People v. Zeas

2020 IL App (2d) 170437-U

• Court: Appellate Court of Illinois
• Decided: March 20, 2020
• Docket: 2-17-0437
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

2020 IL App (2d) 170437-U No. 2-17-0437 Order filed March 20, 2020

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and may not be cited as precedent by any party except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1). ______________________________________________________________________________

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

SECOND DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court OF ILLINOIS, ) of McHenry County. ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) v. ) No. 15-CF-297 ) JAMES ZEAS, ) Honorable ) Michael W. Feetterer, Sharon L. Prather, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judges, Presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE BRENNAN delivered the judgment of the court. Justices Jorgensen and Schostok concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶1 Held: The trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the DVD evidence; the charged images were lewd as contemplated by the child pornography statute (720 ILCS 5/11-20.1(a)(1)(vii) (West 2014)); the penalty imposed for the offense of child pornography does not violate the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution when compared to the unauthorized video recording statute (720 ILCS 5/26-4(a) (West 2014)). We affirm.

¶2 In 2009, defendant James Zeas secretly recorded his 15-year old niece, A.S., whose breasts

were exposed while she changed her clothes in a public co-ed changing room. In 2011, defendant’s

wife, Bozena Kalita, found the recording on defendant’s computer, burned a copy, and ultimately

it was provided to the police. Defendant was charged with one count of child pornography (720 2020 IL App (2d) 170437-U

ILCS 5/11-20.1(a)(1)(West 2014)) and was found guilty following a bench trial. Defendant

contends that: (1) the trial court erred in admitting the DVD into evidence, as it lacked the proper

foundation and was premised on unreliable testimony; (2) the surreptitiously recorded video was

not lewd within the meaning of the child pornography statute; and (3) his conviction for child

pornography violates the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution. We affirm.

¶3 I. FACTS

¶4 When Kalita and defendant were married in April 2009, Kalita’s sister and her family,

including her niece, A.S., travelled from Poland to visit. They stayed with Kalita and defendant

in their home and A.S. turned 15 years’ old during the visit. Defendant and the family celebrated

her fifteenth birthday together on June 30, 2009.

¶5 On April 14, 2011, Kalita told defendant that she would be filing for divorce. The next

day, Kalita found some videos on defendant’s computer that were taken in a co-ed family changing

room at the Algonquin Lifetime Fitness health club where she and defendant were members, and

frequently visited. In those videos, she recognized her niece, A.S., her nephew, M.S., her daughter,

and defendant. Defendant is seen setting up a recording device prior to the children entering the

changing room, where it does not appear they knew the device was placed. In the second of three

video clips located on defendant’s computer, A.S. is recorded changing her clothes with her naked

breasts displayed. Kalita believed defendant had used his cell phone to record the videos, but she

had no knowledge which phone he had used to make the recordings. After viewing the videos,

she discussed them with defendant on the telephone. Defendant told Kalita that she had failed to

understand the videos; it was not what it seemed; and he could lose his license if the videos “came

out.”

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¶6 Kalita burned the videos to a DVD and brought the DVD and the computer to her divorce

attorney’s office in April or May 2011. Two of the three video clips copied to the DVD are at

issue in the present case. The first clip depicts defendant hiding a recording device in the co-ed

family changing room at Lifetime Fitness. The recorder is hidden on a towel dispenser and pointed

at a large countertop mirror. The device then recorded images that were reflected off the mirror.

Defendant, A.S., and M.S. appear in the recording. After defendant hides the recorder, A.S. and

her brother walk in. Defendant tells the boy to leave and let A.S. use the changing room first.

Defendant and his nephew leave A.S. alone in the changing room after which she uses the toilet

and changes into her bathing suit. During this entire period, only A.S.’s head is seen, and no nudity

is depicted. The first clip ends with defendant in view retrieving the recording device.

¶7 The second clip is another recording in the same family changing room, again using the

mirror’s reflection to capture images. First, defendant is recorded adjusting the camera to focus

on the area where the toilet is located. Once satisfied with the angle, defendant secretes the

recording device with paper towels and a baseball cap. Defendant exits and moments later his

nephew walks into the changing room, changes out of his swimsuit, and leaves. A.S. then enters

the changing room wearing her swimsuit. She closes the door, turns and stands in front of the

mirror, visible only from the waist up. A.S. then proceeds to take off her bathing suit top, exposing

her fully developed breasts. She then puts on clothes and exits the changing room. A.S. never

looks at the camera and appears unaware that she is being recorded. Later in the second clip,

defendant is viewed removing the recording device.

¶8 Kalita and defendant divorced in 2012, although post-decree proceedings continued

through 2016. Kalita received the DVD and computer back from her attorney in 2012, and she

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kept the computer in the garage of her home. Kalita did not make any other copies of the video

clips. In January 2015, Kalita gave the DVD to Camille Goodwin, the guardian ad litem for her

divorce, who then turned it over to the Algonquin Police Department about five days later.

Detective Misty Mariner secured the DVD in the police department’s vault after receiving it on

January 7, 2015. Mariner, who was a member of Algonquin Lifetime Fitness, also recognized the

family changing room and subsequently photographed the room that appeared in the DVD. The

photographs and the DVD were admitted at trial.

¶9 At the conclusion of defendant’s bench trial, the court found defendant guilty of child

pornography based upon the second video clip. Specifically, the court found the State had proved

that A.S. was under 18 years’ old at the time defendant recorded her while aware of her age, and

that the display of her breasts on the video clip were lewd such that it constituted child

pornography. The court’s lewdness determination was premised upon the Illinois Supreme Court’s

six-factor test for lewdness adopted in People v. Lamborn, 185 Ill. 2d 585, 592 (1999), and this

court’s analysis of the sixth factor in People v. Sven, 365 Ill. App. 3d 226 (2006).

¶ 10 After denying defendant’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, and for a new

trial, the court sentenced defendant to four years’ imprisonment.

¶ 11 Defendant timely appeals.

¶ 12 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 13 A. Admission of Evidence

¶ 14 We first address defendant’s argument that the trial court erred in admitting the DVD

evidence because the video clip of A.S. lacked proper foundation and was premised on unreliable

testimony. Though defendant urges us to apply a de novo standard of review regarding the

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admissibility of this evidence, we review the trial court’s decision to admit the DVD under the

abuse of discretion standard pursuant to People v. Taylor, 2011 IL 110067, ¶ 27 (admissibility of

videotapes entrusted to trial court’s discretion). Under this standard, an abuse occurs when the

trial court’s ruling is fanciful, unreasonable, or when no reasonable person would adopt the trial

court’s view. Id.

¶ 15 Videotapes may be admitted if properly authenticated. People ex rel. Sherman v. Cryns,

203 Ill. 2d 264, 284 (2003). A proper foundation may be laid “by someone having personal

knowledge of the filmed object, [who can testify] that the film is an accurate portrayal of what it

purports to show.” Cryns, 203 Ill. 2d at 283-84. Additionally, as here, video evidence may be

admitted under the “silent witness” theory, wherein “a witness need not testify to the accuracy of

the image depicted in the photographic or videotape evidence if the accuracy of the process that

produced the evidence is established with an adequate foundation.” Taylor, 2011 IL 110067, ¶ 32.

¶ 16 The supreme court in Taylor adopted a six-factor test for establishing the reliability of the

process that produces a videotape, though it emphasized that the list was “nonexclusive,” and that

each case must be evaluated on its own. Id. ¶ 35. The six factors are: (1) the device’s capability

for recording and general reliability; (2) the competency of the operator; (3) the proper operation

of the device; (4) showing the manner in which the recording was preserved (chain of custody);

(5) the identification of the persons, locale, or objects depicted, and (6) an explanation of any

copying or duplication process. Id. “[D]epending on the facts of the case, some of the factors may

not be relevant or additional factors may need to be considered. The dispositive issue in every

case is the accuracy and reliability of the process that produced the recording.” Id.

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¶ 17 Kalita testified that she believed defendant had used his cell phone to record A.S., although

she had no knowledge which cell phone he had used to make the recording. She also testified that

it was clear defendant made the recording, as he is seen setting up and removing the recording

device in each of the video clips. After viewing the videos, Kalita positively identified the victim,

A.S., as the child in the recording. She knew the video was recorded in the Algonquin Lifetime

Fitness changing room because she was a member and frequently visited the facility. Detective

Mariner took photographs of the Lifetime Fitness changing room that were admitted corroborating

where the recordings were produced.

¶ 18 Thus, the device used to record the videos was clearly operational at the time and was able

to record sufficiently so that the individuals in the video clips were identifiable, as was the location.

Such evidence is sufficient to adequately demonstrate the first Taylor factor that the camera was

able to record and was generally operating properly. See Taylor, 2011 IL 110067, ¶ 39. (that the

tape exists at all is evidence that the tape recorder was functional, and the operator knew how to

operate it). Kalita’s identification of her niece and the location and timeframe wherein the videos

were taken satisfies the fifth Taylor factor (identification of the persons and locale depicted).

Additionally, the clarity of the video speaks to the competency of the operator and the proper

operation of the device (Taylor factors 2 and 3).

¶ 19 Regarding Taylor factor 4, i.e., chain of custody, Kalita testified that after she discovered

the video clips on defendant’s computer in April 2011, she burned a copy of the video clips to a

DVD. Kalita subsequently gave the computer and the DVD to her attorney in April or May 2011,

who returned them to her in 2012. After the DVD and the computer were returned to her, Kalita

did not make any other copies. She stored defendant’s computer in the garage of her home,

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although the computer was missing at the time of trial. She later brought the DVD to the guardian

ad litem in their divorce case, who turned it over to the Algonquin police. These witnesses testified

to the manner in which the video clips were discovered and burned to the DVD, and to the chain

of custody for the DVD and how it was preserved. This evidence satisfies the fourth Taylor factor

concerning chain of custody issues. Taylor, 2011 IL 110067, ¶ 35.

¶ 20 Regarding Taylor factor six, an explanation of the copying or duplication process, Kalita

testified that the video clips in question were a fair copy of what she had discovered on defendant’s

computer. When the State moved to admit the DVD into evidence, defendant objected, arguing

that, “[Kalita] only said she believes it’s the same, not that it is the same. That’s a little short of

establishing a true and accurate foundation that this truly and accurately is the DVD.” The court

overruled the objection, and defendant did not present any other objections or attack the foundation

of the DVD under the sixth Taylor factor that an “explanation of any copying or duplication

process” was otherwise inadequate or lacked a foundation. Id. ¶ 35.

¶ 21 We note further that during Kalita’s direct testimony on this issue, defendant objected to

“what’s in the video and [Kalita’s] conclusion at this point.” The objection was sustained as to

Kalita’s conclusions only. Defendant then objected to what he believed was Kalita “talking about

several different videos and trying to bring into evidence everything that might be on the computer

which hasn’t even been presented to us. If it’s strictly limited to that one video that she intends to

present to the Court, then my objection was frankly ill-founded.” The court asked defendant if he

was withdrawing his objection and defendant responded, “[o]nly as to that video, yes.” The State

clarified that the DVD contained three video clips that the State would introduce but would only

ask about two of them, pointing out that the first of the two clips was being offered to show

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defendant’s knowledge and intent to record, and that the second clip contained the footage that

was the basis for the pornography charge. The State contends that the above colloquy was

insufficient to preserve defendant’s DVD admissibility issue. See People v. Denson, 2014 IL

116231, ¶ 11. Regardless of waiver, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

admitting the DVD into evidence. Considering the Taylor factors, there is no question that the

admitted video clips were reliable.

¶ 22 On appeal, defendant further argues that the court erred in admitting the DVD because it

failed to consider, inter alia, uncertainty as to the device used to make the recordings, the

competence of the operator, and the manner in which the recordings were preserved and

safeguarded. In support, defendant points to the parties’ stipulation from Apple stating that no

iPhone had the capability to record videos in 2009; Kalita’s bias against him because they were

“embroiled” in a contentious divorce when the videos “came to light”; the computer disappearing;

and the possibility of tampering given Kalita’s “significant computer and technological expertise.”

While the trial court heard testimony regarding all of the above, it nevertheless concluded that the

evidence in support of the Taylor factors and other related testimony regarding the video clips

were sufficient foundation for admission of the DVD. Certainly, it cannot be said that this

determination was an abuse of discretion.

¶ 23 Defendant also cites to the spoliation doctrine based on Kalita’s failure to take reasonable

measures to preserve the computer from which she burned the DVD. Defendant forfeits this

argument, however, as it was not raised in a posttrial motion. People v. De la Hera, 2011 IL App

(3d) 100301, ¶ 3.

¶ 24 B. Finding the Image Lewd

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¶ 25 We next address whether the charged images were lewd as contemplated by the child

pornography statute. 720 ILCS 5/11-20.1(a)(1)(vii) (West 2014). The standard of review for the

trial court’s determination in this regard is de novo. Lamborn, 185 Ill. 2d at 591.

¶ 26 Child pornography is defined by section 11-20.1 of the Criminal Code, which provides in

relevant part:

“(a) A person commits the offense of child pornography who:

(1) films, videotapes, photographs or otherwise depicts or portrays by means of any

similar visual medium or reproduction *** any child whom he or she knows or reasonably

should know, to be under the age of 18 ***:

***

(vii) depicted or portrayed in any pose, posture or setting involving a lewd

exhibition of the unclothed genitals, pubic area, buttocks, or, if such person is female, a

fully or partially developed breast of the child.” 720 ILCS 5/11-20.1(a)(1)(vii) (West

2014).

¶ 27 Our supreme court has held the following factors relevant for determining whether a

depiction is lewd for purposes of the pornography statute: “(1) whether the focal point of the visual

depiction is on the child’s genitals; (2) whether the setting of the visual depiction is sexually

suggestive, i.e., in a place or pose generally associated with sexual activity; (3) whether the child

is depicted in an unnatural pose, or in inappropriate attire, considering the age of the child; (4)

whether the child is fully or partially clothed, or nude; (5) whether the visual depiction suggests

sexual coyness or a willingness to engage in sexual activity; and (6) whether the visual depiction

is intended or designed to elicit a sexual response in the viewer.” Lamborn, 185 Ill. 2d at 592

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(adopting the factors employed in United States v. Dost, 636 F. Supp. 828, 832 (S.D. Cal. 1986),

for determining the definition of lascivious under the federal pornography statute). Not all these

factors need be present for an image to be deemed lewd. Lamborn, 185 Ill. 2d at 592. The image

must be judged in light of its overall content, while considering the age of the minor. Because the

overall content is pertinent, those factors are not all inclusive. Id. at 592-93.

¶ 28 Though defendant complains that the trial court improperly cited the invasion of A.S.’s

privacy as another reason to convict, we do not address this contention because our review is de

novo. Under the de novo standard of review, the reviewing court does not defer to the trial court’s

judgment or reasoning but performs the same analysis that a trial judge would perform. People v.

Tyler, 2015 IL App (1st) 123470, ¶ 151. Thus, this court reviews the photographs themselves and

determines whether those images are lewd under the child pornography statute. Lamborn, 185 Ill.

2d at 590. As we emphasized in Sven, 365 Ill. App. 3d at 231, “[o]ur inquiry, then, is clearly

limited only to the content of the videotape itself,” and we assess the content of the images rather

than the conduct of defendant.

¶ 29 Applying the Dost factors adopted in Lamborn to the second video clip, we note the

following regarding the first five factors: (1) defendant adjusted the camera to ensure that it

focused on A.S.’s breast area, which weighs in favor of a lewdness finding; (2) the changing room

setting of the visual depiction is not typically associated with sexual activity, which weighs against

a lewdness finding; (3) A.S. is not depicted in an unnatural pose or in inappropriate attire, which

weighs against a lewdness finding; (4) A.S.’s breasts are exposed, which weighs in favor of a

lewdness finding; and (5) the visual depiction does not suggest sexual coyness or a willingness to

engage in sexual activity, which weighs against a lewdness finding. Taken together, these factors

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are a mixed bag and might not, standing alone, justify a finding of lewdness as contemplated in

the child pornography statute. For while nudity is a factor to consider, simple nudity in itself is

insufficient to render an image lewd. Sven, 365 Ill. App. 3d at 230. See also Lamborn, 185 Ill. 2d

at 594 (“[n]udity without lewdness is not child pornography”). Indeed, our legislature proscribed

the “lewd exhibition of the unclothed genital.” 720 ILCS 5/11-20.1 (a)(1)(vii) (West 2014).

Equating nudity with lewdness would render the term “unclothed” meaningless, which

contravenes a basic principle of statutory construction. People v. Maggette, 195 Ill. 2d 336, 350

(2001) (“a court should construe a statute, if possible, so that no term is rendered superfluous or

meaningless”).

¶ 30 This, of course, leads us to consideration of the sixth Dost factor adopted in Lamborn:

whether the visual depiction is intended or designed to elicit a sexual response in the viewer.

Lamborn, 185 Ill. 2d at 592-93 (1999). And particularly instructive is this court’s consideration

of the sixth Dost factor in People v. Sven, 365 Ill. App. 3d 226 (2006), which also involved the

surreptitious recording of a child, similar to what occurred in this case. Sven, 365 Ill. App. 3d at

228.

¶ 31 The Sven defendant placed hidden video cameras in his bathroom and then instructed the

minor babysitter to give his infant daughter a bath. Sven, 365 Ill. App. 3d at 228. He asked her to

get into the tub with his daughter, ostensibly for safety reasons. Id. The surreptitiously recorded

video showed the babysitter undressing in the bathroom and, throughout much of the video, she

was nude. Id. This court concluded that the Sven images were indeed lewd. Id.

¶ 32 In determining what the sixth Dost factor meant by a visual depiction “intended or designed

to elicit a sexual response in the viewer,” we acknowledged then and concede now that this factor

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has proven difficult to apply, with some courts focusing on the content alone, other courts focusing

on the intent of the pornographer, and yet other courts virtually abandoning the factor. Id. at 234;

see also, U.S. v. Steen, 634 F. 3d 822, 828-29 (5th Dist. 2011) (Higginbotham J., concurring)

(discussing “misgivings” about the sixth factor); A Call to Rewrite America’s Child Pornography

Test: The Dost Factor Test, 24 Seton Hall J. Sports & Ent. L. 151, 165 (2014). While we

acknowledge the continued criticism of this factor in some courts across the country, we must

adhere to our supreme court’s adoption of this factor in Lamborn and continue to employ it. See

People v. Artis, 232 Ill. 2d 156, 164 (2009) (“The appellate court lacks authority to overrule

decisions of [the supreme court], which are binding on all lower courts”).

¶ 33 We specifically noted two problematic questions that arise in determining what is meant

by “intended or designed to elicit a sexual response in the viewer”: the first, “intended or designed

by whom?”; the second, “who is the viewer?” Sven, 365 Ill. App. 3d at 234. “The first question

seems to require an inquiry into a defendant’s state of mind, and the second appears to focus upon

the reactions of viewers of the image.” Id. We concluded that, as to the first question, the image

must be judged on its own terms, as a defendant’s subjective intentions are irrelevant; as to the

second question, the viewer must be an “objective viewer.” Lamborn, 185 Ill. 2d at 594-95.

¶ 34 In applying a plausible meaning to “objective viewer,” we determined the inquiry should

be “whether the images invite the viewer to see the activity on the tape from some sexualized or

deviant point of view.” Sven, 365 Ill. App. 3d at 239. Framed as such, we concluded that the

images on the Sven tape invited the viewer to see the activity from a sexualized or deviant point

of view because it placed the viewer in the role of voyeur, i.e., “the viewer stands in relation to the

victim as would a peeping tom.” Id. Voyeurism is sexually motivated conduct and is recognized

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as deviant behavior. Id. That the viewer was placed in the point of view of a voyeur and that the

images were candid contributed to their lewdness. And because the victim did not react, the image

created a sense of covert observation that would not exist otherwise. Id.

¶ 35 Apart from asking us to depart from our supreme court’s adoption of the Dost factors in

Lamborn, which we cannot do, defendant additionally urges us to reconsider our analysis of the

sixth Dost factor in Sven. And though we are of course at liberty to revisit our analysis in Sven,

we discern no compelling reason to do so because we continue to find it sound. Indeed, we note

that our analysis in Sven has recently been adopted by the First District Appellate Court. See

People v. Syckle, 2019 IL App (1st) 181410, ¶ 25.

¶ 36 Applying the analysis of the sixth Dost factor we adopted in Sven, defendant’s instant

recording clearly places the viewer in the perspective of a voyeur. Indeed, we agree with the trial

court that, because the victim is not reacting to the camera, “the image creates a sense of covert

observation that would otherwise not exist.” The victim’s candid behavior in undressing and

dressing, and her naked breasts revealed in such a way that the viewer’s eyes are drawn to them,

places the viewer in the position of a peeping Tom. This sixth factor, then, weighs in favor of a

lewdness finding, and when considered in conjunction with our assessment of the other factors

discussed supra, leads us to the conclusion that the video in question was lewd and violated our

pornography statute beyond a reasonable doubt.

¶ 37 Nor are we persuaded that our analysis renders the statute unconstitutionally vague because

we improperly disregarded the statute’s requirement that either the “pose, posture or setting” be

lewd. Defendant asserts that by not requiring the pose, posture, or setting be lewd, a person of

ordinary intelligence cannot distinguish lawful from unlawful conduct because any minor’s nudity,

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no matter how innocuous or inadvertent, can then be interpreted to fall under the pornography

statute in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments. Initially, we note that the word

“lewd” in our pornography statute does not modify the words “pose, posture or setting,” but rather

the word “exhibition.” Specifically, it proscribes minors being “depicted or portrayed in any pose,

posture or setting involving a lewd exhibition of the unclothed genitals *** or partially developed

breast of the child.” (Emphasis added.) 720 ILCS 5/11-20.1(a)(1)(vii) (West 2014). The point of

adopting the Dost factors, and of our analysis in Sven, is the need for a workable definition of

“lewd,” not to ignore the plain meaning of “pose, posture or setting” in the statute. Indeed, the

adoption of the Dost factors ensures that courts do not run afoul of the First and Fourteenth

Amendments in finding pornography under the statute. Lamborn, 185 Ill. 2d at 592.

¶ 38 Considering the totality of the tape, our de novo review leads us to conclude that the video

clip is lewd and violative of our pornography statute. 720 ILCS 5/11-20.1(a)(1)(vii) (West 2014).

For the same reasons, we find the evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction

beyond a reasonable doubt.

¶ 39 C. Proportionate Penalties Clause

¶ 40 Defendant argues that the penalty imposed for the offense of child pornography (720 ILCS

5/11-20.1(a)(1)(vii) (West 2014)) violates the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois

Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. 1, § 11) when compared to the penalty imposed for the offense

of unauthorized video recording (720 ILCS 5/26-4(a) (West 2014)). In that the offenses have

different elements, however, defendant’s proportionate penalties argument fails.

¶ 41 The unauthorized video recording statute requires proof that a video recording was made

of another person, without the person’s consent, and that the recording was made in a place

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enumerated by the statute. 720 ILCS 5/26-4(a) (West 2014). Child pornography does not require

surreptitious recording at specific locations, but does require additional elements, including that

the person captured in the image be a minor and that the image contain the lewd exhibition or

disclosure of specific body parts. 720 ILCS 5/11-20.1(a)(1)(vii) (West 2014).

¶ 42 Defendant’s instant approach to his proportionate penalties challenge, using a cross-

comparison analysis, has been declared invalid by the supreme court in People v. Sharpe, 216 Ill.

2d 481, 517, 519 (2005) (“judging penalties by a comparison with penalties for offenses with

different elements should never have been part of our proportionate penalties jurisprudence). Id.

at 517. Because defendant’s proportionate penalties challenge is based solely on the cross-

comparison analysis, his argument lacks merit.

¶ 43 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 44 For the preceding reasons, we affirm defendant’s conviction of child pornography. 1

¶ 45 Affirmed.

1 In disposing of defendant’s appeal, we deny his motions taken with the case. We deny defendant’s request that certain protected health information and specified exhibits be struck from the record because the details of defendant’s health as well as the complained- of exhibits remain undisclosed as they are part of the secured record on appeal and inaccessible without a court order. See Illinois Supreme Court, Standards and Requirements for Electronic Filing the Record on Appeal, ¶ 1(k) (rev. Jan. 2018). We also deny defendant’s request to correct the prosecutor’s statements in arguing against an appeal bond on mootness grounds.

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