plaintiff is entitled to compensation for the injuries inflicted on him by reason of defendant’s negligence. Haszczyn v. Detroit Creamery Co., 275 N.W. 211, 212, and cases cited; Colón v. Shell Co. (P. R.) Ltd., 55 P.R.R. 575.
The application of the rule just stated by us requires an analysis of the respective contribution of the parties to the accident in question.
[735]*735It was established by tbe evidence that on the nigbt in question defendant was traveling in a Chevrolet car, according to his own testimony, at 45 kilometers per hour. The road along which he was traveling was not in as good .a condition as it is at present; there were on either side of it wide and fairly deep ditches, the width of the road where the truck was parked being 22 feet; the pavement was wet because it had drizzled shortly before the accident, and defendant’s motor car was traveling with dimmed lights although going at the rate of speed indicated. Defendant stated that before he saw for the first time plaintiff’s car he had met another truck traveling towards Río Piedras, being left momentarily dazzled by the headlights, notwithstanding which he failed to slow down, and saw plaintiff’s truck, according to his own statements, although the stretch of road was straight, 40 or 50 feet away. Although he became aware of the obstacle, not only did he fail to slow down the vehicle within such distance, but also failed to swerve to the left, and this would have been very easy, since he himself admitted that at that moment there was nothing on the road, to the left of the truck, to prevent him from swerving his car. The truck, as appears from the evidence, was painted red and was parked between two electric lampposts about 100 feet apart. Francisco Iturrondo, a witness for the plaintiff, testified that defendant was coming at an “awful” rate of speed which was afterwards estimated at 45 miles. This statement was questioned by the trial judge because'Martin Andrades, another witness for the plaintiff, had testified that there were no lights at the place where the truck was parked, which led the judge of the court below to the following conclusion:
“But bearing in mincl the statement of Martin Andrades, the owner (a chauffeur) of the truck, to the effect that there were no lights at the place where the truck was parked, how could it possibly happen that Iturrondo, the witness who mentioned the speed at which defendant’s car was going, could estimate said speed and call it a awful’?”
[736]*736Beally, we fail to see any logic in such inference. Thel fact of the truck being parked in a dark place is no liar fol a person testifying as to the speed at which a car is traveling with its lights on.
That defendant must have been traveling at an awful speed under the circumstances, is shown by the result of the impact of the vehicles. Defendant testified that, upon recovering his sight after meeting the other vehicle going towards Bio Piedras, he became aware of plaintiff’s truck when 40 or 50 feet away. It is to be presumed that upon noticing the obstacle defendant, instinctively, began to slow down, and although his brakes were in perfect condition— according to his own testimony — the impact between the car and the truck was such that the car was thrown to the other side of the road and left like an “accordeon,” as the witnesses graphically described the condition in which the car was left. The truck, although loaded with stones and with a flat tire, was dragged for about 20 feet, its door thrown open and plaintiff thrown from the driver’s seat into the ditch, receiving the injuries to which we shall refer further on.
In our opinion it was not exaggeration on the part of witness Iturrondo when he said that defendant’s car was traveling at an “awful” speed.
A motor car is a dangerous contrivance if its operator does not constantly keep it under control so as to stop or swerve the same to avoid causing damage. [5] To travel at night over a road of so much traffic at such speed as defendant was traveling is a clear case of negligence, and there is no doubt that such negligence constituted the proximate cause of the accident, even assuming that the defendant might not have seen the truck long before even though he had put on the light required by the speed at which he was going. If defendant had shown the degree of diligence expected of a reasonable man under the circumstances the acci[737]*737dent would have been avoided, as it was undoubtedly avoided by the hundreds of motor vehicles of every kind which from dusk on a November day until 10.30 p.m. passed on either direction by the spot where the truck was parked.
In Cothran v. Benjamín Cleenewerck & Son et al., 209 N.W. 132 (1926), plaintiff was driving a Ford truck loaded with furniture and household goods along the Ravine road near Kalamazoo and stopped at the extreme right of the traveled portion of the road to examine a tire. When he was ready to start the car, it was necessary to crank it. While he was attempting to do so, defendant’s car collided against the rear-end of the truck, shoving it forward over the plaintiff, breaking both of his legs and seriously wounding him. Defendant Blanchard was charged that under the circumstances he was driving his car at an excessive rate of speed and that he did not have it under control. It was defendant’s contention that the accident was due to the failure of the plaintiff to have the tail light of the truck lighted ■and in not looking for approaching automobiles before undertaking to crank it. According to Blanchard’s testimony, he saw the truck when he was six rods away (99 feet); the road was icy and slippery, for which reason he did not try to apply the brakes or to stop his car, as it was his intention to turn out and pass the truck on the left, but that as he turned into the road he saw another car coming from the opposite direction. Thinking that there was no room to pass, under the circumstances, he thought best to hit the corner of the truck than to hit the other car, and further stated that if it had not been for the other car, he would not have, collided with the truck. In affirming a judgment for plaintiff, the Supreme Court of Michigan expressed itself as follows:
“In their brief counsel for the defendants argue that the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence. It does not appear that there was anything the plaintiff could have done to stop the defendant from running into his truck. The absence of a tail light had nothing [738]*738to do with. it. The defendant Blanchard saw the truck when he was six rods away, in ample time to avoid hitting it. His negligence in failing to act as an ordinarily prudent man would have acted under the circumstances was the sole cause of the plaintiff’s injuries. It is therefore not necessary to further discuss the defendants’ contention as to contributory negligence.” (P. 133.)
In Nason v. Hodne (B.C.; 1929), 4 D.L.R. 490 (Canada), the ear driven by plaintiff ran out of gasoline and on that account was stopped by him on the right side of the road, off the pavement, but its lights were out although it was dark. Defendant, who was driving another car bound in the same direction, collided with the rear end of plaintiff’s car and injured him. In deciding the case, the court held that although plaintiff’s car had its lights out, defendant could not successfully allege contributory negligence, since the headlights of defendant’s car were in perfect condition and this would have enabled him to see plaintiff’s car sufficiently in time to stop his car if he had been looking ahead.
In Eldredge v. Sargent, 96 P. (2d) 871 (1939), the Supreme Court of Kansas, citing with approval the Cothran case, supra, said:
“ "Where the absence of lights or warning signals does not prevent a driver' from seeing a vehicle in time to avoid it, the absence of lights or signals cannot be said to be the proximate cause of the collision. ‘(Cases cited.)”
From a monograph in 104 A.L.R. 485, 517, we quote as follows:
‘ ‘ The rule that a person traveling upon a highway has a right to assume that all other persons using the highway will obey the law, and that one is not bound to keep a lookout for others who may violate the law, applies only to those cases where the automobile is being driven in conformity with the law, and not in violation thereof, and it has no application where the automobile is being driven in a negligent manner, where it is not properly equipped with lights, or where it is being driven at an excessive rate of speed (which conditions were all present in this case). In those instances the primary [739]*739negligence of tlie driver of the automobile renders inoperative the rule stated. Cushing Ref. & Gasoline Co. v. Deshan (1931) 149 Okla. 225, 300 P. 312.”
There is no doubt that the defendant showed negligence Bin driving his car at the speed mentioned, taking into account Irhe circumstances already stated.
I The plaintiff was also negligent in failing to equip the ■(.ruck with the lights required by law for similar cases. But if, in spite of such negligence on the part of the plaintiff, the defendant, as he himself testified, saw the truck 40 or 50 feet away, supposing he was unable to stop within such distance, there is no doubt that he might have swerved his vehicle to the left, which was clear, in accordance with his own testimony. This being so, the inevitable conclusion is that the proximate cause of the accident was defendant’s negligence, the rule of contributory negligence being inapplicable in the premises.
Defendant’s liability being established, let us pass to the determination of the measure of damages.
The plaintiff was a man about 45 years of age and was earning $1.50 or $2.00 daily at the time of the accident. The only evidence which appears from the record concerning the injuries which he received is the testimony of Dr. M. Garcia Estrada, from which the following is a transcription:
“That early in the morning of November 11, 1937, he examined for the first time plaintiff Juan Pérez López in the Municipal Hospital of Río Piedras; .... that after the examination the witness found that the plaintiff had received a bruise on the central region of the breastbone with hematoma; and erosion with hematoma and laceration of the skin of the right knee; bruise with hematoma and laceration of the right and left lumbosacral regions; that the patient vomited blood copiously when the witness first treated him; that such vomiting was not due to hemoptysis but to internal injuries recently inflicted on the patient The witness sets up in the court room an electric apparatus and explains in detail to the court two radiographs which he says were taken and developed in his presence; the doctor states that plaintiff, as the result of the blow received by [740]*740him, has been suffering from neurosis or traumatic spondylitis o: the sacral vertebrae....
“The doctor proceeds in his testimony as follows . . . that th< 12th vertebra of plaintiff subsequent to the accident is out of its normal place and position; that this has been felt by the witnes by touch; that this appears also from the radiographs; that as tin result of the accident, plaintiff has lost the elasticity of the spiua. column; that one of the vertebrae is forcibly superimposed on] another vertebra; that the vertebrae of the affected region havi deviated from their normal position; that this is clearly shown by the last of the radiographs; that the last radiograph does not shov any improvement in the condition of the patient, it rather-shows anl aggravation; that the dorsal disks of that portion of the spine are atrophied, that is, fused, ossified; that as the result of the ac cident plaintiff is not and never will be able to bend the spine as| he used to before the accident; that plaintiff has been so seriously affected that he loses his balance when walking and, therefore, must] use a stick; that by means of the microscope the witness discovered a traumatic albuminuria from pressure against the lumbar regions;! that there is displacement of the first and second capsules of plaintiff;! that plaintiff is permanently disabled; that plaintiff is at present, and will always be crippled, useless for manual work; that the condition of plaintiff as the result of the accident will always cause liim physical pains and mental sufferings; that the doctor has assured himself that there is no simulation or malingering on the part of plaintiff; that plaintiff has frequently shown a feverish condition and has lost weight; that the temperature of plaintiff, after the accident, has never been normal...
In view of the personal injuries inflicted on plaintiff, Ms age and the salary he was earning*, we consider that $3,000 is a reasonable compensation for the injuries inflicted on him.
Therefore, this appeal must be sustained, the judgment appealed from reversed and the defendant adjudged to pay to the plaintiff $3,000, including* therein $200 as doctor’s fees as claimed, and costs, excluding attorney’s fees.
June 18, 1940