FIFTH DIVISION May 21, 2010
No. 1-08-2609
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County. ) v. ) No.07CR17542 ) PRIEST WILLIS, ) The Honorable ) John P. Kirby, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE FITZGERALD SMITH delivered the opinion of the court:
After a jury trial, defendant Priest Willis was convicted of delivery of less than one gram
of heroin within 1,000 feet of a school. The trial court sentenced defendant, based on prior
criminal history, as a Class X offender to eight years’ imprisonment. On appeal, defendant does
not contest the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his conviction, but contends that: (1) the
trial court’s failure to strictly comply with Supreme Court Rule 431(b) (Official Reports Advance
Sheet No. 8 (April 11, 2007), R. 431(b), eff. May 1, 2007), requires reversal and remand for a
new trial; (2) he was prejudiced by the State’s allegedly improper comments during closing
arguments; and (3) his sentence is excessive in light of the nonviolent nature of the crime and the
existence of mitigating factors. Defendant also contends, and the State properly agrees, that he
was entitled to an additional four days of credit for time served and he is entitled to a reduction in
the total amount of fees assessed against him. For the following reasons, we affirm defendant’s
conviction and sentence, and modify the mittimus. No. 1-08-2609
BACKGROUND
Defendant’s conviction arose from a drug transaction which occurred less than 300 feet
from an elementary school on August 2, 2007, and was witnessed by various narcotics task force
officers of the Chicago police department. The task force was composed of Officers
Evangelides, Lopez, Srisuth, Flores, Dobek, Pentimone, Rivera, and Padar. Officer Evangelides
served as the undercover buy officer and purchased drugs from two dealers that morning. The
first dealer was a man named Keith Adams who was 6 feet tall and 210 pounds, and the second
was defendant, who was 5 feet, 8 inches tall and 180 pounds.
Officer Evangelides testified that he saw defendant standing at 4936 West Maypole.
Defendant asked Officer Evangelides if he was looking for “blows,” which is the street term for
heroin. Officer Evangelides exchanged a prerecorded $20 bill for two plastic baggies with black
scorpion logos on them. The substance inside was later determined to be heroin. After the
purchase, Officer Evangelides walked two blocks to his undercover vehicle from which he
radioed the rest of his team to inform them of the purchase.
Officer Rivera testified that he detained defendant while Officer Pentimone detained
Adams. Officer Evangelides identified both men. Officer Rivera recovered $70 from defendant,
including the prerecorded $20 bill. Police searched the area and found a rock across the street
with bags containing what was later determined to be heroin beneath it.
The State rested, and the defense presented evidence by way of defendant’s testimony.
Defendant testified that he fixed friends’ and neighbors’ cars for a living and was paid in cash for
doing so. He testified that, on August 1, 2007, he put new brakes on Adams’ car. Adams
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instructed defendant to meet him the following day to collect the $20 he was owed. On August
2, 2007, defendant met Adams at 4936 West Maypole Street, and Adams paid defendant with a
single $20 bill. Then, defendant and Adams stood on the sidewalk for about 15 minutes,
discussing the condition of Adams’ car. During that time, nobody else approached Adams, and
defendant testified that Adams was not selling drugs. Defendant denied knowing of any drug
sales in the area. Soon, the police arrived. Defendant and Adams were arrested. Defendant
denied he had been selling drugs.
Defense rested. On this evidence, the jury found defendant guilty. Defendant appeals.
ANALYSIS
I. Rule 431(b)
On appeal, defendant first contends that he was denied his right to a fair and impartial
jury because the trial judge failed to question the prospective jurors regarding the four principles
enumerated in People v. Zehr, 103 Ill. 2d 472 (1984), and codified in Rule 431(b). Under that
rule, the trial court must ask jurors whether they understand and accept that: (1) defendant is
presumed innocent of the charges against him; (2) the State must prove defendant guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt; (3) defendant is not required to present evidence on his behalf; and (4)
defendant has the right not to testify and his failure to do so cannot be held against him. Official
Reports Advance Sheet No. 8 (April 11, 2007), R. 431(b), eff. May 1, 2007. Specifically,
defendant argues that he was prejudiced where the trial court failed to admonish the potential
venire regarding defendant’s right not to testify. Defendant also argues that he was prejudiced
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where the trial court gave only 20 of the 32 prospective jurors that were admonished as to the
remaining Zehr principles an opportunity to respond to whether or not they understood and
accepted the principle regarding defendant’s right not to present evidence.
The State does not dispute that the trial court erred in failing to strictly comply with Rule
431(b), but asserts that defendant forfeited review of this error because he failed to object to it at
trial or raise it in a timely filed posttrial motion. See People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176, 186
(1988) (failure to properly preserve an alleged error by both an objection at trial and a written
posttrial motion constitutes a procedural default of that error on review).
Defendant admits that he failed to properly preserve this issue for appeal, but urges us to
review the error under the second prong of the plain error exception because the error itself was
so serious that he was denied a substantial right and thus a fair trial, requiring automatic reversal.
134 Ill. 2d R. 615; People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167, 186-87 (2005) (plain error rule permits
consideration of errors even though technically waived for review where the evidence is closely
balanced or where the claimed error is of such magnitude that there is a substantial risk that the
defendant was denied a fair and impartial trial). In support of this argument, defendant relies on
People v. Graham, 393 Ill. App. 3d 268 (2009), and People v. Anderson, 389 Ill. App. 3d 1
(2009) (Anderson I), which so found.
The record clearly shows that defendant failed to object to the claimed error at trial and
also failed to raise it in his motion for a new trial. As such, he did not properly preserve the error
for appellate review. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d at 186. Although this generally results in forfeiture, this
court may notice plain error or defects affecting substantial rights. People v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill.
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2d 551, 564-65 (2007).
We examine whether the trial court complied with Rule 431(b) to determine whether
there was error here. See People v. Williams, No. 1-07-2657, slip op. at 5 (April 8, 2010).
In Zehr, 103 Ill. 2d at 477, our supreme court held that a trial court erred during voir dire
where it refused defense counsel’s request to ask questions regarding the State’s burden of proof,
defendant’s right not to testify, and the presumption of innocence. Specifically, the court held:
“We are of the opinion that essential to the qualification of
jurors in a criminal case is that they know that a defendant is
presumed innocent, that he is not required to offer any evidence in
his own behalf, that he must be proved guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt, and that his failure to testify in his own behalf cannot be
held against him. If a juror has a prejudice against any of these
basic guarantees, an instruction given at the end of trial will have
little curative effect.” Zehr, 103 Ill. 2d at 477.
In 1997, our supreme court amended Rule 431(b) to ensure compliance with the Zehr
requirements. 177 Ill. 2d R. 431, Committee Comments. Under that amendment, the court was
required, if requested by the defendant, to ask the potential jurors, individually or as a group,
whether they understand the Zehr principles. 177 Ill. 2d R. 431(b). Effective May 1, 2007, our
supreme court again amended Rule 431(b), omitting the language “[i]f requested by the
defendant,” and leaving the remainder of the rule unchanged. Rule 431(b) now provides, inter
alia:
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“The court shall ask each potential juror, individually or in
a group, whether that juror understands and accepts the following
principles: (1) that the defendant is presumed innocent of the
charge(s) against him or her; (2) that before a defendant can be
convicted the State must prove the defendant guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt; (3) that the defendant is not required to offer any
evidence on his or her own behalf; and (4) that the defendant’s
failure to testify cannot be held against him or her; however, no
inquiry of a prospective juror shall be made into the defendant’s
failure to testify when the defendant objects.
The court’s method of inquiry shall provide each juror an
opportunity to respond to specific questions concerning the
principles set out in this section.” Official Reports Advance Sheet
No. 8 (April 11, 2007), R. 431(b), eff. May 1, 2007.
This rule, which was in effect at the time of defendant’s trial, imposes a sua sponte duty
on the trial court to question potential jurors as to whether they understand and accept the
enumerated principles integral to a fair trial. Williams, slip op. at 6. Construction of a supreme
court rule is a question of law, which we review de novo. Robidoux v. Oliphant, 201 Ill. 2d 324,
332 (2002).
The record shows that as voir dire began in this case on July 7, 2008, the potential venire
was brought into the courtroom and seated. The clerk called the first 20 names to be seated in
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the courtroom, and those 20 potential jurors were reseated in the jury box. Then, the court
addressed the entire potential venire as a group, stating:
“THE COURT: I’m going to ask you at this point two
propositions of law. Do each of you understand that under the law
a defendant is presumed to be innocent of the charges against him,
this presumption remains with him throughout every stage of the
proceedings and is not overcome unless from all of the evidence in
the case you are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the
defendant is guilty? Do each of you in the jury room in the jury
box and the chairs in front understand that principle of law; if so,
please raise your right hand. All of the jurors have raised their
right hand. And will each of you follow that principle of law; if so,
please raise your right hand. Let the record reflect all of the jurors
have raised their right hand.”
The court continued:
“THE COURT: Do you also understand that the State has
the burden of proving defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt
and this burden remains on the State throughout the case, the
defendant is not required to prove his innocence nor is he required
to present any evidence in his own behalf, he may rely upon the
presumption of innocence. Do each of you both understand that
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principle of law and will you follow that principle of law; if so,
please raise your right hand. Let the record reflect twenty of the
potential jurors have raised their hand.”
Accordingly, all of the potential jurors were present in the courtroom when the court admonished
them of the Zehr principles regarding the presumption of innocence and the State’s burden of
proof. All of the potential jurors were questioned and responded that they understood and
accepted these principles. However, only the first panel of 20 jurors who were seated in the jury
box responded to the court’s questioning regarding defendant’s right not to present evidence.
Ultimately, 8 jurors were chosen from the original panel of 20, while 4 jurors and 2
alternate jurors were chosen from a second panel. The second panel was not re-admonished
regarding the Zehr principles. The court did not admonish any of the potential jurors that
defendant’s failure to testify could not be held against him, nor ask whether they understood and
accepted that principle.
Trial proceeded. Defendant testified on his own behalf. Following closing arguments by
both parties, the court advised the jurors:
“THE COURT: The defendant is presumed to be innocent
of the charge against him. This presumption remains with him
throughout every stage of the trial and during your deliberations on
the verdict and is not overcome unless from all the evidence in this
case you are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that he is guilty.
The State has the burden of proving the guilt of the defendant
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beyond a reasonable doubt, and this burden remains on the State
throughout the case. The Defendant is not required to prove his
innocence.”
The record thus convinces us that the trial court complied with Rule 431(b) as to two of
the four Zehr principles, but that it only questioned the first jury panel as to whether they
understood and accepted the principle that defendant is not required to present evidence on his
own behalf, and it failed to question any of the jurors as to whether they understood or accepted
the principle that defendant’s failure to testify could not be held against him, and whether his
failure to do so would affect their ability to be fair and impartial. We therefore find error, as the
voir dire was incomplete. See Williams, slip op. at 6.
Next, the State maintains that, given overwhelming evidence of defendant’s guilt, the
court’s failure to ask the venire members whether they understood and accepted the principle that
defendant’s decision not to testify cannot be held against him as well as its failure to ask some of
the venire members whether the understood and accepted other Zehr principles was harmless
error. In doing so, the State relies on the reasoning of our supreme court in People v. Glasper,
234 Ill. 2d 173, 199-200 (2009), where that court, faced with similar issues to the one at bar but
guided by the pre-amended Rule 431(b), held that the trial court’s error was not a fundamental
one and that a harmless error analysis applied.
Defendant rejects the State’s assertion, based on Glasper, that the error is subject to
harmless error analysis and maintains that, under the second prong of the plain error doctrine, the
trial court’s failure to comply with Rule 431(b) denied him a substantial right, an impartial jury,
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and thus a fair trial, which requires automatic reversal. “[I]ssues raised on appeal are preserved
for review by objecting during trial and filing a written posttrial motion raising the alleged error
[citation], and when a defendant does not object at trial to a subsequently claimed error, a plain
error analysis is appropriate. Williams, slip op. at 7.
Under a plain error analysis, we may consider errors even though technically waived for
review where: (1) the evidence is closely balanced; or (2) the claimed error is of such magnitude
that there is a substantial risk the defendant was denied a fair and impartial trial. Herron, 215 Ill.
2d at 186-87.
Having established error, we consider whether the error denied defendant a substantial
right such that it requires automatic reversal under the second prong of the plain error doctrine, or
whether we may affirm defendant’s conviction if we find that the error was harmless, in light of
the evidence presented against him at trial.1 In doing so, we note that in a plain error analysis,
defendant bears the burden of persuasion as to whether the error was prejudicial to his case; and,
if that burden is not met, defendant’s conviction will stand. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d at 181-82.
We first consider whether the first prong has been satisfied. In doing so, we must
consider whether the outcome of defendant’s trial may have been affected by the trial court’s
failure to ask potential jurors if they accepted and understood that defendant had the right not to
1 At the time of this opinion, People v. Thompson, No. 1-07-2891 (July 16, 2009), appeal
allowed, 234 Ill. 2d 547 (2009), is pending before our supreme court. In Thompson, the First
District, in an unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23, held that a violation of Rule
431(b) constituted plain error under the second prong, triggering automatic reversal.
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testify, and by the trial court’s failure to ask some of the potential jurors if they accepted and
understood that defendant was not required to offer evidence on his own behalf. The defendant
must establish that the error alone could have led to his conviction. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d at 186-87.
Defendant has not met this burden. The evidence here was not closely balanced, where
multiple narcotics task force police officers testified that defendant sold drugs and $20 of pre-
recorded funds were found in defendant’s possession upon his arrest. Specifically, Officer
Evangelides testified that he was the designated “buy” officer, who was responsible for
purchasing street drugs with prerecorded bills. Officer Evangelides testified that, as he
approached defendant on the street on the day in question, defendant asked him if he was
“looking for blows,” a street term for heroin. Officer Evangelides said yes and purchased two
baggies containing tinfoil packets of suspected heroin for $20. He paid for these drugs with the
prerecorded bills. Officer Evangelides identified defendant in open court as the person who sold
him drugs. Officer Rivera testified that he was part of the narcotics unit involved in the
controlled drug purchase on the day in question, and he recovered the $20 prerecorded bill from
defendant’s front pocket. Officer Srisuth testified that he observed Officer Evangelides talk with
defendant and then saw defendant hand a small item to Officer Evangelides in exchange for
money. Defendant testified that he did not sell drugs to Officer Evangelides and did not, in fact,
talk with anybody other than Adams before his arrest. He testified that Adams paid him $20 for
work he had performed on his car the previous day, and he denied having sold drugs as well as
knowing of drug sales in the area. The evidence here was not closely balanced and, accordingly,
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does not rise to the level of a first-prong plain error exception.
We now consider whether the second prong under the plain error analysis has been
satisfied. In resolving this issue, we observe that whether a violation of Rule 431(b) is a second-
prong plain error is the source of divergent lines of cases in this court. Our supreme court has
issued supervisory orders on both sides of the issue, directing that appellate decisions be
reconsidered in light of Glasper. See People v. Hammonds, No. 1-08-0194, slip op. at 53
(February 11, 2010) (listing the cases vacated by our supreme court).
Upon further review of the cases in the wake of Glasper, there remains a split in authority
among the districts of this appellate court, as well as among the divisions of the court within this
district. Those cases that have found that a trial court’s failure to comply with Rule 431(b)
denies a defendant a substantial right and a fair trial, thus obviating the need for a harmless error
inquiry, include: Graham, 393 Ill. App. 3d at 275 (First District, first division 2009); Anderson II,
No. 1-07-1768, slip op. at 6 (First District, first division 2010) (reached the same result after
reviewing the case in light of Glasper); People v. Wilmington, 394 Ill. App. 3d 567, 575 (1st
Dist., 4th Div. 2009) (plain error requiring reversal and remand for a new trial); and People v.
Madrid, 395 Ill. App. 3d 38, 46-48 (First District, fourth division 2009) (agreeing with
Wilmington).
Other divisions have found the reasoning of Glasper applicable to the revised rule, and
concluded that the error in admonishments was not a fundamental one, and, therefore, was
subject to a harmless error analysis. These cases include: People v. Wheeler, No. 1-08-1370, slip
op. at 20 (First District, first division 2010); People v. Haynes, No. 1-08-0805, slip op. at 19
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(First District, second division 2010); and People v. Magallanes, 397 Ill. App. 3d 72, 83-84 (1st
Dist., 3rd Div. 2009) (trial court’s failure to comply with Rule 431(b) does not mandate
automatic reversal, either under harmless error or plain error analysis; rather, an analysis of the
facts and circumstances of each particular case is required to determine wither defendant was
denied a fair trial); Williams, slip op. at 10 (First District, fourth division 2010) (holding, under
the distinct facts of the case, that the trial court’s failure to comply with Rule 431(b) did not
affect the integrity of the judicial process); Hammonds, No. 1-08-0194, slip op. at 53-54 (First
District, sixth division 2010) (applying a harmless error analysis to the trial court’s failure to
strictly comply with Rule 431(b) and concluding that, in light of the overwhelming evidence of
defendant’s guilt, the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt).
The Fourth Division of this court recently considered a similar issue in Williams, where
the defendant testified at trial, was convicted, and later argued on appeal that he was prejudiced
where the court, in contravention of Rule 431(b), failed to admonish the jury that his failure to
present evidence on his own behalf could not be held against him. In Williams, we found no
second-prong plain error, and stated:
“This is analogous to a situation in which a trial court does
not inform a defendant of his right to a jury trial but he has
a jury trial and is convicted. If a defendant actually has a
jury trial, he cannot then appeal an unfavorable verdict on
the grounds that the trial court did not inform him that he
had a right to a jury trial.” Williams, slip op. at 9-10 (First
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District, fourth division 2010).
We find Williams analogous to the case at bar, where defendant presented evidence through his
own testimony and cannot, now, argue that he was prejudiced when the court failed to properly
inform the jury that, if defendant did not present evidence or did not testify, it could not be held
against him. No plain error occurred in this case, and reversal is not required.
II. Closing Arguments
Next, defendant contends that he was denied his right to a fair trial based on prosecutorial
error during closing arguments. Specifically, defendant argues that he was prejudiced when the
prosecution made the following statements during closing arguments:
“[PROSECUTOR]: When this man goes to work each day
he doesn’t go to an office building like most people do. * * * This
Defendant sets up shop next to Spencer Elementary School. And
there he goes to do his work by selling drugs.”
And:
“[PROSECUTOR]: The Defendant is a drug dealer and he
deals drugs next to a school. Put him out of business and find him
guilty.”
And, in rebuttal, the State responded to defendant’s arguments regarding a lack of fingerprint
evidence:
“[PROSECUTOR]: I’m sure you figured out by now this is not
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CSI. It is not TV. It really doesn’t work that way. Certainly we
are not as efficient as TV. But anyway, this resembles CSI as
much as [NASA] space travel resembles Star [Trek].”
Defendant argues that the first and second complained-of comments prejudiced defendant, “as
they suggested past illegal conduct and plans of future illegal conduct that were never introduced
into evidence.” He argues that the third complained-of comment was an attempt to downplay
“the lack of physical evidence against [defendant] by discrediting techniques commonly viewed
on the popular television program CSI,” which “lowered the jury’s expectation of the amount of
evidence needed to convict [defendant], thereby lessening their own burden of proof.”
Initially, we note that defendant has forfeited this issue by failing to object at trial and
failing to include it in his posttrial motion. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d at 186 (failure to properly preserve
an alleged error by both an objection at trial and a written posttrial motion constitutes a
procedural default of that error on review). Defendant admits that he failed to properly preserve
this issue for appeal, but urges us to consider it as plain error on the bases that substantial rights
are involved and that the evidence was closely balanced. 134 Ill. 2d R. 615; Herron, 215 Ill. 2d
at 186-87 (plain error rule permits consideration of errors even though technically waived for
review where the evidence is closely balanced or where the claimed error is of such magnitude
that there is a substantial risk that the defendant was denied a fair and impartial trial). We first
consider whether any error occurred at all. People v. Durr, 215 Ill. 2d 283, 299 (2005).
A prosecutor is allowed wide latitude during closing arguments. People v. Nieves, 193
Ill. 2d 513, 532-33 (2000). A prosecutor may comment on the evidence presented at trial, as well
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as any fair, reasonable inferences therefrom, even if such inferences reflect negatively on the
defendant. People v. Nicholas, 218 Ill. 2d 104, 121 (2006). Remarks made during closing
arguments must be examined in the context of those made by both the defense and the
prosecution, and must always be based upon the evidence presented or reasonable inferences
drawn therefrom. People v. Coleman, 201 Ill. App. 3d 803, 807 (1990). The character and scope
of closing argument are left largely to the discretion of the trial court, and we will not disturb its
decision absent an abuse of that discretion. See People v. Aleman, 313 Ill. App. 3d 51, 66-67
(2000). We will only reverse a conviction on the ground of improper argument if the challenged
comments constituted a material factor in the conviction, without which the jury might have
reached a different verdict. See Aleman, 313 Ill. App. 3d at 66-67. “The dispositive question in
the case at bar, therefore, is whether the prosecutor’s argument resulted in substantial prejudice
to defendant and constituted a material factor in his convictions without which the jury’s verdict
might have been different.” Aleman, 313 Ill. App. 3d at 67. Here, contrary to defendant's
assertions, we do not believe the complained-of comments deprived defendant of a fair trial or
constituted such factor that the jury would have reached a different verdict in the absence of
those comments. Accordingly, we find no plain error.
Regarding the first and second complained-of comments, the evidence showed that
defendant was selling drugs near a school when he was arrested. We find no error where it was a
reasonable inference that he was there to make money off of selling drugs. See People v. Bell,
343 Ill. App. 3d 110, 115 (2003) (“[a] prosecutor may comment on the evidence and may draw
all legitimate inferences from the evidence, even if unfavorable to the defendant”).
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Regarding the third complained-of comment, distinguishing the evidence in defendant’s
case from that found in the television program CSI, we also find no error. Rather, the CSI
comment was a benign reference to the jurors’ common knowledge that this was not an
investigatory television mystery, but rather a real-world criminal case supported by
overwhelming evidence of defendant’s guilt. Moreover, this comment was clearly invited by
defendant’s closing argument and trial strategy. See Coleman, 201 Ill. App. 3d at 807 (remarks
made during closing arguments must be examined in the context of those made by both the
defense and the prosecution, and must always be based upon the evidence presented or
reasonable inferences drawn therefrom). During his cross-examination of Cotelia Fulcher, who
testified as an expert in the identification of heroin, defense counsel repeatedly questioned
Fulcher as to why she did not obtain fingerprint evidence from the recovered heroin packets.
Then, during closing arguments, defense counsel argued:
“[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Ms. Fulcher testified. She told
you that in the facility where she works they can do fingerprint
evidence. But she also told you that they won’t do it unless the
officers who recovered the evidence requested it. They didn’t
request that. You have to think new [sic]. How simple would it
have been to fingerprint those bags. Then you wouldn’t have to be
guessing out there.”
In response, the State argued in rebuttal:
“[PROSECUTOR]: I’m sure you figured out by now this is
17 No. 1-08-2609
not CSI. It is not TV. It really doesn’t work that way. Certainly
we are not as efficient as TV. But anyway this resembles CSI as
The State’s comment was clearly invited by and in response to defense counsel’s questions at
trial and comments in closing arguments, as well as based on the evidence adduced at trial.
While we do not find these complained-of comments improper, we note that, even if they
were, improper arguments can be corrected by proper jury instructions, which carry more weight
than the arguments of counsel. People v. Lawler, 142 Ill. 2d 548, 564 (1991); People v.
Chapman, 262 Ill. App. 3d 439, 456 (1992). Moreover, any possible prejudicial impact is greatly
diminished by the court’s instructions that closing arguments are not evidence. See People v.
Perry, 224 Ill. 2d 312, 348 (2007). Here, the court properly instructed the jury. Before closing
arguments began, the trial court instructed the jury:
“[THE COURT]: What the lawyers say during these closing
arguments is not evidence, and should not be considered by you as
evidence.”
At the end of closing arguments, the trial court instructed the jury:
“[THE COURT]: The law that applies in this case is stated
in these instructions. * * * The State has the burden of proving the
guilt of the defendant beyond a reasonable doubt, and this burden
remains on the State throughout the case. The defendant is not
required to prove his innocence.”
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We do not believe the complained-of comments were error. Moreover, even if they were error,
the error was cured by the admonishments given by the trial court.
III. Excessive Sentence
Next, defendant contends that his sentence is excessive. Defendant was sentenced, based
on his criminal history, as a mandatory Class X offender. 730 ILCS 5/5-5-3 (West 2008).
Defendant does not contest his mandatory Class X sentencing status, but argues that his eight-
year sentence should be reduced to the minimum six-year sentence. Specifically, defendant
argues that this court should reduce his sentence because of: (1) the nonviolent nature of the
crime; (2) the fact that his prior criminal history was primarily drug-related; (3) the hardship his
wife and children will endure, as he was the children’s primary caregiver during summer months;
(4) and his rehabilitative potential as evidenced by his drug addiction and subsequent
rehabilitation once incarcerated. We disagree.
A trial court has broad discretion in determining an appropriate sentence. People v.
Patterson, 217 Ill. 2d 407, 447-48 (2005). A reviewing court will reverse the trial court's
sentencing determination only where the trial court has abused its discretion. Patterson, 217 Ill.
2d at 448. A sentence within the statutory range does not constitute an abuse of discretion unless
it varies greatly from the purpose of the law or is manifestly disproportionate to the nature of the
offense. People v. Henderson, 354 Ill. App. 3d 8, 19 (2004). The trial court may appropriately
consider the defendant's credibility, demeanor, general moral character, mentality, social
environment, habits, and age when sentencing a defendant. People v. Fern, 189 Ill. 2d 48, 53
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(1999). Where mitigating evidence is presented to the trial court, it is presumed, absent some
indication other than the sentence itself to the contrary, that the court considered it. People v.
Benford, 349 Ill. App. 3d 721, 735 (2004). When determining the propriety of a particular
sentence, we cannot substitute our judgment for that of the trial court simply because we would
weigh the sentencing factors differently. Fern, 189 Ill. 2d at 53.
The sentencing range for a Class X felony is 6 to 30 years’ imprisonment. 730 ILCS 5/5-
8-1 (West 2008). Defendant was sentenced to eight years’ imprisonment.
At sentencing, the State argued in aggravation that defendant was a member of a street
gang and has an extensive criminal history, including four convictions for possession of a
controlled substance, as well as one for burglary. The State also argued that defendant has
multiple children but does not pay child support. The State asked the court to sentence defendant
for “significant penitentiary time.”
In mitigation, defense counsel argued that defendant’s criminal history includes mostly
drug matters and that he was a drug addict who was seeking treatment. Defense counsel
submitted two letters from the Chicagoland Prison Outreach stating that defendant had
participated in the Life Skills Program and showing defendant’s “willingness and his interest in
changing his life and becoming a better person.” Defense counsel noted for the court that
defendant had five children and that this case involved only a small amount of drugs.
In sentencing defendant, the court stated it had taken into consideration the presentencing
investigation report, as well as “all the factors in aggravation and mitigation,” defendant’s
criminal history, and the arguments of counsel. Absent evidence to the contrary, we presume the
20 No. 1-08-2609
trial court considered the above mitigating evidence. See Benford, 349 Ill. App. 3d at 735.
Based on this record, which establishes that the trial court reviewed defendant’s pre-
sentence investigation report, considered appropriate mitigating and aggravating factors, and
sentenced defendant to a term within the permissible sentencing range, we find that the trial court
did not abuse its discretion.
IV. Presentence Credit
Next, defendant contends and the State properly agrees that the mittimus should be
modified to correctly reflect the appropriate number of days he served in presentencing custody.
There is a split in authority among the various districts of this court regarding whether a
defendant should receive credit for the day he is sentenced. Recently, however, the sixth division
of this district held that a defendant is not entitled to presentence custody credit for the day on
which he is remanded to the Department of Corrections. People v. Jones, 397 Ill. App. 3d 651
(2009). We agree. The Jones court relied on People v. Williams, 394 Ill. App. 3d 480 (2009)2,
which held: “[A] defendant is not entitled to credit for the day of sentencing if the mittimus is
issued effective that same day.” Williams, 394 Ill. App. 3d at 483.
Here, the mittimus was issued on August 12, 2008, the same day that defendant was
sentenced. Accordingly, defendant is not entitled to credit for that day. He is, however, entitled
to credit for 376 days of presentence custody, as the record reflects that defendant was arrested
2 At the time of this opinion, People v. Williams, 394 Ill. App. 3d 480 (2009), appeal
allowed, 235 Ill. 2d 603 (2010), is pending before our supreme court.
21 No. 1-08-2609
on August 2, 2007, and sentenced on August 12, 2008. The mittimus incorrectly reflects a credit
of 372 days. Pursuant to our authority under Supreme Court Rule 615(b)(1), we order the clerk
of the circuit court to correct the mittimus to reflect a credit of 376 days of presentencing
custody. 134 Ill. 2d R. 615(b)(1); People v. McCray, 273 Ill. App. 3d 396, 403 (1995).
V. Fines and Fees
Next, defendant contends that his fees order must be amended because several of the fees
assessed against him were improperly imposed. Specifically, he claims that the following fees
assessed against him were improper: the DNA analysis fee (730 ILCS 5/5-4/3(j) (West 2008));
the $50 court system fee (55 ILCS 5/5-1101(c) (West 2008)); and the $5 court system fee (55
ILCS 5/5-1101(a) (West 2008)).
Defendant contends that the trial court improperly assessed the DNA analysis fee
pursuant to section 5-4-3(j) of the Unified Code of Corrections (730 ILCS 5/5-4-3(j) (West
2008)). He argues that he should not be required to pay for DNA collection, analysis, or storage
due to his prior felony convictions.3 Specifically, he urges us to hold that, since he submitted
DNA previously, requiring him to do so now is in contravention of the statute, which intends
only a “single, one-time fee.”
3 Initially, defendant presented this argument without documentation. Upon submitting
his reply brief, however, he also submitted a motion to supplement the record, which included
the sentencing order from a prior conviction. We granted the motion. That sentencing order
reflects that defendant was required to submit his DNA and was assessed a fee for doing so.
22 No. 1-08-2609
Defendant provided a DNA sample following an earlier conviction. “[T]he obvious
purpose of the statute is to collect from a convicted defendant a DNA profile to be stored in a
database. See 730 ILCS 5/5-4-3(e) (West 2006). Once a defendant has submitted a DNA
sample, requiring additional samples would serve no purpose.” People v. Evangelista, 393 Ill.
App. 3d 395, 399 (2009). Accordingly, the $200 DNA analysis fee (730 ILCS 5/5-4-3(j) (West
2008)) must be vacated.
Next, defendant claims that the $50 court system fee that was imposed should be vacated
because it is unauthorized pursuant to section 5-1101(b) of the Counties Code (55 ILCS 5/5-
1101(b) (West 2008)). Defendant errs in this reasoning, however, because the $50 court system
fee imposed in this case is authorized by section 5-110(c) of the same statute (55 ILCS 5/5-
1101(c) (West 2008)). Specifically, that statute authorizes:
“(c) A fee to be paid by the defendant on a judgment of
guilty or a grant of supervision [under Section 5-9-1 of the Unified
Code of Corrections] as follows:
(1) for a felony, $50[.]”
Accordingly, the court system fee may be levied against a person for a judgment of guilt or grant
of supervision. Defendant was convicted of delivery of a controlled substance, which is a felony.
Therefore, the $50 fee is appropriate.
Finally, defendant claims, the State concedes, and we agree that the $5 court system fee
(55 ILCS 5/5-1101(a) (West 2008)) must be vacated because his narcotics conviction is not
related to the Illinois Vehicle Code or a similar municipal ordinance. See 55 ILCS 5/5-1101(a)
23 No. 1-08-2609
(West 2008); People v. Price, 375 Ill. App. 3d 684, 698 (2007).
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court and modify the
mittimus.
Affirmed as modified.
TOOMIN, P.J., and HOWSE, J., concur.
24 No. 1-08-2609
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ REPORTER OF DECISIONS - ILLINOIS APPELLATE COURT (Front Sheet to be Attached to Each Case) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Please use the following form PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
PRIEST WILLIS,
Defendant-Appellant. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ No. 1-08-2609 Docket No. Appellate Court of Illinois COURT First District, FIFTH Division Opinion Filed May 21, 2010 (Give month, day and year) __________________________________________________________________________________________ JUSTICE JAMES FITZGERALD SMITH DELIVERED THE OPINION OF THE COURT: JUSTICES Toomin, P.J., and Howse, J., concur.
Lower Court and Trial Judge(s) in form indicated in margin: APPEAL from the Circuit Court of Cook Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County. County; the Hon________ Judge Presiding. The Hon. John P. Kirby, Judge presiding. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Indicate if attorney represents APPELLANTS or APPELLEES and include attorney's of counsel. Indicate the word or FOR APPELLANTS NONE if not represented. John Doe, of Chicago
For APPELLEES, : APPELLANT: STATE APPELLATE DEFENDER, Chicago, IL., MICHAEL J. PELLETIER, State Appellate Defender; PATRICIA UNSINN, Deputy Defender, DEEPA PUNJABI, Assistant Appellate Defender. _________________________________ __ Smith and Smith of Chicago, APPELLEE (PETITIONER): STATE'S ATTORNEY, COUNTY OF COOK, Chicago, IL, ANITA ALVAREZ, State's Attorney; ALLAN J. SPELLBERG, MARY L. BOLAND, Assistant State's Attorneys
__________________________________________________________________________________________________ (Joseph Brown, of counsel) Add attorneys for third- party appellants and/or appellees.