Campbell, J.
Plaintiff sued defendant for publishing a libel against him, the substantial charges being connected with the murder of one MarthaWhitla,whose body was found [15]*15:in Detroit river in tbe spring of 1879, and whose murder -was alleged to have taken place January 11, 1879: The .article, while it gave no name, pointed out a particular per.son easily identified with plaintiff, añd in the course of it indicated illicit relations between him and the deceased, and also an act of arson committed some years before to defraud insurers.
Defendant pleaded the general issue, and appended a notice of special matters not now necessary to refer to. It also contained a notice of justification of the entire libel. The jury found for the defendant.
The substantial charges against plaintiff were three — the '.burning of his house, — criminal relations with Martha "Whitla, the deceased. — and her murdér.
The errors assigned include two on the admission and rejection of testimony, and three to the charge,which are substantially a failure to charge first, that defendant must, in order to justify, establish the truth of the entire article; second, that proof of a portion of the accusations less than .all would not be a complete justification; and third, that there was not sufficient evidence of the truth of the charges .to authorize a verdict for the defense.
The first allegation of error relates to the refusal of the court to rule out a question put to an insurance agent: ■“ "Will you state whether or not the insurance company contested the claim made by Mr. Peoples for indemnity under the policy of that company ? ”
The fact of such a contest was referred to in the libel, and we think it -was admissible to show it. It was not • claimed, and was not held, that such a contest had any tendency to prove the fact of arson. But it was a part of the .narrative, bearing more or less against the plaintiff, and which might also have some bearing on the extent of malice in making the principal charge. It does not appear to have been regarded as a very serious point and was not much pressed on the argument.
The second allegation of error relates to the exclusion of -an article published on the eve of the trial, referring to the [16]*16action, and also setting out a narrative of the facts connected with the search for the cause and instrumentalities of Martha 'Whitla’s death. It named plaintiff as pointed out by circumstances suggested, and it is claimed by counsel practically acknowledged him to be the person aimed at in the article sued on, which gave no name.
The record shows this article to have been offered “ for the purpose of showing the identity of the plaintiff.” The defendant objected that it was “ incompetent for that purpose,” and it was ruled out. It was not offered for any other purpose, and no ruling was asked on the pertinency of it for any other purpose. The record shows that it was-expressly conceded that the article sued on referred to plaintiff, and the whole record indicates that the trial proceeded on that understanding. There was therefore no1 damage caused by this ruling; and we need not examine whether or not the article went far enough to identify plaintiff as the alleged criminal referred to in the libel, or whether, if not confined by the offer to the single purpose-of identification, there might have been other grounds' on which it could have been let in.
We do not think the record supports the claim that the court refused to charge that nothing less than proof of all the libelous statements would amount to a justification. On the contrary the charge was emphatic and fully as direct and clear as the two instructions specifically asked on that subject. “ The allegations must all be justified. If there are four charges, justifying three of them will not excuse-the publication of the fourth. So that there must be a reasonable justification, a substantial justification, a substantial proof of the probability, of the preponderance, so to speak, of the testimony, which will establish them in their entirety.”
Except as to the measure of preponderance of proof, instead of proof beyond a reasonable doubt, we can see nothing which could authorize the jury to find a verdict of justification on anything less than a complete justification. No exception was taken to the charge as actually given. But [17]*17on the measure of proof required, it is insisted the third assignment of error is well taken, and that the proof fell short of the legal standard.
Some authorities were cited to show that where proof of criminality becomes material to the issue in a civil ease, and is directly involved in that issue, the rule is the same as in criminal trials, and that a preponderance of evidence is not enough to authorize the jury to find it.
That question is not an open one in this State. There are but two classes of cases recognized as requiring difierent rales of proof; first, criminal cases, and second, civil cases, or, to speak more accurately, cases not criminal. In all cases criminal the jury must be satisfied of guilt not merely by a preponderance of proof but beyond a reasonable doubri In cases not criminal they may be satisfied by a preponderance of proof. And where only a preponderance will suffice, if it satisfies the jury, courts have no means of further discrimination, and the law does not require it. Courts, where they pass upon facts, and jurors also in their findings, will usually scrutinize testimony more closely when it is conflicting, or when it stands against common presumptions.. We are not so easily satisfied in some cases as in others. But.'' the discussion of these probabilities belongs to the domain of fact and not of law, and the tribunal passing on facts, must judge of their weight in each case, 1 The rale of the criminal law rests upon its own peculiar reasons, and has become settled. Butin eases not criminal, and involving no. criminal judgment and punishment, the court cannot require the jury to disregard any preponderance of evidence which convinces them. Watkins v. Wallace 19 Mich. 57; Elliot v. Van Buren 33 Mich. 49; Semon v. People 42 Mich. 141.
It is insisted, however, that the testimony does not even tend to prove the various wrongs charged against plaintiff, and that for this reason the court should have charged the jury that there was not sufficient evidence of justification to act upon.
Upon the charge of arson we think there was pertinent testimony bearing upon the plaintiff as the person who. [18]*18burned tbe bouse in question. It was shown that the house was burned while unoccupied, and that he had gone into it but a few hours before the fire with some sort of a package or bundle which he did not bring out, and which on inquiry from a neighbor he said he intended to leave in the house. That he placed blinds or curtains that afternoon in the room where the fire broke out, and that the fire was not seen outside for some time. That although he professed to be in a hurry in going towards the railroad, because he was going into the country, yet he went back again, and again went into the house, and that no one else was seen there. It was also testified that the fire was aggravated and spread by throwing water on it. Enough appeared to indicate that the fire was not accidental, that no one else was shown to have been in a position to set it, and that he was twice in the building, and did what would tend to hide the light from observation.
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Campbell, J.
Plaintiff sued defendant for publishing a libel against him, the substantial charges being connected with the murder of one MarthaWhitla,whose body was found [15]*15:in Detroit river in tbe spring of 1879, and whose murder -was alleged to have taken place January 11, 1879: The .article, while it gave no name, pointed out a particular per.son easily identified with plaintiff, añd in the course of it indicated illicit relations between him and the deceased, and also an act of arson committed some years before to defraud insurers.
Defendant pleaded the general issue, and appended a notice of special matters not now necessary to refer to. It also contained a notice of justification of the entire libel. The jury found for the defendant.
The substantial charges against plaintiff were three — the '.burning of his house, — criminal relations with Martha "Whitla, the deceased. — and her murdér.
The errors assigned include two on the admission and rejection of testimony, and three to the charge,which are substantially a failure to charge first, that defendant must, in order to justify, establish the truth of the entire article; second, that proof of a portion of the accusations less than .all would not be a complete justification; and third, that there was not sufficient evidence of the truth of the charges .to authorize a verdict for the defense.
The first allegation of error relates to the refusal of the court to rule out a question put to an insurance agent: ■“ "Will you state whether or not the insurance company contested the claim made by Mr. Peoples for indemnity under the policy of that company ? ”
The fact of such a contest was referred to in the libel, and we think it -was admissible to show it. It was not • claimed, and was not held, that such a contest had any tendency to prove the fact of arson. But it was a part of the .narrative, bearing more or less against the plaintiff, and which might also have some bearing on the extent of malice in making the principal charge. It does not appear to have been regarded as a very serious point and was not much pressed on the argument.
The second allegation of error relates to the exclusion of -an article published on the eve of the trial, referring to the [16]*16action, and also setting out a narrative of the facts connected with the search for the cause and instrumentalities of Martha 'Whitla’s death. It named plaintiff as pointed out by circumstances suggested, and it is claimed by counsel practically acknowledged him to be the person aimed at in the article sued on, which gave no name.
The record shows this article to have been offered “ for the purpose of showing the identity of the plaintiff.” The defendant objected that it was “ incompetent for that purpose,” and it was ruled out. It was not offered for any other purpose, and no ruling was asked on the pertinency of it for any other purpose. The record shows that it was-expressly conceded that the article sued on referred to plaintiff, and the whole record indicates that the trial proceeded on that understanding. There was therefore no1 damage caused by this ruling; and we need not examine whether or not the article went far enough to identify plaintiff as the alleged criminal referred to in the libel, or whether, if not confined by the offer to the single purpose-of identification, there might have been other grounds' on which it could have been let in.
We do not think the record supports the claim that the court refused to charge that nothing less than proof of all the libelous statements would amount to a justification. On the contrary the charge was emphatic and fully as direct and clear as the two instructions specifically asked on that subject. “ The allegations must all be justified. If there are four charges, justifying three of them will not excuse-the publication of the fourth. So that there must be a reasonable justification, a substantial justification, a substantial proof of the probability, of the preponderance, so to speak, of the testimony, which will establish them in their entirety.”
Except as to the measure of preponderance of proof, instead of proof beyond a reasonable doubt, we can see nothing which could authorize the jury to find a verdict of justification on anything less than a complete justification. No exception was taken to the charge as actually given. But [17]*17on the measure of proof required, it is insisted the third assignment of error is well taken, and that the proof fell short of the legal standard.
Some authorities were cited to show that where proof of criminality becomes material to the issue in a civil ease, and is directly involved in that issue, the rule is the same as in criminal trials, and that a preponderance of evidence is not enough to authorize the jury to find it.
That question is not an open one in this State. There are but two classes of cases recognized as requiring difierent rales of proof; first, criminal cases, and second, civil cases, or, to speak more accurately, cases not criminal. In all cases criminal the jury must be satisfied of guilt not merely by a preponderance of proof but beyond a reasonable doubri In cases not criminal they may be satisfied by a preponderance of proof. And where only a preponderance will suffice, if it satisfies the jury, courts have no means of further discrimination, and the law does not require it. Courts, where they pass upon facts, and jurors also in their findings, will usually scrutinize testimony more closely when it is conflicting, or when it stands against common presumptions.. We are not so easily satisfied in some cases as in others. But.'' the discussion of these probabilities belongs to the domain of fact and not of law, and the tribunal passing on facts, must judge of their weight in each case, 1 The rale of the criminal law rests upon its own peculiar reasons, and has become settled. Butin eases not criminal, and involving no. criminal judgment and punishment, the court cannot require the jury to disregard any preponderance of evidence which convinces them. Watkins v. Wallace 19 Mich. 57; Elliot v. Van Buren 33 Mich. 49; Semon v. People 42 Mich. 141.
It is insisted, however, that the testimony does not even tend to prove the various wrongs charged against plaintiff, and that for this reason the court should have charged the jury that there was not sufficient evidence of justification to act upon.
Upon the charge of arson we think there was pertinent testimony bearing upon the plaintiff as the person who. [18]*18burned tbe bouse in question. It was shown that the house was burned while unoccupied, and that he had gone into it but a few hours before the fire with some sort of a package or bundle which he did not bring out, and which on inquiry from a neighbor he said he intended to leave in the house. That he placed blinds or curtains that afternoon in the room where the fire broke out, and that the fire was not seen outside for some time. That although he professed to be in a hurry in going towards the railroad, because he was going into the country, yet he went back again, and again went into the house, and that no one else was seen there. It was also testified that the fire was aggravated and spread by throwing water on it. Enough appeared to indicate that the fire was not accidental, that no one else was shown to have been in a position to set it, and that he was twice in the building, and did what would tend to hide the light from observation. Without referring to the rest of his conduct on that day and when he returned two days thereafter from the country, there was ■certainly testimony which the jury had a right to consider ■on his responsibility for the fire, and there was no explanation or contradiction of defendant’s witnesses, and no testimony in rebuttal whatever. Plaintiff had an undoubted right to urge upon the jury the weakness of the proofs, but this, it must be presumed, he failed to convince them of.
There was also testimony which had a distinct tendency •to indicate illicit relations between plaintiff, and Martha Whitla, and to indicate further that if such relations existed they were extended over a considerable period of time. It is not for this Court to say that the jury should have taken a more favorable view of it than they did. There was evidence showing that if there was any vicious inclination there was opportunity to cany it out. There were letters making appointments which were designed to be clandestine. There was evidence from which it could, not unfairly, be inferred that there was mutual attachment. There was evidence tending to show that she. advised with him in regard to medical aid to get rid of some difficulty of a private [19]*19nature, and that she had been unchaste with some one. In view of the correspondence written by plaintiff, and not explained by the production of her letters or in any other way, and in view of the peculiar domestic intimacy in the same household of which he was the head, and she for a time in charge, and more or less circumstances bearing on their mutual feelings and relations, we have no authority to say that the verdict is such as the jury had no right to render. If so, we have no occasion to form or express opinions -of our own on the facts.
A similar remark will apply to the finding as to murder. The corpus delicti was proved by. very direct testimony. There is plain reason to believe that Martha "Whitla came to her death by unlawful means, and that she was murdered by some one. In such cases proof of the murderer’s identity and of the cause of death may even in criminal cases be shown by circumstantial evidence. In the present case -.there was testimony indicating that she was seen in Detroit by several persons on the 11th day of January, 1879, and was never seen afterwards. There was testimony that she stated on that day, in explaining where she was going,.that .she was going to see plaintiff to obtain money. There was testimony, which, whether weak or not, was admissible, that she was seen with him towards evening on the street, and that in the same evening a witness called at the house of a Mrs. Schneider in the immediate neighborhood and while :there saw plaintiff and another man in a room down stairs, and heard a remark from some one, (she thinks Mrs. Schnei■der) that Martha was very sick. She also saw a person supposed to be a physician who was described, and whose name was given, but who is not otherwise made prominent in so much of the testimony as is in the record. There •was testimony indicating some jealousy on the part of plaintiff’s wife, and also of annoyance to plaintiff from applications for money on a note given by plaintiff to Martha Whitla at the time of his marriage. Plaintiff was also •shown to have been active in promoting the prosecution of -other parties for the murder. The history of their private [20]*20relations could not be kept out of view in considering the probabilities of his guilt.
Where murder is committed, as this, if it was murder,, was committed, thore can never be any probability that the facts will be known to any but guilty participants in the homicide. It cannot be expected that they will furnish means of knowledge, or that they will fail to conceal or create difficulties in arriving at the facts. Circumstantial evidence is in such cases the only resort, and of course it is usually open to the danger of erroneous inferences, and may do injustice. But if it has any legitimate tendency, if believed, to lead any honest mind to a conclusion of guilt, there is no way in which a court in a civil case can shut out-such an inference. It is impossible to pick out leading facts and separate them from the multitude of smaller ones-which accompany them, and which give them color. To-require direct evidence woiild be, in many cases, to secure its destruction. In looking over this record we cannot avoid seeing that there are many things which, if the witnesses tell the truth, furnish grounds on which an inference of plaintiffs guilt may lawfully be founded. There are some on which the omission to explain them might have a damaging effect. It is easy to see that different persons might have different views concerning the truth or force of what appears in the testimony. But all of these considerations were to be addressed to the jurors who saw the witnesses and heard the testimony. It is not our function either to approve or disapprove their conclusions.
The judgment must be affirmed with costs.
Geaves, C. J. concurred.
Cooley, J.
I agree in the principles laid down by Mr. Justice Campbell, and disagree only as to there being any evidence tending to connect Peoples with the murder of Martha Whitla.