People v. W. P. Haskins

7 Wend. 463

Opinion

And at a previous day the following opinion was delivered:

By

Mr. Justice Nelson.

Barringer’s judgment, under which the relator claims the right to redeem, if a lien at all, is so only upon the estate of Payn in the three leases reserved out of the grant to Hull. Under the law of 1820, sess. 43, p, 167, a judgment creditor could not redeem beyond the extent of the lien of his judgment. 19 Johns. R. 379. The Revised^Statute$, vol. 2d, p. 372, § 53, have altered the law in this respect, and a judgment creditor is now allowed to redeem the entire lot, tract or parcel, if his judgment is a lien on a specific por tion. It is contended by the purchaser that his rights in reíation to the premises in question are to be determined according to the law of 1820, as the sale was made and certificate given to him before the revised statutes went into effect. The case of The People, ex rel. Fleming v. Sheriff of Monroe, 6 Wendell, 326, disposes of this question. In that case the chief justice very fully examines the effect and operation of the 5th section of the repealing act, 2 R. S. 779, which unites the civil portion of the old and new statutes, and comes to the conclusion that every act, right, suit, or proceeding, done, accrued or commenced under the old law, remain in full force, notwithstanding the repeal, but that after the repeal, all future proceedings must be governed by the statutes then in force; that it confirms all rights .accrued under the old law, but that such rights are to be enforced according to the new remedy. To this construction of the 5th section I fully assent, with this addition, which is probably im. plied in the opinion just noticed : that the remedy under the new law is not incompatible with, or destructive of the enjoyment of the rights accrued under the old. If so, then I think the principle, that the grant or confirmation of a right carries with it as incidental all the means necessary to its enjoyment would authorize their enforcement under the latter law. Besides, the 5th section was intended to restrain and qualify the unconditional repeal in the 1st section. One of these qualifications is, that rights accrued or established under the old law shall remain in full force notwithstanding the repeal. This virtually preserves the old remedy, if indispensable to carry into effect the intent and object of this provision. Thus far the repeal in the first section is restrained, otherwise, how could the right be preserved if the new remedy was destructive of it ? In the case under consideration, the sale and certificate gave to the purchaser no right (which was perfect) to a conveyance of the land. Payn or his personal representatives, or Hull, or any one who might have obtained a judgment which was a lien on it, might have redeemed and prevented the deed to him. The purchaser had a perfect right, according to the law at the time, to the money he had paid, or the land, and nothing more, and the revised statutes do not infringe this right. The redemption, therefore, must be according to the revised statutes.

But it is contended that the judgment of Barringer was not a lien on any specific portion of the premises sold, and this raises the important question in the case. At common law a judgment, or recognizance in the nature of a judgment, did not bind the lands of the defendant, nor did the execution disturb his possession, as it went only against his goods and chattels and the present profits of the land, or as Lord Coke expresses it, “ the corn and like present profits which shall grow upon the land. ” 2 Bacon’s Abr. tit. Execution, 685, 6. 3 Black. Comm. 418. 3 Coke, 12. The statute, 13th Edw. 1, for the benefit of merchants in the case of a statute merchant, which was a bond of record duly acknowledged, and in the nature of a judgment, subjected to execution, not only the goods and person, but the lands of the debtor into whose hands soever they came after the acknowledgment. Under this statute, the lands are considered bound from the time of the acknowledgment of the bond or recognizance. During the same parliament, 13th. Edw. 1, the first act also passed, which subjected the lands of debtors to execution on a judgment recovered, and gave to the plaintiffhis election of two writs, viz. a fieri facias, which he had at common law, or a writ on which the sheriff delivered all the goods and chattels of the debtor at an appraised value, and if not sufficient, then a moity of his lands, until the debt was levied out of the use of them. This writ is called an elegit, from the choice of two given to the party. The construction given to this statute by the courts in analogy to the statute merchant is, that the moity of the lands of the debtor, at the rendition of the judgment, are bound by the same. See the cases above cited, and Lillington’s case, 7 Coke, 131. The freehold lands and tenements of the debtor only were bound by these judgments. Harwood’s case, 8 Coke, •340 ; 2 Tidd, 850 ; 1 Johns. Cas. 223 ; and any less estate "was bound only, by issuing the execution. A freehold rent charge, it seems, is also bound by the judgment or recognizance. In Lillington’s case, the grantee of a rent charge, ( which was for life) after the acknowledgment of the statute, released to the tenant, by which the rent became extinguish ed, yet upon a failure of payment of the judgment it was deeided the connusee might extend it, for to this purpose it still continued, for the statute bound all the lands the connusor had at the time of entering into it, and the rent charge was therefore liable into whose hands soever it came. The court there considered the word lands in the statute as including all hereditaments extendible. They say that if a man hath judgment to recover his debt or damages, the rent which defendant hath of any estate of freehold is thereby liable, and although after judgment he releases it, the plaintiff shall have execution of a moiety as given by 13th Edw. 1, which by construction of law makes liable all lands that the defendant had at the rendition of judgment, or at any time after. So if A. seised of a rent charge binds himself in a statute merchant, this rent is extendible for lands which the statute subjects to execution includes all hereditaments extendible, and the connusee may distrain and avow for rent without the attornment of the tenant. 2 Bacon, 699. Co. Inst. 135. Moore, 32, pi. 104. See also 10 Yin. Abr. 545. 2 Cro. Eliz. 742. A rent charge is where the owner of the rent has no future interest, or reversion expectant in the land, 2 Black. Comm. 43, 6 Bacon, 6 ; as where a man by deed makes over his whole estate in fee simple, with a certain rent payable thereout, and adds a clause of distress. In this case the distress is not of common right, but by virtue of the clause in the deed, and therefore called a rent charge; without this cause of distress the rent would be termed rent seek, which can only be collected by action. Rent seek, cannot be delivered on an elegit, Walsal v. Heath 2 Cro. Eliz. 656, 2 Tidd. 940, as a bare rent cannot be delivered, ut liberum tenementum. The true reason, no doubt, is the one given in the books why an annuity which is like rent seek cannot be delivered in execution, to wit, that it is but a chose in action, the owner not being at liberty to resort to the land to collect it, but to an action. 10 Yin. Abr. 545, (13.) Cro. Jac. 78. Our act of 1813, 1 R. L. 500, was the first statute, I believe, in this state making judgments expressly a lien upon lands. No such provision is contained in the act of 1801, W. and S. ed. 388. The law of 1787, vol. 1. Green, ed. 407 limiting the lien of a judgment in certain cases to the time of filing the roll, seems to assume the fact of there being & Hen, anc[ therefore does not expressly make them such: The law of 1813 uses the terms “ lands, tenements and real estate,* Words more extensive signification than those used under which it has been repeatedly held a judgment was a lien upon a rent charge. The revised statutes, vol. 2, 359, § 3, have extended the lien by the addition of “ chattels real,” but limited the provision to judgments rendered “ hereafter.”

In this case the leases are not before us, and we therefore know nothing of their contents, except from the affidavits, and from them it does not appear that they contain a clause of distress. If they do not, the rent is but rent seek, and not liable to judgment or execution. The 4th Geo. 2, ch. 28, which gave the remedy by distress in case of rent seek, and in effect turned it into a rent charge, has never been enacted in this state. In the papers of the relator it is stated that a clause of re-entry in the usual form is embraced in the leases, but this fact is unimportant so far as this question is concerned, unless re-entry had been made, Shep, Touch. 153, 1 Bacon, 658, for until then the interest of Payn .would be unchanged. If the rent reserved in the leases had been a rent charge, it would have been bound by the judgments against Payn, for the reason given, that the term land includes it, but whether the rent would be deemed in the language of the revised statutes, vol. 2, p. 372, § 53, u a specific portion of the lot, tract or parcel (of land) sold,” is a question that does not arise upon the facts in the case, and therefore will not be examined.

As the case stands, the motion must be denied, on the ground that the judgment of Barringer is not a lien upon the leased premises, the rent reserved upon them for aught appearing being rent seek. We cannot presume any special provision in the lease for the purpose of turning it into a rent charge.

Motion for mandamus denied.

The relator, on leave obtained, now renewed his motion, and shewed that in the sub-leases was contained a clause of distress, and he further shewed that the sheriff had executed a deed to the purchaser, who had subsequently conveyed to persons of the name of J. & T. Howland; and he prayed not only for a mandamus to. the sheriff, directing the execution of a deed to him, but for a rule vacating the deeds to the purchaser and to the Messrs. Howland.

The following opinion was delivered.

By Mr. Justice Sutherland. The opinion delivered by Mr. Justice Nelson states the material question in the case. It establishes, 1. That the provision of the revised statutes, 2 R. S. 372, sect. 53, by which a creditor whose judgment is a lien only on a specific portion of the premises sold may redeem the whole, is applicable to sales made before those statutes went into operation, and of consequence to this case ; 2. That a rent charge, that is, a rent reserved upon a lease in fee, with right of re-entry and distress, is an interest in land which is bound by a judgment, and may be sold on execution as real estate. It did not appear upon the motion before Judge Nelson that the leases in this case contained a clause of distress, and as that was indispensable, in order to constitute the rent a rent charge, upon which a judgment could he a lien, the motion was denied upon that ground. It is now shewn that the leases do contain a clause of distress.

If rent of this description is an interest in land upon which a judgment is a lien, and which may be sold upon execution, it is in my opinion a specific portion of the premises sold in this case, within the meaning of the 53d section of the R. S. 372, already referred to; and it was properly sold as the land, or Payn’s interest therein. Such is believed to have been the uniform practice in this state, and 1 perceive no substantial objection to it.

So much of the motion, therefore, as asks for a rule commanding the sheriff of the county of Rensselaer to execute a deed to the relator, of the premises mentioned in the certificate of sale, must be granted. The residue of the motion, that the deed given by the sheriff to Huntington, and also the deed given by Huntington to the Howlands, be vacated and set aside, must be denied; we never order a deed to be cancelled, given under such circumstances. It may be questionable whether the court have authority to make such" an order. It is not necessary, in order to enable parties standing in the situation of the relator in this case, to enforce their rights.