Filed 3/11/16 P. v. Walters CA4/1
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COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D069235
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. FVI1301746)
JEREMY DANIEL WALTERS,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Bernardino County, John
M. Tomberlin, Judge. Affirmed.
Alan S. Yockelson, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Arlene A. Sevidal and Elizabeth
M. Carino, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent. A jury convicted Jeremy Daniel Walters of first degree murder (Pen. Code,1 §187,
subd. (a)) and felon in possession of a firearm (§ 29800, subd. (a)). The jury also found
the firearm enhancement allegations in the murder count to be true. The jury acquitted
Walter of making criminal threats (§ 422). After a bench trial, the court found that
Walters had suffered eight prison priors, one of which also constituted a strike and a
serious felony prior. The court sentenced Walters to a total prison term of 93 years to
life.
On appeal, Walters contends there was insufficient evidence of premeditation and
deliberation to support his conviction of first degree murder, and therefore his conviction
must be reduced to second degree murder.2 We disagree because substantial evidence
supports the jury's finding.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
A. The People's Case
Paul Inman lived in a house in Apple Valley, California, with his family and his
girlfriend, Tiffany Rust. Inman was friends with Steve Worthington, whom he had
known for several years.
1 Unless otherwise indicated, all statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2 In his opening brief, Walters also asserted that his 2008 conviction for receiving stolen property would have been a misdemeanor if Proposition 47 had been in effect at the time of the offense, and therefore it cannot be considered a felony for purpose of a section 667.5, subdivision (b) enhancement. However, in his reply brief, Walters withdrew that argument in light of People v. Diaz (2015) 238 Cal.App.4th 1323. 2 In June 2013 Worthington, Kimberly Frech, Inman, and Walters were all friends.
Frech had previously dated Walters for a short time.
In early June 2013 the electricity was turned off at Worthington's house. Inman
owned a portable generator, which he loaned to Worthington.
On June 11, 2013, Worthington discovered the generator was gone, apparently
stolen from his home. Walters had been asking about the generator the night before, so
Worthington suspected that Walters stole the generator. Worthington spoke to Walters
on the telephone that day about the generator, and then Worthington and Frech drove by
Walters's house to look for the generator, but did not see it there.
Late in the afternoon or early evening of June 11, Worthington and Frech drove to
Inman's house. Worthington parked his truck in front of the gate.
Inman was packing belongings because he was preparing to move out of the
house. Inman asked Worthington if he wanted some spare motorcycle parts from his
garage. Worthington, Frech, Inman, and Rust went into the detached garage behind
Inman's house to look for the parts.
Inman gave Worthington a test lead, which is a wire to test voltage, and a test
light, which looks like a 16-inch screwdriver made of steel and plastic. Worthington held
onto the test lead and gave the test light to Frech. The group walked towards the front of
the house where Inman's motorcycle was parked.
At about the same time, Walters and his girlfriend, Shannon Craddock, drove up to
Inman's house. Walters knew that Worthington would be at Inman's house. Several
hours before, Inman's mother called Craddock on the telephone and told her that
3 Worthington and Frech were visiting. Walters was armed with a revolver he concealed
under his shirt.
Walters parked his SUV directly behind Worthington's truck, making a "T" with
the two vehicles. This blocked Worthington's truck. Rust went back inside the house
while Inman, Worthington, and Frech remained outside.
Walters and Craddock walked quickly up the driveway, greeted Inman, and then
walked into the house. Frech was scared because she and Craddock did not get along.
The two women had a "confrontation" at Worthington's house two or three days earlier.
Frech feared that Craddock was going to beat her up.
Inman and Worthington continued talking and working on Inman's motorcycle
while Frech stood next to them. When Walters and Craddock exited the house, Walters
told Craddock to "go get her"—referring to Frech. Craddock emptied her pockets,
handing her cigarettes and other belongings to Walters, and began walking very fast
towards Frech, who was standing next to Inman.
Frech called out Inman's name ("Paul, Paul") and she tried to hide behind him as
Craddock approached. Inman told both women, "[N]ot here."
While Inman was trying to keep Craddock apart from Frech, Walters punched
Worthington in the face. Worthington took two steps back, and holding his face said,
"Why did you do that for? I did not do anything to you."
Walters replied, "What do you think[,] I'm some kind of a punk?" Walters then
pulled the revolver from his waist and pointed it at Worthington. Inman said, "Dude,
what are you doing? Put that away." Inman had never seen Walters with a gun before.
4 Standing only a few feet away from Worthington, Walters replied, "I can't.
Sorry," and Walters then shot Worthington in the face. The .38-caliber bullet entered
near Worthington's left nostril, traveled through his brain to the back of the skull, and
killed him instantly. Walters turned to Inman and said, "Sorry." Gunpowder residue on
Worthington's face indicated that Walters shot Worthington from less than a foot away.
Frech ran into the house screaming, afraid Walters was going to kill her next.
Walters went into the house and said, "[J]ust say it was a drive by."
Inman's mother told Walters to get out, and Walters and Craddock left Inman's
house and drove to Walters's uncle's house, which was nearby. Walters hid his SUV in
his uncle's garage.
The next morning, police arrested Walters at his cousin's home. After entering the
home, officers cautiously approached Walters, who appeared to be sleeping on a living
room couch. Because Walters was a murder suspect who was possibly armed, the
officers grabbed Walters and pulled him down to the hardwood floor. When Walters was
noncompliant, in an effort to subdue him, an officer punched Walters several times in the
face. At the police station, Walters complained that the arresting officers had injured his
face, head, hand, and back. In a recorded interview after his arrest, Walters stated he
"didn't have no other markings" on his face before his arrest.
Police photographed the injuries Walters received during his arrest. At trial, the
deputy district attorney showed some of those photographs to Walters's uncle, who, when
seeing them, exclaimed, "Wow," and testified he did not see Walters with those injuries
immediately after the shooting.
5 After obtaining a search warrant, police searched the home where Walters was
arrested. Inside the bedroom closet, police found a box of ammunition that was missing
six .38-caliber rounds. Police never located Walters's gun. Walters testified that after the
shooting, he threw the gun in a vacant field near Inman's house.
B. The Defense Case
Walters testified in his own defense. He told the jury that he and Chaddock drove
to Inman's house to help Inman's mother pack up to move. He brought the loaded gun for
protection after being threatened by unnamed people who were friends with Inman and
Frech. Walters testified that he always traveled armed "for protection."
Walters testified that Worthington never accused him of stealing the generator,
and there was no animosity between himself and Worthington. According to Walters, he
told Worthington that the generator was not stolen; rather, Inman had taken the generator
back himself.
Walters testified that after he and Craddock arrived at Inman's house, Walters
asked Worthington to move his truck so Walters could park closer to the house, since he
was helping Inman's mother pack up to move. Frech said they would move the truck
when they were ready, which started an argument between Frech and Craddock. After
Walters made a sarcastic remark about Frech, Worthington repeated Frech's remark, that
they would move their truck when they were ready to leave.
Next, Worthington charged towards Walters, rushing towards him. Walters took a
step back and punched Worthington in the face. Walters testified, "[I]t was like he was
charging me. What else was I to do?" Walters said to Worthington, "[W]hat the hell's
6 wrong with you? What's up with that?" As Walters was saying that, Inman came from
the side and punched Walters in the left temple. As Walters bent over as a result of that
punch, Worthington and Inman hit him about 10 more times in the head, and then
Worthington kneed him twice in the face, breaking his teeth.3
Walters testified that to protect himself, he stood up, pulled the gun from his
waistband, placed his finger on the trigger and pointed it at Worthington and Inman, who
were standing about two feet away. Worthington grabbed Walters's arm, and Walters
shot Worthington in the face. Walters testified that he suffered numerous facial
injuries—scratches, redness, and swelling—from Worthington's and Inman's attack on
him.
DISCUSSION
I. SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE FIRST DEGREE MURDER CONVICTION
Walters contends the evidence was insufficient to support the jury's finding of
premeditation and deliberation. He asserts there was "no evidence" he came to Inman's
house "with a plan to kill Worthington." He contends the fact that he punched
Worthington first, before shooting him, requires that any premeditation or deliberation
must have taken place "in the moment between the punch and when appellant pulled the
3 The pathologist who performed the autopsy on Worthington found blood on Worthington's right knee and shin, which was consistent with blood having dripped from the facial wound, not a knee injury. Worthington had no wounds or contusions on his arms and hands.
7 trigger without a preconceived plan." Walters argues that even his statement, "I can't.
Sorry," shows only that he acted "on a rash impulse" and not preexisting reflection.
An appellant challenging the sufficiency of the evidence "bears an enormous
burden." (People v. Sanchez (2003) 113 Cal.App.4th 325, 330.) It is the jury's exclusive
province to assess the credibility of the witnesses and draw reasonable inferences from
the evidence. (Ibid.) We must affirm the judgment if substantial evidence supports the
finding on premeditation and deliberation. (People v. Perez (1992) 2 Cal.4th 1117, 1124
(Perez).) Substantial evidence is evidence of legal significance, reasonable in nature,
credible, and of solid value. (Ibid.) One witness, if believed by the jury, is sufficient to
sustain a verdict. (People v. Watts (1999) 76 Cal.App.4th 1250, 1258-1259.) "We
presume every fact in support of the judgment the trier of fact could have reasonably
deduced from the evidence. [Citation.] If the circumstances reasonably justify the trier
of fact's findings, reversal of the judgment is not warranted simply because the
circumstances might also reasonably be reconciled with a contrary finding. [Citation.]
'A reviewing court neither reweighs evidence nor reevaluates a witness's credibility.'"
(People v. Albillar (2010) 51 Cal.4th 47, 60.)
Review of evidence supporting a finding of premeditation and deliberation
involves consideration of the evidence presented and all logical inferences from that
evidence in light of the legal definition of premeditation and deliberation. (Perez, supra,
2 Cal.4th at p. 1124.) Deliberation refers to the actor carefully weighing considerations
in forming a course of action; premeditation means the actor thought over those
considerations in advance. (People v. Halvorsen (2007) 42 Cal.4th 379, 419.) The
8 process of premeditation and deliberation does not require any extended period of time.
"'"The true test is not the duration of time as much as it is the extent of the reflection.
Thoughts may follow each other with great rapidity and cold, calculated judgment may
be arrived at quickly."'" (People v. Koontz (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1041, 1080.)
Our Supreme Court has identified "'"three categories of evidence relevant to
resolving the issue of premeditation and deliberation: planning activity, motive, and
manner of killing."'" (People v. Lee (2011) 51 Cal.4th 620, 636.) However, "[t]hese
three categories are merely a framework for appellate review; they need not be present in
some special combination or afforded special weight, nor are they exhaustive." (People
v. Booker (2011) 51 Cal.4th 141, 173.)
Here, the strongest evidence of premeditation and deliberation is contained in
Inman's testimony about the manner in which the shooting occurred. As Inman testified,
with no provocation, Walters punched Worthington in the face. When Walters then drew
his gun, Inman pleaded with Walters not to shoot by saying, "Dude, what are you doing?
Put that away." Walters rejected Inman's plea by saying, "I can't. Sorry," and by
shooting Worthington point-blank in the face.
Worthington was unarmed and he had made no threats. Walters's decision to
shoot Worthington in the head—despite pleas by Inman that he not do so—is substantial
evidence that Walters had an opportunity to think over and weigh his course of action
before acting, and that he actually deliberated and decided to kill. (See People v.
Saterfield (1967) 65 Cal.2d 752, 759 [evidence was sufficient to support a finding of
premeditation and deliberation where the defendant shot the victim in the head at close
9 range after rejecting pleas not to do so]; People v. Bolin (1998) 18 Cal.4th 297, 320
[evidence of victim's pleas for his life were particularly relevant to the issue of the
defendant's premeditation].) Moreover, the dialogue between Inman and Walters (Inman:
"Put that away"; Walters: "I can't. Sorry") shows Walters deliberated before he chose to
kill. Walters heard Inman's plea, thought about it, rejected it, and apologized for deciding
to kill.
Walters contends that because he punched Worthington in the face before shooting
him, "any premeditation or deliberation had to have taken place in the moment between
the punch and when [Walters] pulled the trigger . . . ." Walters's argument is incorrect.
The whole course of conduct indicated a plan to render Worthington vulnerable by
first punching him in the face, and then shooting him. "The utter lack of provocation by
the victim is a strong factor supporting the conclusion that [Walters's] attack was
deliberately and reflectively conceived in advance." (People v. Lunafelix (1985) 168
Cal.App.3d 97, 102 (Lunafelix).) In any event, even assuming, for the sake of argument,
that Walters did not premeditate and deliberate about killing until after he punched
Worthington, "'[t]he true test is not the duration of time as much as it is the extent of the
reflection.' [Citations.] 'Thoughts may follow each other with great rapidity and cold,
calculated judgment may be arrived at quickly.'" (People v. Solomon (2010) 49 Cal.4th
792, 813.) Here, after Walters punched Worthington, Inman pleaded with Walters to put
his gun away, saying, "Dude, what are you doing? Put that away." Walters' response, "I
can't. Sorry," shows Walters considered what to do, and determined as a result of careful
thought to kill Worthington.
10 Additional support for the finding of premeditation and deliberation is provided by
the evidence of Walters's possible motive for the shooting. Earlier in the day,
Worthington accused Walters of stealing Inman's generator. After Walters punched
Worthington in the face, Worthington asked, "Why did you do that for?" Walters replied,
"What do you think[,] I'm some kind of punk?" and then pulled the gun from his
waistband. The jury could reasonably conclude that Walters was angry with Worthington
for what Walters perceived as an unfair accusation of stealing Inman's generator. Anger
is sufficient to establish motive, even where the motive may appear senseless. "[T]he law
does not require that a first degree murderer have a 'rational' motive for killing. Anger at
the way the victim talked to him [citation] or any motive, 'shallow and distorted but, to
the perpetrator, genuine' may be sufficient." (Lunafelix, supra, 168 Cal.App.3d at p. 102;
People v. Miranda (1987) 44 Cal.3d 57, 87 [anger as motive sufficient where defendant
testified he became angry over victim's repeated refusal to sell him beer, "believ[ing they]
were being rude to him," overruled on other grounds in People v. Marshall (1990) 50
Cal.3d 907, 933, fn. 4; People v. Arcega (1982) 32 Cal.3d 504, 519 [defendant motivated
to kill because he felt anger and frustration by what he perceived as the victim's unfair
and cruel treatment of him].)
The jury could also reasonably have inferred premeditation and deliberation from
the manner of killing—a point blank .38-caliber shot into Worthington's face. "'[A]
close-range gunshot to the face is arguably sufficiently "particular and exacting" to
permit an inference that defendant was acting according to a preconceived design.'"
(People v. Cage (2015) 62 Cal.4th 256, 277.) "[A] close-range shooting without any
11 provocation or evidence of struggle reasonably supports an inference of premeditation
and deliberation." (Id., citing People v. Thompson (2010) 49 Cal.4th 79, 114-115.)
"'[The] fact that defendant brought his loaded gun . . . to the [location] and shortly
thereafter used it to kill an unarmed victim reasonably suggests that defendant considered
the possibility of murder in advance.'" (People v. Adcox (1988) 47 Cal.3d 207, 240.)
Walters contends there was "no evidence" that he came to Inman's house with a
plan to kill Worthington. However, Walters knew that Worthington was at Inman's house
that day. Earlier in the day, Worthington accused Walters of stealing the generator.
Walters then armed himself with a loaded gun before driving over to Inman's house.
Walters contends he armed himself for protection, but the jury could reasonably reject
that explanation. According to Walters, he went to Inman's house to help Inman's mother
pack up to move. But there was no evidence to suggest Walters could reasonably expect
to encounter a threat to his life while helping Inman's elderly mother pack. Moreover,
when arriving at Inman's house, Walters parked his SUV in a manner that blocked
Worthington from leaving. The jury could reasonably conclude from these facts that
Walters planned to kill Worthington before arriving at Inman's house.
Additionally, a jury could have inferred from the evidence of Walters's actions
after the shooting that he did not kill in self-defense, but rather was acting in the course of
a premeditated killing. Immediately after shooting Worthington, Walters was already
fabricating a possible defense: He told the witnesses to "say it was a drive-by," and he
disposed of the gun. Walters then drove to a nearby relative's home, where he hid his
12 vehicle in a garage. These actions hardly seem to reflect a person who had to kill in self-
defense.
Finally, the jury reasonably rejected Walters's claim of self-defense because it was
contradicted by all the relevant physical evidence. Walters's facial injuries were caused
by the arresting officers and not by Inman or Worthington. When Walters was asked
during a recorded interview whether his eye injury was sustained during his arrest, he
admitted that he had "no other markings" before his arrest. Walters's uncle exclaimed,
"Wow," when shown photographs of Walters's postarrest facial injuries and testified he
did not notice any such injuries when Walters was at his home immediately after the
murder. The autopsy showed that Worthington had no injuries to suggest he had been in
a fight.
Even Walters's own testimony was self-contradicting. At the end of his first day
of his testimony, Walters stated he shot Worthington by accident. Walters's attorney
asked him, "And you pulled that trigger intentionally, correct?" Walters replied, "It's
hard to—no, not really. [¶] . . . [¶] It just happened as I was pulling it back. . . . I was
tightening up and pulled the trigger at the same time I was tightening up, pulling my arm
back." Outside the jury's presence, the court asked Walters's lawyer whether the defense
was accident or self-defense, stating there was a "substantial suggestion by [Walters]
through his testimony that this was an accident." The next morning when trial resumed,
Walters testified he intentionally shot Worthington in self-defense, believing
Worthington was trying to wrestle his gun away from him. Walters's inability to keep
13 even his own story straight strongly supports the jury's conclusion his defense was
completely fabricated.
Citing People v. Boatman (2013) 221 Cal.App.4th 1253, where the Court of
Appeal found insufficient evidence to support a conviction for first degree murder,
Walters contends that here too, the evidence does not support the jury's finding of
premeditation and deliberation. However, the facts of Boatman are very different from
those here. In Boatman, the defendant shot his girlfriend while they were in a bedroom
of his family's home. The defendant gave different versions of what happened, all
involving an accidental shooting. Immediately after the shot, the defendant attempted to
give the victim mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and told his brother to call police. (Id. at
pp. 1259-1261.) The Boatman court concluded there was no planning evidence presented
and that the defendant's behavior after the shooting was "of someone horrified and
distraught about what he had done, not someone who had just fulfilled a preconceived
plan." (Id. at p. 1267.)
Walters's case is unlike Boatman, in which there was no evidence the defendant
had given any thought or consideration to killing. Instead, here, there was sufficient
evidence to establish Walters had a motive to kill Worthington, planned to kill him by
bringing a loaded handgun to Inman's house, pinned Worthington's vehicle so he could
not escape, rendered Worthington vulnerable by first punching him in the face, rejected
Inman's plea to not kill Worthington, and then fired point-blank into Worthington's face.
Moreover, following the shooting, Walters did not behave like someone horrified and
distraught at what he had done, but like someone who had just fulfilled a preconceived
14 plan. Walters made no attempt to aid Worthington or summon medical assistance, but
instead told witnesses to say it was a drive-by shooting, disposed of the murder weapon,
fled the murder scene, and hid, first at his uncle's house, and then at his cousin's.
In sum, the evidence here of planning, motive, and method all support the jury's
finding of premeditated and deliberate murder. (See People v. Proctor (1992) 4 Cal.4th
499, 529 ["When the record discloses evidence in all three categories, the verdict
generally will be sustained."].)
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NARES, Acting P. J.
WE CONCUR:
McINTYRE, J.
IRION, J.