People v. Wilson

Opinion

THIRD DIVISION March 29, 2006

No. 1-03-3552

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from ) the Circuit Court Plaintiff-Appellee, ) of Cook County. ) v. ) No. 03 CR 4976 ) JOHNNIE WILSON, ) Honorable ) William G. Lacy, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.

JUSTICE THEIS delivered the opinion of the court:

Following a bench trial, defendant Johnnie Wilson, who was on mandatory supervised

release (MSR) 1 from a 15-year sentence for armed violence, was convicted of possession of a

controlled substance and sentenced to 8 years= imprisonment. On appeal, he contended that (1)

the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence because the search pursuant to

his MSR agreement violated his fourth amendment right to be free from unreasonable searches

and seizures; (2) the evidence was insufficient to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt;

(3) the compulsory extraction and perpetual storage of his DNA profile violated his fourth

amendment right; and (4) the trial court failed to provide him with accurate and complete

admonishments pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 605(a) (Official Reports Advance Sheet No. 21

(October 17, 2001), R. 605(a), eff. October 1, 2001). In People v. Wilson, 361 Ill. App. 3d 93,

1 What was referred to as Aparole@ in Illinois prior to February 1, 1978, is now termed Amandatory supervised release@ (MSR). 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(d) (West 2002). 1-03-3552

836 N.E.2d 159 (2005), we reversed the denial of defendant=s motion to suppress evidence and

remanded the case for a new suppression hearing. Thereafter, the supreme court denied the

State=s petition for leave to appeal, but pursuant to its supervisory authority, directed us to vacate

our judgment and reconsider this case in light of its recent decision in People v. Moss, 217 Ill. 2d

511, 842 N.E.2d 699 (2005). People v. Wilson, 217 Ill. 2d 624, 840 N.E.2d 1243 (2006). After

vacating our original opinion and reconsidering our judgment in light of Moss, we again reverse

and remand for a new suppression hearing.

BACKGROUND

On February 3, 2003, after serving one year of his MSR term, defendant was arrested and

charged with possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver. Prior to trial, defendant

filed a motion to quash his arrest and suppress evidence. At the hearing, parole officer Raymond

Hayes testified that in February 2003, he received information from his supervisor that an

anonymous person had informed his supervisor that defendant had narcotics and guns in his

apartment in violation of the conditions of his MSR. Officer Hayes then went to 1541 South

Karlov in Chicago where he met two Chicago police officers. Defendant=s relative gave them

permission to enter the apartment. Officer Hayes did not have a warrant to search the apartment,

but did have in his files defendant=s MSR agreement, which was introduced as an exhibit at the

hearing. Paragraph 10 of the agreement states, Ayou shall consent to a search of your person,

property or residence under your control.@ Officer Hayes testified that defendant signed the

agreement in February 2002 and was still governed by the rules at the time of his arrest.

After entering the second-floor apartment with the relative=s permission, Officer Hayes

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saw defendant emerge from a bedroom and handcuffed him. According to Officer Hayes,

defendant told him that the bedroom was his bedroom. Officer Hayes then told defendant that he

was there to search his room and the space over which he had control. Officer Hayes did not ask

for defendant=s consent to search the room and did not read him his Miranda rights. Hayes then

watched the two Chicago police officers search the bedroom, where they found suspected

cocaine and heroin in a pile of clothing.

At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court found that defendant consented to the

search as a condition of his MSR and that he did not enjoy the same rights as those free from the

custody of the Illinois Department of Corrections. Accordingly, the trial court held that the

search was proper and denied defendant=s motion to quash his arrest and suppress evidence.

However, the court granted defendant=s motion to suppress his statement regarding the location

of his bedroom due to Officer Hayes= failure to read him his Miranda rights.

At trial, Officer Hayes testified consistently with his testimony at the hearing. In

addition, he described the location of the searched bedroom as Aa few feet from the front door to

your left as you come through the front door.@ He also explained that defendant reported his

address to the Illinois Department of Corrections as part of the conditions of his MSR. In

addition to finding narcotics in a pile of clothing, narcotics were also found under the bed and in

other locations in the bedroom.

Chicago police officer Daniel Paluck testified that the searched bedroom contained men=s

clothing and that, according to his recollection, defendant was the only male present in the

apartment. Additionally, Officer Paluck testified that he saw a female whom he believed to be

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defendant=s girlfriend emerge from the bedroom. Paluck did not retrieve any proof of residence

from the bedroom, but stated that during processing defendant confirmed his address as 1541

South Karlov. The parties stipulated with respect to the testing of the narcotics and the chain of

custody.

The trial court found that the searched room was defendant=s bedroom and that he had

constructive possession of the narcotics. Therefore, the trial court found defendant guilty of

possession of a controlled substance and sentenced him to eight years= imprisonment.

ANALYSIS

Defendant contends that the search of his apartment conducted pursuant to a condition in

his MSR agreement violated his fourth amendment right to be free from unreasonable searches

and seizures. Specifically, he argues that: (1) despite the condition in his MSR agreement

requiring that he Ashall consent to a search of [his] person, property or residence under [his]

control,@ he retained some expectation of privacy; (2) the search was conducted without a

warrant; and (3) the search was unsupported by reasonable suspicion that he possessed guns and

narcotics. The State maintains that the search was proper because defendant consented to it as a

condition of his MSR. Alternatively, the State argues it was a reasonable search considering the

reduced expectations of privacy possessed by parolees and the State=s significant interest in

ensuring compliance with the conditions of their supervised release.

In reviewing a circuit court=s ruling on a motion to suppress, this court will uphold

findings of historical fact unless they are against the manifest weight of the evidence. People v.

Pitman, 211 Ill. 2d 502, 512, 813 N.E.2d 93, 100 (2004). However, a reviewing court remains

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free to undertake its own assessment of the facts in relation to the issues presented and may draw

its own conclusions when deciding what relief should be granted. Accordingly, we review de

novo the ultimate question of whether the evidence here should be suppressed. Pitman, 211 Ill.

2d at 512, 813 N.E.2d at 101.

Initially, we address the State=s argument that by accepting the conditions of his MSR

agreement, defendant prospectively consented to all searches, thereby relieving defendant of any

expectation of privacy and waiving his fourth amendment rights. We note that the State=s

argument is based upon a fundamental misconception of MSR in Illinois. Without citation to

authority, the State asserts that defendant has Anegotiated his release from actual physical

custody,@ that without his prior agreement, he Awould not be released,@ and that defendant was

Agiven the privilege of parole, something that is not mandatory.@ Rather, the Unified Code of

Corrections provides that the MSR term is a mandatory component of defendant=s sentence.

Except where a natural life sentence has been imposed, Aevery sentence shall include as though

written therein a term in addition to the term of imprisonment.@ 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(d) (West

2002). The statute then sets forth a mandatory term of three years= supervised release for first

degree murder or a Class X felony, two years for a Class 1 or 2 felony, and one year for a Class 3

or 4 felony. 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(d) (West 2002). Accordingly, the MSR term is not a negotiated

release or a privilege. Rather, it is a mandatory part of defendant=s sentence.

Furthermore, this argument was recently rejected in Moss. That court held that the

search condition of a defendant=s MSR does not establish prospective consent to all searches and

does not waive his fourth amendment rights. Moss, 217 Ill. 2d at 526, 842 N.E.2d at 709. The

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same analysis is applicable here. The conditions of defendant=s MSR agreement provide that he

shall do or refrain from doing certain things, thereby creating a duty which implies the

requirement of further action. By signing the agreement, defendant acknowledged that if he

refuses to permit the search, he faces revocation of his MSR. However, his acknowledgment

does not entirely relieve him of any expectation of privacy or waive his fourth amendment

protection. Moss, 217 Ill. 2d at 526, 842 N.E.2d at 709.

In the absence of consent, we consider whether the search was otherwise appropriate.

The fourth amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the Aright of the people to be

secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures.@

U.S. Const., amend. IV. Thus, a search does not infringe upon the fourth amendment if it is

Areasonable,@ when Ameasured in objective terms by examining the totality of the circumstances.@

Ohio v. Robinette, 519 U.S. 33, 39, 136 L. Ed. 2d 347, 354, 117 S. Ct. 417, 421 (1996).

Generally, the search of a home is only reasonable for fourth amendment purposes if it is

conducted pursuant to a warrant grounded in probable cause absent exigent circumstances.

Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 590, 63 L. Ed. 2d 639, 653, 100 S. Ct. 1371, 1382 (1980).

Nevertheless, the United States Supreme Court found that under certain circumstances, a

search of a probationer=s home can be reasonable without strict adherence to the ordinary

warrant and probable cause requirements. United States v. Knights, 534 U.S. 112, 121, 151 L.

Ed. 2d 497, 506, 122 S. Ct. 587, 592 (2001); Griffin v. Wisconsin, 483 U.S. 868, 873, 97 L. Ed.

2d 709, 717, 107 S. Ct. 3164, 3168 (1987). In Griffin, the Supreme Court upheld a search of a

probationer=s home conducted pursuant to a Wisconsin regulation permitting Aany probation

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officer to search a probationer=s home without a warrant as long as his supervisor approves and

as long as there are >reasonable grounds= to believe the presence of contraband,@ finding that the

Aspecial needs@ of Wisconsin=s probation system justified an exception to the usual warrant and

probable-cause requirements. Griffin, 483 U.S. at 870-71, 97 L. Ed. 2d at 715, 107 S. Ct. at

3167. Thereafter, the Knights Court held that a warrantless search of a probationer=s residence

was reasonable under the fourth amendment when the search was supported by reasonable

suspicion and authorized by a condition of his probation. However, the Court left open the

question whether reasonable suspicion is required for such a search. Knights, 534 U.S. at 120

n.6, 151 L. Ed. 2d at 505 n.6, 122 S. Ct. at 592 n.6.

Following Griffin and Knights, our supreme court held in People v. Lampitok, 207 Ill. 2d

231, 798 N.E.2d 91 (2003), that a search of a probationer=s motel room supported by reasonable

suspicion and pursuant to a search condition of her probation would be constitutionally

reasonable. Thereafter, in Moss, 217 Ill. 2d at 532-33, 842 N.E.2d at 712-13, our supreme court

held that a pat-down search for weapons on a parolee subject to a search condition was

reasonable without any individualized suspicion of illegal activity.

In determining whether the search was appropriate here, we initially consider whether the

Aspecial needs@ test of Griffin is applicable to the extent the search of defendant=s residence was

conducted for a Asupervisory@ purpose. In Griffin, the Supreme Court held that a probation

search was reasonable under the fourth amendment because it was conducted in compliance with

a valid regulation permitting warrantless probation searches upon Areasonable grounds,@ a

standard which the Wisconsin Supreme Court found had been met. Griffin, 483 U.S. at 880 &

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n.8, 97 L. Ed. 2d at 721-22 & n.8, 107 S. Ct. at 3172 & n.8.

Section 3-3-7 of the Unified Code of Corrections addresses the conditions of MSR in

Illinois. The statute requires that defendant consent to a search of his person, property or

residence under his control. 730 ILCS 5/3-3-7 (West 2002). The search condition is silent with

respect to imposing a particular standard of suspicion to support a search. Additionally, the

relevant section of the Illinois Administrative Code does not specifically address the search

condition of those on MSR nor does it impose a particular standard of suspicion to support such

a search. See 20 Ill. Adm. Code '1610.120, as amended by 13 Ill. Reg. 3063 (eff. February 28,

1989) (addressing the conditions of MSR). Given the lack of standards comparable to those

present in Griffin, we find that Griffin does not control our analysis here.

Rather, to determine if a search for evidence in the home of a person subject to MSR 2 is

objectively reasonable under a lesser degree of suspicion, we examine whether the search was

reasonable under the totality of the circumstances. Knights, 534 U.S. at 118, 151 L. Ed. 2d at

505, 122 S. Ct. at 591. The reasonableness of the search is determined by balancing the degree to

which the search intrudes upon the privacy interests of a defendant on MSR against the degree to which

the search is needed to promote legitimate governmental interests, with the search condition of

2 For purposes of fourth amendment analysis, there is no distinction between a parolee and a defendant on MSR. Moss, 217 Ill. 2d at 514 n. 1, 842 N.E.2d at 702 n.1.

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defendant=s MSR being Aa salient circumstance.@ Knights, 534 U.S. at 118, 151 L. Ed. 2d at 505,

122 S. Ct. at 591.

In Moss, our supreme court confronted this balancing test when concluding that a pat-

down search of a defendant on MSR without any level of individualized suspicion and pursuant

to a search condition of MSR was constitutionally reasonable under the fourth amendment

during a traffic stop and consensual automobile search. Moss, 217 Ill. 2d at 532, 842 N.E.2d at

713. In evaluating the governmental interests, the court focused on the State=s interest in officer

safety. The court found that the circumstances confronting the officers during a Terry stop,

requiring passengers to leave a vehicle and an officer to place himself in a compromising

position, increased the government=s interest in ensuring that those passengers were not armed.

Accordingly, the court held that those officer safety circumstances contributed to the

government=s interest in performing a pat-down search of the defendant. Moss, 217 Ill. 2d at

530-31, 842 N.E.2d at 711-12. In contrast to Moss, in this case, we are not presented with a

protective search or officer safety concerns attendant to a traffic stop but, rather, with a full-

fledged search for evidence in defendant=s residence while he was handcuffed. The same

heightened level of interest in officer safety attendant to a traffic stop is not at issue here.

Accordingly, we next consider defendant=s MSR status as it relates to the State=s interest in the

search.

In evaluating the governmental interests in Lampitok, the court held that administration

of the probation system is a Aspecial need@ of the State beyond the typical needs of law

enforcement that would justify a greater governmental intrusion on privacy than would be

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acceptable in the case of an ordinary citizen. Lampitok, 207 Ill. 2d at 250, 798 N.E.2d at 104.

The court further found that imposing the traditional warrant and probable cause requirements

would unduly interfere with the State=s ability to administer its probation system. To obtain a

warrant would delay the ability to respond to evidence of misconduct, and to require probable

cause would only facilitate the probationer=s ability to conceal his misconduct in violation of the

conditions of probation. Lampitok, 207 Ill. 2d at 250, 798 N.E.2d at 104. Based upon these

considerations, our supreme court acknowledged that Illinois=s probation system may justify a

warrantless search of a probationer upon a lesser degree of suspicion than probable cause.

Lampitok, 207 Ill. 2d at 250, 798 N.E.2d at 104.

In Moss, the court found that the governmental interest in public safety espoused in

Lampitok is even more apparent in the case of those serving a term of MSR. Moss, 217 Ill. 2d at

531, 842 N.E.2d at 712. They, like probationers, require supervision and enjoy only

A>conditional liberty properly dependent on observance of special * * * restrictions.=@ Griffin,

483 U.S. at 874, 97 L. Ed. 2d at 718, 107 S. Ct. at 3169, quoting Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S.

471, 480, 33 L. Ed. 2d 484, 494, 92 S. Ct. 2593, 2600 (1972); Moss, 217 Ill. 2d at 522, 842,

N.E.2d at 706-07 (A[p]robationers and persons on MSR are similarly situated in the broad sense

that both enjoy conditional liberty@). However, because parolees present a greater risk to the

public, the objective of community safety would justify an even greater intrusion on a parolee=s

privacy. See 730 ILCS 5/5-6-1(a) (West 2002); Moss, 217 Ill. 2d at 531, 842 N.E.2d at 712.

Nevertheless, although these governmental interests may Ajustify departures from the

usual warrant and probable-cause requirements@ (Griffin, 483 U.S. at 874, 97 L. Ed. 2d at 717,

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107 S. Ct. at 3168), these interests do not necessarily authorize a substantial invasion of privacy

without any level of individualized suspicion (Griffin, 483 U.S. at 875, 97 L. Ed. 2d at 718, 107

S. Ct. at 3169 (the permissible impingement on a probationer=s privacy is not unlimited)). In

determining the appropriate level of individualized suspicion, if any, we must also consider

defendant=s expectation of privacy in his home and its relationship to his MSR status and the

search condition of his MSR term.

Those offenders on MSR have a significantly reduced expectation of privacy compared

to ordinary citizens because they are criminal offenders subject to a prison term and are subject

to certain restrictions as a condition of their release. Moss, 217 Ill. 2d at 531, 842 N.E.2d at 712;

Lampitok, 207 Ill. 2d at 250-51, 798 N.E.2d at 104. In Illinois, the conditions of MSR are

governed by section 3-3-7 of the Code (730 ILCS 5/3-3-7 (West 2002)). Paragraph 10 of section

3-3-7(a) addresses the relevant search condition. That paragraph requires that defendant

Aconsent to a search of [his] person, property, or residence under [his] control.@ 730 ILCS 5/3-3-

7(a)(10) (West 2002).

The breadth of a search condition affects a defendant=s expectation of privacy. Moss, 217

Ill. 2d at 531, 842 N.E.2d at 712. In Lampitok, the probation conditions provided that the

probationer A >shall submit to a search of her person, residence, or automobile at any time as

directed by her Probation Officer to verify compliance with the conditions of this Probation

Order.= @ Lampitok, 207 Ill. 2d at 236, 798 N.E.2d at 96. In Knights, the defendant=s probation

conditions permitted searches A >with or without a search warrant, warrant of arrest or reasonable

cause by any probation officer or law enforcement officer.= @ Knights, 534 U.S. at 114, 151 L.

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Ed. 2d at 502, 122 S. Ct. at 589. Based upon the defendant=s acceptance of this broad search

condition, the Court concluded that the defendant had a Asignificantly diminished@ expectation of

privacy. Knights, 534 U.S. at 119-20, 151 L. Ed. 2d at 505, 122 S. Ct. at 591-92.

In Moss, the court found that the condition of a defendant=s MSR in Illinois is equally as

broad as the condition in Knights because it requires that he consent to a search of his person,

residence, or property under his control without any limitation on the purpose of the search or

the government agent who may perform the search. Moss, 217 Ill. 2d at 532, 842 N.E.2d at 712.

The court also found that the conditions of MSR are more extensive than the conditions of

probationers because they limit where they may live, with whom they may associate, and the

places they may frequent. Moss, 217 Ill. 2d at 532, 842 N.E.2d at 712, citing 730 ILCS 5/3-3-7

(West 2004). Accordingly, a person subject to MSR has a lesser expectation of privacy than a

probationer. Moss, 217 Ill. 2d at 532, 842 N.E.2d at 712.

Although defendant has a significantly reduced expectation of privacy as a parolee

subject to a broad search condition, the Supreme Court has acknowledged that the fourth

amendment accords special protection to the intrusion into one=s home. Payton, 445 U.S. at 589,

63 L. Ed. 2d at 653, 100 S. Ct. at 1381-82, quoting U.S. Const., amend. IV. Where the MSR

search invades the home, it weighs heavily in the balance that determines whether the search is

reasonable and remains a significant, rather than minimal, intrusion on defendant=s albeit

diminished expectations of privacy. Lampitok, 207 Ill. 2d at 252, 254, 798 N.E.2d at 105, 106.

Accordingly, permitting a suspicionless search of defendant=s home would offend the

significantly protected status of the home, and thus, supports the conclusion that defendant=s

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expectation of privacy is not completely extinguished. Lampitok, 207 Ill. 2d at 252, 798 N.E.2d

at 105 ( A[t]he primacy of fourth amendment protection against intrusions into a person=s home

further encourages us to require some level of individualized suspicion prior to a probation

search of a probationer=s residence@).

We reject the State=s contention that defendant=s expectation of privacy in his home is no

different than his expectation when confined in a prison merely because he remains in the

custody of the Illinois Department of Corrections. While the fourth amendment does not apply

within the confines of a prisoner=s cell (Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 525-26, 82 L. Ed. 2d

393, 402-03, 104 S. Ct. 3194, 3200 (1984)), the Supreme Court has unequivocally rejected the

notion that the status of parolees is legally comparable to that of prisoners in actual custody.

Morrissey, 408 U.S. at 482, 33 L. Ed. 2d at 494-95, 92 S. Ct. at 2600-01; United States v.

Crawford, 323 F.3d 700, 708-09 (9th Cir. 2003). Therefore, the mere fact that a defendant on

MSR remains in custody is not dispositive of a defendant=s privacy interests.

Additionally, in Moss, the court considered the scope of the intrusion. There, the court

held that A[t]he limited scope of a pat-down search for weapons, as opposed to a full-fledged

search for evidence, was appropriate where no individualized suspicion of illegal activity

existed.@ Moss, 217 Ill. 2d at 532-33, 842 N.E.2d at 713. Here, we are not faced with the

limited scope of a pat-down search for weapons during a Terry stop but, rather, with a significant

intrusion into defendant=s residence. This invasion cannot be considered a minor invasion of

privacy and, thus, further supports the conclusion that while probable cause is not required, a

search of defendant=s residence must be attendant to some quantum of individualized suspicion

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to meet the reasonableness standard of the fourth amendment.

Based upon the totality of the circumstances, after balancing the State=s interest in its

MSR system with defendant=s expectation of privacy, we conclude that a search of defendant=s

home pursuant to the conditions of his MSR agreement is reasonable if supported by reasonable

suspicion. As the supreme court stated in Lampitok, most other federal courts have agreed that

reasonable suspicion is the appropriate constitutional threshold for parole or probation searches,

especially, as in this case, where they involve intrusion into the home. Lampitok, 207 Ill. 2d at

253, 798 N.E.2d at 105-06 (compiling a list of cases).

Accordingly, we find that the trial court erred in denying defendant=s motion to

suppress evidence on the basis that defendant consented to the search condition of his MSR

agreement. Rather, the trial court must evaluate whether the officers had reasonable suspicion to

believe that defendant had narcotics or guns in his home or otherwise violated the terms of his

MSR so that the search was justified at its inception under the fourth amendment. Therefore, we

reverse the denial of defendant=s motion to suppress evidence and remand for a new suppression

hearing consistent with our directive in this opinion. For these reasons, we need not address

defendant=s additional contentions at this time. Nevertheless, we retain jurisdiction to determine

these contentions should the State prevail at the new hearing on the motion to suppress.

Reversed and remanded with directions.

QUINN, P.J., and GREIMAN, J., concur.

14 REPORTER OF DECISIONS - ILLINOIS APPELLATE COURT _________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

JOHNNIE WILSON,

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appellate Court of Illinois First District, Third Division

Filed: March 29, 2006 _________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE THEIS delivered the opinion of the court.

Quinn, P.J., and Greiman, J., concur. _________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County Honorable William G. Lacy, Judge Presiding _________________________________________________________________

For APPELLANT, Michael J. Pelletier, State Appellate Defender Melinda G. Palacio, Assistant Appellate Defender Office of the State Appellate Defender 203 N. LaSalle St., 24th Floor Chicago, IL 60601

For APPELLEE, Richard A. Devine, State=s Attorney Renee Goldfarb, Assistant State=s Attorney Sally L. Dilgart, Assistant State=s Attorney Annette Collins, Assistant State=s Attorney Dragana Djordjevic, Assistant State=s Attorney 300 Richard J. Daley Center Chicago, IL 60602