Kelly, J.:
The decision ■ of this case-. involves the validity of a decree of divorce absolute obtained by the defendant against the plaintiff in the Court of Chancery of New Jersey, in the year 18(96, on the ground of willful, continued and obstinate desertion for more than two years, a ground for absolute divorce recognized under the laws ■ of the State of New Jersey, but hot by the laws of the State of New York. The divorce in quéstion was not obtained by service of process on the defendant (the plaintiff in this action) within the State of New Jersey, nor is there any pretense that he made any [113] appearance in the New Jersey court. He alleges that he was at the time a citizen of this State, and lie denies the validity of the New Jersey decree. The wife, relying on the New Jersey decree, married the person named as corespondent in the case at bar, and lias been living with him for several years as his wife. The defendant here, conceding the rules of law laid down in repeated decisions in this State that foreign divorces obtained without personal service of process within the foreign jurisdiction have no validity here, avers that this case presents a new situation in the apparently interminable complications arising from the conflict of State laws on this subject. It is claimed that this case presents for decision the questions reserved by the Supreme Court of the United States in Bell v. Bell (181 U. S. 175); Streitwolf v. Streitwolf (Id. 179), and Andrews v. Andrews (188 id. 14); that in this case there is no question of the bona fid'es of the defendant’s domicile in the State of New Jersey at the time she applied to the courts of that State for a divorce; that there was at the time no matrimonial domicile by reason of a decree of separation which had been entered in her favor, because of non-support, in the Supreme Court of the State of New York in 1887 — nine years before the New Jersey decree — and it is argued by the learned counsel for the defendant that this foreign decree is entitled to recognition here and is valid, and that it in no way conflicts with the policy of this State in maintaining the marriage contract as against the judgments of courts of other States, where it is'found by our own courts and under our own law that the court in the foreign State was without j urisdiction of the person of the non-resident party to the action. It is alleged that in the case at bar those considerations of public morality which' justify the intervention of the State between the parties and forbid them, even by their voluntary action, appearance or consent, to confer jurisdiction on foreign tribunals in matrimonial actions, really makes for this defendant; that good conscience and all equitable rules and principles demand that the decree of the New Jersey court should be here recognized under the provision of the Constitution of the United States (Art. 4, § 1), that “ full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other State.” The facts presented here appear [114] to call upon the court to sustain her contention, unless the courts of this State have definitely and clearly decided against her, claim.
In 1886 Mrs. Percival, the defendant here, brought suit against her husband, the plaintiff here, in this court, to obtain a separation, because of abandonment and failure to support her. She alleges a marriage by agreement-—a. so-called common-law marriage — in 1866, and that they had lived together openly as husband and wife for twenty years. Percival answered her complaint, denying that she was his wife, alleging affirmatively that she had lived with him. as his mistress, “ with full understanding that such was the relation between the parties.” The Case was tried in New York county in open court. It appeared that Percival introduced,her to his family, lived with her in the home of his parents, joined with her in the execution of legal papers as her husband, and the trial justice' at Special Term found in her favor ;. she had judgment that she Became his wife in 1866, that she had “ conducted herself as a true and pure wife ” to him during the twenty years preceding the decree, and decreeing a separation between the parties. Percival appealed to the General Term in the first department, where the judgment below was affirmed, and again to the Court of Appeals where, he was again unsuccessful. (Percival v. Percival, 47 Hun, 634; affd., 124 N. Y. 637.) Whatever view we may entertain as to the propriety or ethics of non-ceremonial marriages — common-law marriages, as they are called— they are recognized in law and in morals. This court at Special and General Term found the husband, the plaintiff here, guilty of wrong and perfidy towards the woman, his wife, accentuated by the false accusations made against her in his pleading. So far as this court is concerned, we are bound by the judgment and findings that'she became his wife in 1866, and' lived with him honestly and properly for twenty years, when he left her without cause, with the result that the court separated them forever. He began the suit at bar against her in 1902, fifteen years after the judgment so rendered against him, alleging .that within jwo years prior to the commencement of the action she had committed adultery, and was openly living with the alleged corespondent as his wife. It is this complaint which is now on trial. The defendant, Mrs. Percival, offers in evidence the' decree of absolute divorce in the New Jersey Court of Chancery, entered in 1896 — [115] nine years after the separation under the New York judgment — six years before the date of the commencement of this action. Its admission in evidence is objected to by the plaintiff, Percival, on the ground that it is invalid as against him; that he has been at all times a resident of New York State ; that he never appeared in the New Jersey action nor was represented there. He offers no evidence as to his residence between 1887 and the date of the beginning of this action, or as to his bonafides in bringing this action. He offers no proof as to when he became aware of .the alleged wrongdoing on the part of the defendant or as to the absence of connivance on his part. Doubtless such proof may not be requisite in cases where the defendant appears on the trial (McCarthy v. McCarthy, 143 N. Y. 235; Lowenthal v. Lowenthal, 157 id. 236; Evans v. Evans, 27 Misc. Rep. 10), but the issue of good faith is always before the court in cases of this kind, and the courts have not relieved plaintiffs. of the burden of meeting these issues where they are directly raised by the defendant’s proofs on the trial. Nor does the plaintiff attempt to offer any evidence as to the defendant’s residence during the period from 1887, when the court granted her a decree of separation. If the New Jersey decree has any force, if it is prima facie proof of the fact therein recited, that Mrs. Percival had been a bona fide resident of New Jersey for nine years, supporting herself and conducting business there openly, then the plaintiff here has not attempted in any way to negative the prima facie case thus made out. On the contrary, he stands on the ¡proposition that this court, in 1887, found that the woman was’ a resident of New York, and that the residence so established is presumed to continue. (Citing Harris v. Harris, 83 App. Div. 123; De Meli v. De Meli, 120 N. Y. 485.) I do not think any such presumption attaches on the facts in this case. Mr. Justice Woodward, writing in the Harris case, says : “ The necessities of a given case may enable a wife to gain a domicile apart from that of her husband.” In the De Meli case, Judge Bradley refers to' the absence of any evidence to repel the presumption. The case at bar presents a different state of facts. Where there is a valid decree of separation from bed and board, I do not think the presumption that the wife’s domicile follows that of her husband obtains. The Appellate Division in this department recognizes the possibility of separate [116] domicile in the Harris Case (supra). The Supreme Court of the United States'has held that the wife may have a separate domici le after the husband’s delictum. (Cheever v. Wilson, 9 Wall. 108.) Slight evidence, it seems to me, ought to be sufficient to put the plaintiff bn his proof in a case like that at bar. But in addition to th z prima facie force of the New Jersey decree, if it has any force, there is evidence here which, to my mind, clearly overcomes this presumption relied on by the plaintiff. In March, 1902, two months before he commenced this suit for divorce, the plaintiff, Percival, testified in a partition suit pending in this -court in New York county, in which he was a defendant, and in' which the defendant here was also a party defendant, designated as “Julia A. Percival, formerly his wife.” In that case on .the trial this plaintiff was represented by counsel. He was called' as a witness on his own behalf to prove that the defendant here was not his wife, and was not entitled to dower rights in his interest in the real estate sought to be partitioned. He was shown an exemplified copy of the decree of the New Jersey Court of Chancery, by which this defendant was awarded an absolute divorce from him in 1896; he testified that he vvas the defendant mentioned in that decree, and that he had never married since the granting of the decree. His attorney offéred the New Jersey decree in evidence on his behalf. It was received, and on the faith of that adjudication this court decreed that the defendant here had no right or interest in his estate. One month later he swore to the complaint in this case, charging that the defendant was his wife. The learned counsel for Mrs. Percival argues that the plaintiff is estopped by this action from questioning the New Jersey decree. This contention is not sound. The principle of equitable estoppel cannot be invoked to confer jurisdiction on a foreign tribunal in a divorce suit. (Todd v. Kerr, 42 Barb. 317; cited by Mr. Justice IIibschbebo in Starbuck v. Starbuck, 62 App. Div. 437, where the authorities on this subject are collated.) The Court of Appeals in Starbuck v. Starbuck (173 N. Y. 503) held that a party would not be’ heard to impeach a foreign decree oi judgment which she.had procured for her own benefit in a proceed' ing in this 'State to settle her dower rights. But it seems to me thatxtliis decree in the New Jersey court, coupled with the use made’ of it by the plaintiff here for his own benefit in 1902, took the ease [117] at bar out of the realm of presumption as between these parties. I think that the lapse of time existing between the decree of separation in 1887 and the commencement of this action in 1902, together with the proofs in this case, put the burden upon the plaintiff, not only to establish residence of the parties in this State at the time this action was commenced, but that to avoid the New Jersey decree he was bound to show that he was himself domiciled in the State of New York at the time the New Jersey court assumed jurisdiction of Ills person. On the facts here I do not think the court here should indulge in presumption that this man, who, as appears by the evidence, xvas of a roving disposition, maintained a domicile in New York for fifteen years. I think he was bound to show that in 1896 he was a bona fide resident of this State and entitled to claim the benefits of the policy of this State relative to foreign judgments of divorce. It is shown that he resided originally in Maine; that he enlisted in the United States army from that State; that he deserted, was dishonorably discharged ; that he afterwards resided in Pennsylvania, In 1875 he signed a mortgage reciting that he is a resident of Philadelphia. Of course all this is prior to 1887, the date of the decree of separation xvhicli adjudged him a resident of Nexv York State, and it may be argued that the record of the New Jersey divorce suit shoxvs that the process was mailed to him at abusiness address in Broad street, New York city. But if we refer to the New Jersey decree at all we must take the proof in its entirety which showed the plaintiff here to have no settled or known domicile, and his uncle testifying for the plaintiff that he had no regular home. On these facts the counsel for the defendant claims that she is entitled to judgment. He presents an able argument on the injustice and hardships of a judgment branding the defendant as an adulteress, and invalidating her marriage entered into upon the faith of the New Jersey-decree. But I think these arguments are unavailing under the well-settled policy of this State, as announced in the decisions referred to by Mr. Justice Hirschberg in the StarbucTc Gase (swpra). Nor can I assent to the proposition that a trial judge should disregard the settled policy of our State because of its alleged inconsistencies, because in this State divorces are decreed against non-residents without personal service; or because of the claim advanced that the. United States Supreme Court in Atherton v. Atherton (181 U. S, [118]*118155), and Andrews v. Andrews (supra), intimates that when the question of the validity of a decree rendered in a case where a tona fide domicile is established in the foreign State is presented, and the case is void of suggestion or intimation of bad faith, it will be -held that such decrees are binding everywhere. Until this question, "which it is claimed has been,reserved by the Federal • court in the JBell, Streitwolf and Andrews cases, cited, has been decided in the United States Supreme Court, or in our own courts, I thinlc'it would be contrary to precedent and to the doctrine of stare decisis for a trial judge to attempt to vary from the rule which is supported to my mind by every consideration of good morals and decency, and which justifies the court in brushing aside forms and shams and ascertaining for itself the truth; and thus settle the question of the foreign jurisdiction. And, as the courts have said, the policy of this State is enforced for the protection of its own citizens domiciled here, whose status should not be changed by foreign decree. Nor do I agree with the defendant’s claim of .estoppel for the reasons already advanced. ■
But it seems to. me that when this principle of State policy is invoked, the party invoking it must bring himself within its protection. I think when lie attacks a foreign decree entered against him without personal service on the ground that the foreign court was without jurisdiction, he must show that he was a resident of the State of New York at the time the foreign decree was obtained. I Will not say that this domicile may not be shown indirectly or that the court may, not indulge' in presumptions based on the recitals in judgments or the like, but where, as in this case, there is a hiatus of fifteen years between the judgment upon which he relies as establishing his domicile in 1887, and the beginning of his divorce suit in 1902, and where the foreign litigation has occurred in the meantime, where there is no intimation or suggestion of bad faith on' the part of the plaintiff in the foreign State, no attempt to evade our laws or escape their effect, in such case, I hold that the court should not indulge in presumptions to condemn the defendant. None of the salutary reasons for rigid supervision of. foreign decrees of divorce are interfered with or questioned by enforcing such a rule. The court still disregards the foreign decree if upon its examination of the facts it is satisfied that an attempt, has been [119] made to dissolve the marriage contract contrary to the principles so clearly enunciated in our own State. But with the conflict of the law with regard to divorce among the States, I know of no reason why a litigant in the situation of this plaintiff, whose action, ever since he appeared in this court in 1887 in the separation suit, has been characterized by such a flagrant disregard of equity and good conscience in his dealings with the defendant, should obtain the protection of our State policy without proving that he is entitled to it, and that the burden was on him to show that he was a resident •of this State and domiciled here when the defendant procured her decree in 1896. This he has not done, nor has he shown to the court under rule 72 of the General Rules «of Practice, that at the ■date of commencing his action five years had not elapsed since Ms discovery of the alleged adultery. -On the proofs here I find that these issues were presented. A judgment in his favor would, in my opinion, be unjust and a great wrong to the defendant. In many States of the Union the policy of our own State in the matter of foreign decrees of divorce is not recognized. The public scandal occasioned by this diversity of views on this subject of marriage and divorce which, as the courts have said, so vitally concerns, public morality and is so interwoven with our civilization, and the laxity in certain jurisdictions in dissolving the marriage tie more as a matter of course than anything else, have well justified the censure which the courts of this State- have continually visited on those who seek to avoid or disregard our laws. In People v. Baker (76 N. Y. 78) the party resident here was convicted of bigamy, because of remarriage in reliance on a foreign decree procured by Ms wife. I have this policy, with which, I take occasion to say, I am personally most heartily in sympathy, fully in mind, and yet I think a court should not shut its eyes to the facts, and allow an evil doer to pose as the champion of good morals and decency which he has openly violated. I think •on the proof here it should be held that-he has not made out a case. If, when the question is presented to them, the courts of this. State and of the United States shall sustain the contentions advanced by the defendant here, that bona fide domicile in a foreign State, after the decree of separation here, found as a fact in this court, and absolute good faith without intimation of intention to avoid our [120] laws, is sufficient to entitle the foreign decree to force here, the trial courts will be justified in accepting.the arguments presented by the defendant. I do not think I can accept them, under the decisions referred to. But I will not give judgment for this plaintiff on the facts here, and direct that the complaint be dismissed, with costs.
Judgment for defendant dismissing complaint, with costs.