OPINION OF THE COURT
G.B. Smith, J.
The issue in this case is whether a preindictment delay from July 11, 2000 to November 30, 2000 was properly excluded from time charged against the People when defense counsel engaged in plea negotiations during that period and sent a letter expressly waiving defendant’s speedy trial rights. We conclude that defendant waived his statutory speedy trial rights and that his constitutional speedy trial rights were not violated. The order of the Appellate Division should, therefore, be affirmed.
Defendant Matthew Waldron was arrested in the Village of Herkimer on January 23, 2000 after police obtained surveillance evidence showing he had engaged in several obscene acts with children. On February 1, 2000, the Herkimer Village Court ordered a psychiatric and competency exam pursuant to article 730 of the Criminal Procedure Law. The report was filed February 24, 2000.
On March 20, 2000, defendant’s assigned counsel was replaced by retained counsel, George Aney, who soon thereafter initiated negotiations with the prosecutor. At the outset, the District Attorney, Michael Daley, told Aney that if the children had to testify at a grand jury proceeding, the minimum offer would be a 20-year determinate sentence. According to Aney, he then began a deliberate strategy of delay, hoping that the District Attorney’s offer would improve with time, a tactic that Aney communicated to his client. Aney later testified that “[o]n more than one occasion,” he had conversations with District Attorney Daley indicating that he wished to waive the statutory time period in order to reserve the possibility of negotiating a better sentence for his client. In a letter dated July 11, 2000, Aney wrote to the District Attorney:
“In connection with the above captioned matter, I have been meeting with the defendant and his [466] father for the past few months regarding a possible disposition of this case without the necessity of requiring the children to testify before the Grand Jury. . . .
“In light of these undertakings, I would request, therefore, on behalf of the defendant who joins in this request, that we schedule a dispositional hearing date on or before September 15, 2000, and the defendant does hereby waive any speedy trial or other rights that he may have by your concurring with this request.”
Between July and November, Daley and Aney spoke frequently and, eventually, the District Attorney reduced the offer by eight years.
Defendant Waldron, nevertheless, sought and paid for the legal advice of another inmate, and on November 30, 2000, filed a pro se speedy trial motion and discharged Aney. In his pro se motion, he contended that he had been in custody 317 days without the commencement of a trial, in violation of CPL 30.30 (1) (a).1 Defendant was indicted on December 14, 2000 and arraigned on December 20, 2000, at which time the prosecutor announced his readiness for trial. The Herkimer County Court conducted a hearing on February 28, 2001 pursuant to the pro se CPL 30.30 motion. At the hearing, defendant contradicted Aney’s claims that he knew of the intentional delay strategy. The court denied defendant’s speedy trial motion.
On July 12, 2001, following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of sodomy in the first degree (three counts) (Penal Law former § 130.50 [3]), use of a child in a sexual performance (Penal Law § 263.05), promoting an obscene sexual performance by a child (Penal Law § 263.10) and possessing an obscene sexual performance by a child (Penal Law § 263.11). On August 30, 2001, he was sentenced to 17 years for each count of sodomy, with sentences to run consecutively. The sentence for promoting an obscene sexual performance by a child was V-fs to [467]*4674 years; for use of a child in a sexual performance, he received 3 to 9 years; and for possessing an obscene sexual performance by a child he received lVs to 4 years, which were to run concurrently with each other, but consecutive to the sentences imposed on the sodomy convictions.2
The Appellate Division modified the sentence but affirmed the conviction. The Court reasoned that the sentence was unduly harsh and modified the judgment by ordering the determinate terms of 17 years imposed on the second and third counts of the indictment to run consecutively, but all of the other terms to run concurrently with one another (13 AD3d 1074 [2004]).
The Appellate Division declined, however, to dismiss the indictment for a violation of speedy trial rights. The Court reasoned that defendant was not denied his statutory or constitutional rights to a speedy trial because between July 11 and November 30, 2000, Aney explicitly requested that the prosecution postpone the presentation of defendant’s case to the grand jury and expressly waived defendant’s speedy trial rights, “all for the purpose of pursuing a favorable plea bargain for defendant” (id. at 1075). The Court reasoned that this 142-day period, along with the 24 days needed for the psychiatric examination, rendered timely the People’s declaration of readiness. Additionally, the Court held Aney had the authority to bind defendant to the waiver, and the record established that defendant did consent to the delay. Two Justices dissented, reasoning that it was the People’s burden to show defendant waived his rights and these periods were excludable under CPL 30.30 (4). Furthermore, the dissenting Justices stated there was no contemporaneous record made “and absent such a record, the delay is chargeable to the People and the purported waiver of defendant’s speedy trial rights is ineffective” (id. at 1077). A Justice of the Appellate Division granted defendant permission to appeal. We now affirm.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
OPINION OF THE COURT
G.B. Smith, J.
The issue in this case is whether a preindictment delay from July 11, 2000 to November 30, 2000 was properly excluded from time charged against the People when defense counsel engaged in plea negotiations during that period and sent a letter expressly waiving defendant’s speedy trial rights. We conclude that defendant waived his statutory speedy trial rights and that his constitutional speedy trial rights were not violated. The order of the Appellate Division should, therefore, be affirmed.
Defendant Matthew Waldron was arrested in the Village of Herkimer on January 23, 2000 after police obtained surveillance evidence showing he had engaged in several obscene acts with children. On February 1, 2000, the Herkimer Village Court ordered a psychiatric and competency exam pursuant to article 730 of the Criminal Procedure Law. The report was filed February 24, 2000.
On March 20, 2000, defendant’s assigned counsel was replaced by retained counsel, George Aney, who soon thereafter initiated negotiations with the prosecutor. At the outset, the District Attorney, Michael Daley, told Aney that if the children had to testify at a grand jury proceeding, the minimum offer would be a 20-year determinate sentence. According to Aney, he then began a deliberate strategy of delay, hoping that the District Attorney’s offer would improve with time, a tactic that Aney communicated to his client. Aney later testified that “[o]n more than one occasion,” he had conversations with District Attorney Daley indicating that he wished to waive the statutory time period in order to reserve the possibility of negotiating a better sentence for his client. In a letter dated July 11, 2000, Aney wrote to the District Attorney:
“In connection with the above captioned matter, I have been meeting with the defendant and his [466] father for the past few months regarding a possible disposition of this case without the necessity of requiring the children to testify before the Grand Jury. . . .
“In light of these undertakings, I would request, therefore, on behalf of the defendant who joins in this request, that we schedule a dispositional hearing date on or before September 15, 2000, and the defendant does hereby waive any speedy trial or other rights that he may have by your concurring with this request.”
Between July and November, Daley and Aney spoke frequently and, eventually, the District Attorney reduced the offer by eight years.
Defendant Waldron, nevertheless, sought and paid for the legal advice of another inmate, and on November 30, 2000, filed a pro se speedy trial motion and discharged Aney. In his pro se motion, he contended that he had been in custody 317 days without the commencement of a trial, in violation of CPL 30.30 (1) (a).1 Defendant was indicted on December 14, 2000 and arraigned on December 20, 2000, at which time the prosecutor announced his readiness for trial. The Herkimer County Court conducted a hearing on February 28, 2001 pursuant to the pro se CPL 30.30 motion. At the hearing, defendant contradicted Aney’s claims that he knew of the intentional delay strategy. The court denied defendant’s speedy trial motion.
On July 12, 2001, following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of sodomy in the first degree (three counts) (Penal Law former § 130.50 [3]), use of a child in a sexual performance (Penal Law § 263.05), promoting an obscene sexual performance by a child (Penal Law § 263.10) and possessing an obscene sexual performance by a child (Penal Law § 263.11). On August 30, 2001, he was sentenced to 17 years for each count of sodomy, with sentences to run consecutively. The sentence for promoting an obscene sexual performance by a child was V-fs to [467]*4674 years; for use of a child in a sexual performance, he received 3 to 9 years; and for possessing an obscene sexual performance by a child he received lVs to 4 years, which were to run concurrently with each other, but consecutive to the sentences imposed on the sodomy convictions.2
The Appellate Division modified the sentence but affirmed the conviction. The Court reasoned that the sentence was unduly harsh and modified the judgment by ordering the determinate terms of 17 years imposed on the second and third counts of the indictment to run consecutively, but all of the other terms to run concurrently with one another (13 AD3d 1074 [2004]).
The Appellate Division declined, however, to dismiss the indictment for a violation of speedy trial rights. The Court reasoned that defendant was not denied his statutory or constitutional rights to a speedy trial because between July 11 and November 30, 2000, Aney explicitly requested that the prosecution postpone the presentation of defendant’s case to the grand jury and expressly waived defendant’s speedy trial rights, “all for the purpose of pursuing a favorable plea bargain for defendant” (id. at 1075). The Court reasoned that this 142-day period, along with the 24 days needed for the psychiatric examination, rendered timely the People’s declaration of readiness. Additionally, the Court held Aney had the authority to bind defendant to the waiver, and the record established that defendant did consent to the delay. Two Justices dissented, reasoning that it was the People’s burden to show defendant waived his rights and these periods were excludable under CPL 30.30 (4). Furthermore, the dissenting Justices stated there was no contemporaneous record made “and absent such a record, the delay is chargeable to the People and the purported waiver of defendant’s speedy trial rights is ineffective” (id. at 1077). A Justice of the Appellate Division granted defendant permission to appeal. We now affirm.
On this record, where defendant’s counsel explicitly waived speedy trial rights in order to complete ongoing plea negotiations, such time is excludable. CPL 30.30 (1) (a) states that the People must be ready for trial within six months of the commencement of a criminal action, exclusive of the days chargeable to the defense. It is undisputed by both parties that the 24 days [468] between February 1 and February 24, 2000 are excludable pursuant to CPL 30.30 (4) (a).3 The record shows that the delay worked in defendant’s favor, as it resulted in a reduced sentence offer. It is also within the record that defendant knew of and consented to his lawyer’s strategy. Defendant claims that, at most, the People established the excludable period requested in the letter ended September 15, the date Aney requested a dispositional hearing. We disagree. The July letter could have been clearer, and prosecutors would be well advised to obtain unambiguous written waivers in situations like these, but the letter, read in light of the negotiations that preceded and followed it, as described in Aney’s testimony, was a waiver of the delay between July 11 and November 30 because that was the time used by the defendant to negotiate with the District Attorney. Although he did request a hearing for September 15, 2000, the record indicates that Aney and Daley remained in negotiations through November. Therefore, we hold that there was sufficient excludable time not chargeable to the People— the 24 days in February 2000 and the period between July 11 and November 30, 2000, the date defendant explicitly rejected Aney’s strategy of delay.
Defendant maintains that the People should have shown a contemporaneous record of consent to the delay (citing CPL 30.30 [4] [b]).4 But CPL 30.30 (4) (b) speaks only to the question of when continuances granted by the court may be excluded [469] from section 30.30’s time limitations. It does not prevent a defendant from making, through a letter from his counsel, a valid waiver of his statutory speedy trial right, and there is no requirement that such a letter be filed contemporaneously at the courthouse.
Finally, we hold there was no constitutional violation of defendant’s right to a speedy trial. In People v Taranovich (37 NY2d 442 [1975]), this Court stated the following factors should be examined when a defendant claims there has been a denial of his right to a speedy trial: (1) the extent of the delay; (2) the reason for the delay; (3) the nature of the underlying charge; (4) whether or not there has been an extended period of pretrial incarceration; and (5) whether or not there is any indication that the defense has been impaired by reason of the delay.
Under the first factor, the extent or duration of the delay, we have a delay of almost a year. Although “the greater the delay the more probable it is that the accused will be harmed” (id. at 445), here it appears the delay helped defendant. Analysis of the second factor, the reason for the delay, shows defendant and his former lawyer were primarily responsible and also falls in the People’s favor. The third factor, the nature of the underlying charge, also falls in the People’s favor as the grand jury ultimately indicted defendant on seven felony counts involving the sexual abuse of minors. This matter required delicate handling by the District Attorney, who sought to minimize further harm to the victims by making them testify.
The fourth factor, whether or not there has been an extended period of pretrial incarceration, falls in the defendant’s favor, although we note that he chose to extend this pretrial incarceration by agreeing to a waiver. Analysis of the fifth factor, whether or not there is any indication that the defense has been impaired by reason of the delay, again shows that defendant was not impaired because he received a better offer from the prosecutor as a result of waiting. Balancing these factors, we hold that defendant was not deprived of his constitutional right to a speedy tried.
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed.
[470] Chief Judge Kaye and Judges Ciparick, Rosenblatt, Graffeo, Read and R.S. Smith concur.
Order affirmed.