NOTICE FILED This Order was filed under March 11, 2022 Supreme Court Rule 23 and is Carla Bender not precedent except in the 2022 IL App (4th) 200518-U limited circumstances allowed 4th District Appellate under Rule 23(e)(1). Court, IL NO. 4-20-0518
IN THE APPELLATE COURT
OF ILLINOIS
FOURTH DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of v. ) De Witt County NATHANIEL H. YANCEY, ) No. 19CF75 Defendant-Appellant. ) ) Honorable ) Karle E. Koritz, ) Judge Presiding.
PRESIDING JUSTICE KNECHT delivered the judgment of the court. Justices Holder White and Steigmann concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: The appellate court affirmed, concluding (1) the State presented sufficient evidence to prove defendant guilty of counts I and II of the information and (2) the record on appeal was inadequate to address defendant’s claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
¶2 Following a bench trial, defendant, Nathaniel H. Yancey, was found guilty of
multiple drug charges and then sentenced to concurrently imposed terms of six and three years’
imprisonment. Defendant appeals, arguing (1) the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt of two of the charges and (2) his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by
not (a) filing a motion to suppress incriminating statements he made to a police officer and
(b) moving for a directed verdict at the close of the State’s case on one of the charges. For the
reasons that follow, we affirm. ¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 A. Charges
¶5 In June 2019, the State charged defendant by information with one count of
possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver (720 ILCS 570/401(c)(2) (West 2018)
(count I)) and two counts of possession of a controlled substance (720 ILCS 570/402(c) (West
2018) (counts II and III)). Counts I and II were based upon defendant’s alleged possession of a
substance containing cocaine, and count III was based upon defendant’s alleged possession of a
substance containing alprazolam. The charges stemmed from a traffic stop which occurred earlier
that same month.
¶6 B. Bench Trial
¶7 Over a two-day period in February and March 2020, the trial court conducted a
bench trial.
¶8 1. State’s Case
¶9 In its case, the State presented testimony from three witnesses: (1) Jake Jostes, a
police officer who initiated the traffic stop which resulted in the charges against defendant;
(2) Thomas Anderson, a police officer who assisted Officer Jostes with the traffic stop; and
(3) Joshua Stern, a qualified expert in drug chemistry who analyzed evidence submitted in this
case. The State also presented (1) portions of an audio and video recording taken from a rear-facing
camera inside Officer Anderson’s patrol vehicle, (2) a baggie and a white chunky substance,
(3) orange pills with “029” and “R” markings, and (4) a laboratory report. The following is gleaned
from the State’s evidence.
¶ 10 On June 16, 2019, at approximately 9:43 p.m., Officer Jostes conducted a traffic
-2- stop of a vehicle after observing the vehicle traveling 76 miles per hour in a 55 mile-per-hour speed
zone. The vehicle, which was a four-door sedan, had four occupants, three adults and one child.
Defendant was seated in the backseat next to the child. After obtaining the names of the adult
occupants, Officer Jostes returned to his patrol vehicle, called for assistance from Officer
Anderson, and requested information from dispatch.
¶ 11 Shortly after being called, Officer Anderson responded to the scene of the traffic
stop. At that point, Officer Jostes used a canine unit to perform a free-air sniff of the stopped
vehicle. The canine alerted to the odor of illegal narcotics. Officer Jostes then had the adult
occupants exit the vehicle.
¶ 12 The stopped vehicle was searched. Officer Jostes discovered a backpack in the
backseat. The backpack contained an iPhone box, two functioning digital scales with white
powdery residue, a box of plastic baggies, marijuana, and orange pills. At some point, Officer
Jostes spoke with and searched defendant. Officer Jostes testified defendant told him the backpack
“was his and everything inside belonged to him.” Officer Jostes also testified defendant identified
the orange pills as “Xanax.” The search of defendant’s person revealed he was in possession of
multiple cell phones.
¶ 13 After being handcuffed behind his back, defendant was escorted to Officer
Anderson’s patrol vehicle. Officer Jostes testified both he and Officer Anderson inspected the
backseat of Officer Anderson’s patrol vehicle prior to securing defendant therein and found no
contraband. Officer Anderson testified he had been in the backseat of his patrol vehicle prior to
securing defendant therein and did not see any contraband.
¶ 14 The audio and video recording taken from the rear-facing camera inside Officer
-3- Anderson’s patrol vehicle, which was contained on a DVD identified in court as “People’s Exhibit
Number 1,” shows Officer Anderson open the rear driver’s side door to his patrol vehicle and then
shine a light in the backseat prior to defendant being secured therein. After defendant is secured in
the vehicle and its doors are shut, defendant can be seen lifting himself and attempting to grab
something from behind him. He then appears to throw something in the direction of the rear
driver’s side floorboard, and a noise is heard as if something hit the floorboard. Defendant then
appears to lift his leg over the seat to move the item that had landed on the floorboard.
¶ 15 The audio and video recording also shows defendant removing a cell phone from
his pocket and then using it to make multiple phone calls. He eventually connects with someone
on the other line and speaks with that person as well as another person who seems to be his
girlfriend. During the phone call, defendant states: (1) he was arrested “for possession of Xans”;
(2) he was arrested for “possession of Xanax”; (3) he was “going for the Xans”; (4) “I know they
found the scale, and they found some baggies”; and (5) “I think they are going to find the scale
and the shit up in there.” He also tells his apparent girlfriend, in the event she is asked any
questions, “Don’t tell nobody nothing.” Following his phone call, defendant requests assistance
from an officer to adjust his pants.
¶ 16 After defendant is removed from the patrol vehicle and provided the requested
assistance, he is secured back inside the patrol vehicle. At that point, Officer Anderson, who
assisted with securing defendant inside the patrol vehicle, noticed a baggie containing a white
chunky substance “in plain view” on the rear driver’s side floorboard. Defendant denied ownership
of the baggie.
¶ 17 The baggie and the white chunky substance were secured and submitted for
-4- laboratory testing. The substance was found to weigh 6.4 grams and contained cocaine. The baggie
was found to have a fingerprint belonging to a named person other than defendant. Officer
Anderson did not recall any stops he had prior to the traffic stop or whether anybody else had been
in the backseat of his patrol vehicle.
¶ 18 Officer Jostes testified about his training and experience. In addition to the general
training he had to be a police officer, Officer Jostes had been trained in identifying drugs and facts
indicative of an intent to deliver drugs. He completed an eight-hour class on “street-level
interdiction,” a three-day course called “Desert Snow criminal interdiction,” and a three-day
seminar on “proactive criminal enforcement.” Officer Jostes estimated he had completed more
than 500 stops involving drugs since September 2016.
¶ 19 Officer Jostes testified, based on his training and experience, several facts,
including the baggies, multiple cell phones, two functioning digital scales with residue, and the
quantity of the substance containing cocaine, indicated an intent to deliver by defendant. Officer
Jostes also testified “Xanax” was a common name for alprazolam, a controlled substance, and he
had determined the orange pills were “Alprazolam 0.5” based upon the markings on the pills.
¶ 20 During the cross-examination of Officer Anderson, the following inquiry occurred
by defendant’s counsel:
“Q. While he was back at the vehicle that he was originally
in that was stopped, were you also present there at the vehicle?
A. Yes.
Q. Were you present at the vehicle when he was removed
from that vehicle?
-5- A. I’d have to review the video, but, yes, I was there present
for that.
Q. Okay. When he was removed from the vehicle did you
observe anybody search him?
A. I’d have to review the video on that.
Q. Is there video of that that you could review and refresh
your recollection?
A. I’m assuming there is, from the patrol cars.
Q. This video that was reviewed here just a few moments
ago, People’s Exhibit Number 1, is that the only video that exists of
this stop?
A. I’m assuming there’s another video, probably, from the
initial traffic stop, which would be Sergeant Jostes’ patrol vehicle.
Q. Okay.
[Counsel]: I have no further questions of this witness
your Honor. Thank you.”
¶ 21 2. Recess
¶ 22 Following the close of the State’s case, the trial court held a brief recess to address
an unrelated case and to allow defendant’s counsel the opportunity to speak with defendant. After
the recess, defendant’s counsel informed the court he had spoken with defendant and defendant
was going to testify. Neither the docket entry nor the trial transcripts indicate defendant’s counsel
moved for a directed verdict at the close of the State’s case.
-6- ¶ 23 3. Defendant’s Case
¶ 24 Defendant testified in his defense. The following is gleaned from his testimony.
¶ 25 Defendant, a convicted felon, described himself as a “functioning” drug addict who
preferred cocaine but would use any drugs available to him. At the time of the traffic stop which
resulted in the charges against him in this case, defendant was under the influence of “marijuana,
Xanax, cocaine, and crack cocaine.”
¶ 26 Defendant acknowledged the items found in the backpack during the traffic stop,
including the “Xanax,” belonged to him. He asserted the items were for his personal use and he
did not sell drugs. Defendant explained he used the digital scales to assure he consumed only a
certain dosage of a substance. Defendant denied ownership of the baggie and the white chunky
substance found in the backseat of Officer Anderson’s patrol vehicle.
¶ 27 Defendant identified the orange pills admitted into evidence as the pills which
belonged to him. Defendant also identified the orange pills as “Xanax pills.” He explained Xanax
is referred to as “Peach” on the streets because of its color.
¶ 28 With respect to being in possession of multiple cell phones, defendant testified one
of the cell phones, a “Tracfone,” was a phone he found earlier that day and the other two cell
phones, both iPhones, were phones he had taken from his girlfriend to use in the event he needed
to contact someone for a ride. Defendant later testified one of the iPhones belonged to him and did
not work.
¶ 29 Defendant testified about the various searches of his person during the traffic stop.
The first search occurred when he was behind the stopped vehicle. Defendant asked the officer
conducting the search if he was obligated to consent to the search, to which the officer indicated
-7- in the affirmative because the officer had smelled the odor of marijuana. Defendant, who was
afraid he would be charged with “resisting” if he did not agree, allowed the search of his person.
The officer emptied defendant’s pockets and then had him take off his shoes. The officer searched
defendant “from the heel up.” The search, which defendant described as “thorough,” lasted
approximately two-and-a-half minutes. The second search occurred when defendant was in front
of an officer’s patrol vehicle. The search occurred after the officer found the pills and handcuffed
defendant. The third search occurred before defendant was placed in the backseat of a patrol
vehicle. Defendant described the third search as being similar to a “strip search.”
¶ 30 Defendant testified about his identification of the pills during the traffic stop. After
the officer found the pills, defendant was handcuffed. At that point, defendant asked the officer
why he was being arrested, to which the officer reportedly said, “possession of a controlled
substance.” Defendant responded, “[D]amn, the Xanax,” to which the officer said, “wait a minute,”
and then read him his “Miranda rights.”
¶ 31 Defendant testified about his actions and statements which could be seen and heard
in the portions of the audio and video recording admitted into evidence. Defendant explained his
movements were to fix his pants and obtain a cell phone from his pocket. Defendant explained his
statements concerned the fact the police officer had found some pills.
¶ 32 4. Trial Court’s Findings
¶ 33 After considering the evidence and arguments presented, the trial court found
defendant guilty of counts I through III of the information.
¶ 34 C. Posttrial Proceedings
¶ 35 In June 2020, the trial court merged the guilty finding on count II with the guilty
-8- finding on count I and then sentenced defendant to concurrently imposed terms of six years’
imprisonment on count I and three years’ imprisonment on count III. Thereafter, defendant filed a
motion for a new trial and a motion to reconsider the sentence. In his motion for a new trial,
defendant, through counsel, argued (1) the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt of all the charges and (2) the court “erred in denying Defendant’s motion for a directed
verdict of not guilty at the close of the State’s evidence.” At a hearing on defendant’s posttrial
motions, defendant, through counsel, repeated his written arguments to the court. As to his claim
concerning a directed verdict, defendant’s counsel specifically argued: “It’s my client’s contention
*** that the Court erred in denying our motion for directed verdict at the close of the State’s
evidence.” In responding to and ruling on defendant’s motion for a new trial, neither the State nor
the court specifically addressed the propositions that defendant had moved for a directed verdict
at the close of the State’s case or that the court had denied that motion. The court denied both of
defendant’s posttrial motions.
¶ 36 This appeal followed.
¶ 37 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 38 On appeal, defendant argues (1) the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt of counts I and II of the information and (2) his trial counsel provided ineffective
assistance by not (a) filing a motion to suppress incriminating statements he made to Officer Jostes
and (b) moving for a directed verdict at the close of the State’s case on count III. In response, the
State argues (1) it presented sufficient evidence to prove defendant guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt of counts I and II of the information and (2) defendant’s claims of ineffective assistance of
trial counsel should not be considered on the record presented or be found to be meritless.
-9- ¶ 39 A. Defendant’s Challenge to the Sufficiency of the Evidence
¶ 40 Defendant argues the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of
counts I and II of the information. Specifically, defendant asserts the evidence did not sufficiently
show he possessed the baggie containing cocaine found in the backseat of Officer Anderson’s
patrol vehicle. In support, defendant highlights the evidence showing (1) he was searched multiple
times prior to being secured in the patrol vehicle, (2) the baggie had fingerprints from another
named individual, (3) Officer Anderson was unable to recall whether anyone else had been secured
in his backseat prior to the traffic stop, and (4) his repeated denial of ownership of the baggie
containing cocaine while claiming possession of other incriminating items.
¶ 41 When presented with a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, “the question
is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational
trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
(Emphasis and internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. McLaurin, 2020 IL 124563, ¶ 22, 162
N.E.3d 252. “The trier of fact remains responsible for resolving conflicts in the testimony,
weighing the evidence, and drawing reasonable inferences from the facts.” People v. Harris, 2018
IL 121932, ¶ 26, 120 N.E.3d 900. “A criminal conviction will not be reversed for insufficient
evidence unless the evidence is so unreasonable, improbable, or unsatisfactory that it justifies a
reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt.” People v. Gray, 2017 IL 120958, ¶ 35, 91 N.E.3d 876.
¶ 42 To prove defendant guilty of the offenses charged in counts I and II of the
information, the State had to prove defendant possessed the baggie containing cocaine found in
the backseat of Officer Anderson’s patrol vehicle. 720 ILCS 570/401(c)(2), 402(c) (West 2018).
This requires proof defendant knew of the presence of the controlled substances and had
- 10 - “ ‘immediate and exclusive power over them.’ ” People v. Scott, 2012 IL App (4th) 100304, ¶ 19,
966 N.E.2d 340 (quoting People v. Morrison, 178 Ill. App. 3d 76, 90, 532 N.E.2d 1077, 1086
(1988)).
¶ 43 At trial, both Officer Jostes and Officer Anderson testified about inspecting the
backseat of Officer Anderson’s patrol vehicle prior to securing defendant therein and finding no
contraband. The audio and video recording taken from the rear-facing camera inside Officer
Anderson’s patrol vehicle corroborates Officer Anderson’s testimony. The audio and video
recording further shows defendant attempting to grab something from behind him and then discard
it in the direction of the rear driver’s side floorboard. Shortly thereafter, Officer Anderson observes
the baggie containing cocaine, a substance which defendant later admits to consuming prior to the
traffic stop, in plain view on the rear driver’s side floorboard of his patrol vehicle. Even considering
the evidence which defendant highlights, we find the above evidence was more than sufficient for
the trial court, as the trier of fact, to conclude defendant possessed the baggie containing cocaine
found in the backseat of Officer Anderson’s patrol vehicle. Absent any other argument, we find
the State presented sufficient evidence to prove defendant guilty of counts I and II of the
information.
¶ 44 B. Defendant’s Challenges to His Trial Counsel’s Performance
¶ 45 Defendant argues his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by not (1) filing
a motion to suppress incriminating statements he made to Officer Jostes and (2) moving for a
directed verdict at the close of the State’s case on count III. Specifically, defendant asserts, had
counsel filed a motion to suppress and moved for a directed verdict, the motions would likely have
been granted and changed the outcome of the trial, because (1) his incriminating statements were
- 11 - made while he was subject to a custodial interrogation and before he was read his rights pursuant
to Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 478-79 (1966), and (2) the State’s evidence was insufficient
to prove the corpus delicti of Xanax possession, where it consisted of only extrajudicial admissions
and Officer Jostes’s testimony that he had somehow been able to determine the pills’ chemical
makeup based on their markings.
¶ 46 “Every defendant has a constitutional right to the effective assistance of counsel
under the sixth amendment to the United States Constitution and the Constitution of Illinois.”
People v. Domagala, 2013 IL 113688, ¶ 36, 987 N.E.2d 767. Claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel are analyzed under the two-pronged test set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 687 (1984). Id. To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance, a defendant must show both:
(1) “counsel’s performance was objectively unreasonable under prevailing professional norms”
and (2) “there is a ‘reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result
of the proceeding would have been different.’ ” Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). A
defendant’s failure to satisfy either prong of the Strickland test precludes a finding of ineffective
assistance of counsel. Id.
¶ 47 Defendant’s first claim of ineffective assistance is based upon his trial counsel’s
failure to file a motion to suppress incriminating statements he made to Officer Jostes. We find a
factual issue impedes our review of defendant’s claim. In support of his claim, defendant relies on
a second audio and video recording of the apparent traffic stop which was not admitted into
evidence nor ever addressed by the parties or the trial court. The recording—as well as 10
photographs which were also not admitted into evidence nor ever addressed and the full audio and
video recording taken from Officer Anderson’s patrol vehicle—is contained on a DVD identified
- 12 - as People’s Exhibit Number 1, which has been made part of the record on motion of defendant’s
appellate counsel. Regardless of whether the second recording is properly part of the record, the
record provides no indication that defendant’s trial counsel was aware of the second recording. In
fact, trial counsel’s cross-examination of Officer Anderson suggests counsel was not aware of any
additional recordings of the traffic stop. Without knowing if counsel was aware of the recording,
any resolution of defendant’s claim would require speculation. Accordingly, we conclude the
record is inadequate to address defendant’s first claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
¶ 48 Defendant’s second claim of ineffective assistance is based upon his trial counsel’s
purported failure to move for a directed verdict at the close of the State’s case on count III. We
again find a factual issue impedes our review of defendant’s claim. In support of his claim,
defendant relies upon the absence of any indication in a docket entry or the trial transcripts that his
trial counsel moved for a directed verdict at the close of the State’s case. The record shows,
however, trial counsel made both written and oral posttrial arguments that the court erred in
denying defendant’s motion for a directed verdict at the close of the State’s case, and neither the
State nor the court addressed the propositions that defendant had moved for a directed verdict at
the close of the State’s case or that the court had denied that motion. Further, it is not beyond
reason to believe counsel may have moved for a directed verdict during the unreported recess.
Considering the entire record, it is unclear whether defendant’s trial counsel moved for a directed
verdict at the close of the State’s case. Without knowing if counsel moved for a directed verdict,
any resolution of defendant’s claim would require speculation. Accordingly, we conclude the
record is also inadequate to address defendant’s second claim of ineffective assistance of trial
counsel.
- 13 - ¶ 49 Because we conclude the record on appeal is inadequate to resolve either of
defendant’s claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, defendant may, if he so desires, pursue his
claims through a petition filed under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq.
(West 2020)). See People v. Veach, 2017 IL 120649, ¶ 46, 89 N.E.3d 366 (“[I]neffective assistance
of counsel claims may sometimes be better suited to collateral proceedings but only when the
record is incomplete or inadequate for resolving the claim.”).
¶ 50 C. State’s Motion to Cite Additional Authority
¶ 51 As a final matter, the State, filing the briefing in this case, filed a motion to cite
additional authority. The authority which the State seeks to cite concerns its argument on appeal
that the second audio and video recording, the recording relied upon by defendant in support of
his first claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel, should not be considered by this court
because it is not properly part of the record. Because we concluded the record provides no
indication that defendant’s trial counsel was aware of the second recording, we did not need to
consider whether the recording was properly part of the record. Accordingly, we deny the State’s
motion as it is unnecessary to our disposition.
¶ 52 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 53 We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
¶ 54 Affirmed.
- 14 -