[345]*345T. E. Brennan, C. J.
The Facts
On April 19, 1965, the prosecuting attorney for Jackson county issued an authorization for a warrant to one David C. McG-arvey, justice of the peace. It requested that a warrant issue for the arrest of John Robert Taylor for the offense of breaking and entering an auto wash on or about March 8,1965.
On the same day, April 19, 1965, a criminal complaint was taken, subscribed and sworn to before McGarvey by one Lt. James Myers, in which Myers accused Taylor of commiting the burglary.
Also on the same day, a warrant for the arrest of Taylor was issued by the justice of the peace. Upon that warrant, there appears the return of the officer, certifying that John Robert Taylor was taken by virtue of the warrant. The return of the officer is dated April 14,1965.
Further, on April 19, 1965, Justice of the Peace McGarvey made his return to circuit court on examination, in which he represents to the circuit court that a written complaint was taken in the matter; that the complainant was orally examined by him; that a warrant was duly issued; that the accused was duly arrested by virtue of the warrant; that the accused was brought before him, waived examination, and bound to appear in circuit court on April 20, 1965; that the accused’s rights in the premises were duly explained to him by the justice of the peace.
Thereupon, an information was filed in the circuit court for Jackson county, by the prosecuting attorney thereof in the March term, charging John Robert Taylor with the crime of breaking and entering contrary to CL 1948, § 750.110, as amended by PA 1964, No 133 (Stat Ann 1965 Cum Supp § 28.305).
[346]*346On April 20,1965, defendant Taylor was arraigned in circuit court, upon such information. The transcript shows the following colloquy among the defendant, the court, and the prosecutor:
“Jackson, Michigan, Tuesday, April 20, 1965, 9:36 o’clock A.M.
“The Court: All right.
“Mr. Fleming: John Robert Taylor?
“The Defendant: Yes, sir.
“Mr. Fleming: You want to step up here to this table, (sic) please?
(The defendant, John Robert Taylor, then stepped before the court.)
“Mr. Fleming (addressing the court): This is file X3-185, your Honor.
“Mr. Fleming (addressing the defendant): For the record: your name is John Robert Taylor ?
“Mr. Fleming: Where were you born, John?
“The Defendant: Jackson, Michigan.
“Mr. Fleming: Jackson, Michigan?
“The Defendant: Yes.
“Mr. Fleming: And what is the date of your birth?
“The Defendant: 1/6/36.
“Mr. Fleming: January 6th of 1936?
“The Defendant: Yes, right.
“Mr. Fleming: And that makes you how old a man now?
“The Defendant: 29.
“Mr. Fleming: 29 ?
“Mr. Fleming:. And what has been your address?
“The Defendant: 303 Broad Street, Michigan Center.
“Mr. Fleming: What was that again ?
[347]*347“Mr. Fleming: 303 Broad Street, Michigan Center, Michigan?
“Mr. Fleming: Who do you live there with?
“The Defendant: My sister and her husband.
“Mr. Fleming: Do you have an attorney here this morning, John?
“The Defendant: No, I don’t.
“The Court: You understand that you are entitled to an attorney of your own choice and if you are unable to furnish one that the state will furnish you one?
“The Court: You understand that?
“The Court: And also that you are entitled to a jury trial if you so desire ?
“The Court: You understand that you are charged with breaking and entering Leo’s Auto Wash?
“The Court: How do you wish to plead ?
“The Defendant: I wish to stand mute.
“The Court {addressing the clerk): All right, Mr. Clerk, let the record show that the defendant waives reading of the information, stands mute, and a plea of not guilty is entered by order of the court, and he is remanded to the custody of the sheriff to await trial. Bond, $1,000.
“That’s all.
“I hereby certify that the foregoing transcript is true and correct to the best of my knowledge, information and belief.
“{signed) John Simpson, Circuit Judge.”
[348]*348Three days later, on April 23, 1965, the defendant again appeared in circuit court. Once more, the prosecuting attorney was present. In addition, Stephen Pearse, chief probation officer of Jackson county, was also present in court. The proceedings were as follows:
“Mr. Fleming: John Robert Taylor.
(The defendant walked up to the counsel table in front of the bench.)
“Mr. Fleming: This, your Honor, is file X3-185.
“Mr. Taylor,' what occurred, you requested through my office to be brought up here today to change your plea from that previously entered of not guilty to that of guilty to this charge.
“The Court: You understand that this charges that on or about March 8, 1965, you did break and enter the building known as Leo’s Auto Wash.
“You understand that?
“The Court: You know that is a felony?
“The Court: You have heard me tell the others. I was not present at your arraignment, but I assume you were told you had a right to a trial by jury and, also, if you had no money with which to hire an attorney, that upon request from you that the court might appoint an attorney for you.
“Were you told that?
“The Court: Do you wish an attorney appointed?
“The Defendant: No, sir.
“The Court: And did you on or about March 8, 1965, break into Leo’s Auto Wash?
“The Court: Why did you break in?
“The Defendant: To obtain whatever money might be found inside.
[349]*349“The Court: In other words, if there was money-in the building, you intended to steal it, is that correct?
“The Court: Pardon ?
“The Court: Have any promises been made to you to get you to plead guilty?
“The Court: Have any threats been made against you?
“The Defendant: No.
“The Court: Are you entering this plea freely and voluntarily?
“The Court: Are you on probation or parole at present?
“The Defendant: No, sir, I am not.
“The Court: Very well. The court will accept your plea of guilty.
“You are not able to make bond?
“The Defendant: Well, my folks are working on it right now. They are in the process of it.
“The Court: The reason I asked you is that you probably would be sentenced sooner if I did not fix a definite date for sentence. But if you think there is a possibility of your folks making bond for you, I will fix your date of sentence for May 14, 1965, at 9 a.m.
“The Defendant: Thank you.
“The Court: And your bond is—
“The Defendant (interrupting): I believe it was the same as the other one, your Honor, two thousand.
“The Court: Two thousand dollars ?
“All right. We will fix your bond at two thousand dollars, and in default thereof you are remanded to the custody of the sheriff.
“This matter will be referred to the probation
[350]*350On May 14, 1965, defendant was sentenced to a prison term of 29 months minimum to 10 years maximum.
On November 17, 1965, defendant Taylor filed in circuit court his affidavit of indigency, and a motion for appointment of appellate counsel. Hearing on the indigency petition was waived by the prosecutor, and on January 11,1966, L. Russell Heuman was appointed appellate counsel.
On the same day, January 11, 1966, defendant Taylor, acting in propria persona, filed in circuit court an application for leave to file a delayed petition to set aside conviction and sentence and grant a new trial; an affidavit of indigency and facts of the case; a petition to withdraw plea of guilty, set aside conviction and grant new trial; a brief in support thereof; and a petition to be admitted to bail.
On February 1, 1966, the prosecuting attorney filed an answer to the motion for new trial. On March 18, 1966, the motion was argued orally, and taken under advisement. On May 24, 1966, the circuit judge filed his opinion and order denying the motion for new trial.
While no order appears in the record, we must assume that the circuit judge granted the application for leave to file delayed petition for new trial. The delayed petition was in fact filed, answered on its merits and ruled upon by the trial court.
In his January 11, 1966, petition and in the affidavit filed therewith, defendant Taylor makes the following allegations:
1. That he was arrested without a warrant in his mother’s public restaurant, forced to march to the curb and stretch his hands and arms across the top of a car while being searched and subsequently taken to jail.
[351]*3512. That he was not told by the arresting officers that he was charged with any crime.
3. That he was not allowed to give his mother a message prior to his arrest.
4. That he was taken to the Jackson County Jail.
5. That he was interrogated “relentlessly” by city police officers and members of the sheriff’s department.
6. That when one group of officers would leave, another group would continue the “incessant” interrogation.
7. That he was not told by the officers that he had a constitutional right to remain silent.
8. That he was not told by the officers that he had a right to counsel during the interrogation.
9. That he was encouraged and “enticed” by the officers to make incriminating statements.
10. That his statements were used as a “stick” to elicit a false plea of guilty to a crime which defendant did not commit.
11. That he was told he could call his mother if he admitted participating in “some alleged crime.”
12. That he was told that his name had been mentioned in connection with such crime by other prisoners who were upstairs, and whose testimony would be used to convict him.
13. That he “can produce witnesses to prove * * * that he did not break and enter any place of business.”
14. That his accusation in this cause was the result of police fraud and deceit, practiced upon certain of defendants’ acquaintances, in that the police had lead such acquaintances to believe that he (Taylor) had “called the police on them,” as a result of which, his acquaintances had falsely accused him.
15. That throughout the entire litigation, he had not had the advice of counsel.
16. That he was “ordered” to make a plea during the arraignment.
[352]*35217. That he was told by the police that if he admitted participation in the crime he would be released on bond.
18. That the police threatened to put him upstairs with the other boys, and “they’ll stomp you to death.”
On October 7, 1966, defendant, acting through his appointed counsel, filed an application for delayed appeal in the Court of Appeals.
In support of the application, defendant’s counsel filed a brief, which begins with a “Statement of Facts.” That “Statement of Facts” contains the following allegations which do not appear in the trial court record, nor in the defendant’s motion for new trial and affidavit in support thereof:
1. That defendant was arrested on April 17,1965, at approximately 8:30 p.m.
2. That around 10:30 or 11 p.m. of April 17, 1965, the police put another prisoner, one Lynn Negus, in a room with Taylor.
3. That the reason or motivation of the police in putting Negus together with Taylor was to force Taylor to admit the crime to obtain the release of Negus and several others.
4. That Negus was urged by the police to “beat up” Taylor.
5. That Taylor requested to use the phone several times, which was not allowed.
6. That Taylor was questioned by three police officers early in the morning of April 18,1965, and that he refused to incriminate himself.
Incorporated in the defendant’s brief in support of application for leave to take a delayed appeal is the affidavit of one Jack E. Havens, an inmate of Jackson Prison. That affidavit is quite detailed, and is printed in full in the appendix.
On November 7, 1966, the prosecuting attorney filed in the Court of Appeals his brief in opposition to the application.
[353]*353In the counter-statement of facts, contained in that brief, the prosecutor sets forth that Taylor was arrested on Saturday evening, April 17, 1965, as claimed by defendant.
On December 2, 1966, the Court of Appeals granted leave to appeal.
On March 8, 1967, the Court of Appeals remanded the cause to circuit court for the purpose of admitting the defendant to bail, and on March 17, 1967, defendant posted a surety bond in the amount of $1,500. The recognizance was filed one year, ten months and three days after Taylor was sentenced.
In due course the appeal was heard in the Court of Appeals. Circuit Judge Horace W. Gilmore, sitting by assignment of the Court Administrator, wrote the opinion for himself, Chief Judge Lesinski and Judge Quinn.1
In that opinion, the appeals court held that the record did not satisfactorily disclose that the defendant’s plea of guilty was “freely, understandingly and voluntarily made, without undue influence, compulsion, or duress, and without promise of leniency.”2
That Court particularly emphasized that the failure of the trial judge to advise the defendant what punishment might follow his conviction, evidenced an inadequate determination of voluntariness, and an abuse of discretion by the trial judge in failing to set aside the conviction and grant a new trial.
The Court of Appeals opinion thereupon outlined, by way of instruction to the bench and bar, five minimum requirements for acceptance of pleas of guilty in felony cases,3 together with 21 suggested points of interrogation as a guide to the trial bench.4
[354]*354Because the Court of Appeals opinion purported to establish standards broader than existing court rules, this Court granted leave to appeal sua sponte, on February 9,1968.
Discussion
That our courts have been sorely vexed by a rash of appeals and post-conviction motions in cases involving pleas of guilty, needs no elaboration here.
That differences of view with respect to such cases exists at every level in the judicial system is equally apparent. Our own Court’s amendments of Rule 785, and subsequent repeal of amendments is notable, as is the fact that the instant case was heard and submitted in this Court more than a year ago.
Despite several years of debate, countless regional and state-wide conferences, and dozens of individual cases, confusion remains, and the demand for definitive guidelines has not subsided.
Recently, the United States Supreme Court, long loath to enter the arena, has begun to address itself to the problem.
Boykin v. Alabama (1969), 395 US 238 (89 S Ct 1709, 23 L Ed 2d 274), does not alter any of our Michigan holdings. There, defendant was charged with common-law robbery, an offense punishable in Alabama by death.
Defendant plead guilty. The only record of the plea-taking is contained on page 245 in a footnote to the dissenting opinion of Mr. Justice Harlan:
“ ‘This day in open court came the State of Alabama by its district attorney and the defendant in his own proper person and with his attorney, Evan Austill, and the defendant in open court on this day [355]*355being arraigned on the indictment in these cases charging him with the offense of robbery and plead guilty.’ ”
The United States Supreme Court majority, speaking through Mr. Justice Douglas, held, p 242:
“It was error, plain on the face of the record, for the trial judge to accept petitioner’s guilty plea without an affirmative showing that it was intelligent and voluntary.”
After citing Jachson v. Denno (1964), 378 US 368 (84 S Ct 1774, 12 L Ed 2d 908, 1 ALR3d 1205) (1964), and Carnley v. Cochran (1962), 369 US 506 (82 S Ct 884, 8 L Ed 2d 70), to the proposition that,
“ ‘Presuming waiver from a silent record is impermissible,’ ”
the Court goes on to say,
“We think that the same standard must be applied to determining whether a guilty plea is voluntarily made,”
and further,
“Several federal constitutional rights are involved in a waiver that takes place when a plea of guilty is entered in a state criminal trial.”
The Court further enumerates the privilege against compulsory self-incrimination, the right to trial by jury, and the right to confront one’s accusers.
The Court did not say, as some have suggested, that explicit and expressed waivers must be taken upon each of these constitutional rights before the plea can be accepted.
The holding is more properly, that these rights are waived by the act of entering the guilty plea, [356]*356and it is for this reason that a record must he made upon the question of voluntariness.
This understanding of the case is highlighted by the dissent. The Harlan opinion criticizes the majority on the ground that its holding “* * * fastens upon the States, as a matter of federal constitutional law, the rigid prophylactic requirements of Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.”
The dissent, in effect, accuses the majority of applying McCarthy v. United States (1969), 394 US 459 (89 S Ct 1166, 22 L Ed 2d 418) to the states rettroactively, while applying it to the Federal courts propectively only, via Halliday v. United States (1969), 394 US 831 (89 S Ct 1498, 23 L Ed 2d 16).
The McCarthy decision held that a failure to comply with Federal Rule 11, by a failure to “address the defendant personally” was reversible error.
Mr. Chief Justice Warren, writing in McCarthy, directed attention to the 1966 amendment of Rule 11, which now provides:
“A defendant may plead not guilty, guilty or, with the consent of the court, nolo contendere. The court may refuse to accept a plea of guilty, and shall not accept such plea or a plea of nolo contendere without first addressing the defendant personally and determining that the plea is made voluntarily with understanding of the nature of the charge and the consequence of the plea. If a defendant refuses to plead or if the court refuses to accept a plea of guilty or if a defendant corporation fails to appear, the court shall enter a plea of not guilty. The court shall not enter a judgment upon a plea of guilty unless it is satisfied that there is a factual basis for the plea.7 (As amended Feb. 28, 1966, eff July 1, 1966.)
[357]*357By footnote, the Chief Justice referred to the notes of the Advisory Committee on Criminal Rules, which were published in connection with the 1966 amendment. These notes are of particular interest to those of us who labor in the Michigan judicial vineyards. They say:
“For a similar requirement see Stat Ann § 28-.1058; Court Rule No 35A (1945); In re Valle (1961), 364 Mich 471 (110 NW2d 673); People v. Barrows (1959), 358 Mich 267 (99 NW2d 347); People v. Bumpus (1959), 355 Mich 374 (94 NW2d 854); People v. Coates (1953), 337 Mich 56 (59 NW2d 83).”8
No other state statutes, state court rules, or state court decisions are cited in the Committee notes attending the 1966 amendment of Federal Rule 11.
In all modesty, we conclude that the 1966 amendment of Federal Rule 11 was designed to bring Federal court practice up to the standard of our Michigan practice; that the McCarthy case was in furtherance of that object and that the Boykin case, even when read through the piercing eyes of the dissent, merely stands for the proposition that our sister state of Alabama is being federally mandated to comply with long-standing Michigan practice.
Under none of our Michigan holdings would Boykin’s no-transcript, no-colloquy, no-advice plea have been held valid.
Our difficulties in Michigan linger in spite of forward-looking statutes, court rules, and case holdings. We have begun to discover in advance of the Federal courts that the fond hopes of Chief Justice Warren in McCarthy9 are more easily expressed than realized.
[358]*358No amount of “buttoning down” at the plea hearing has brought about the salutary reduction in collateral attacks upon plea-based convictions.
In this maze, we must choose our own course, if not by the prescience of court rule, then at least by clear hindsight demonstrably incorporated in an understandable body of case law.
This appeal of Taylor presents an opportunity to get on with it. And if Taylor adds anything to the melee, it is this — there is as much, if not more, need for guidelines at the appellate as at the trial level.
Perhaps we have placed too much emphasis on trying to define the trial judge’s role in the acceptance of a plea, and too little emphasis on defining the role of the appellate courts in the reviewing of convictions based upon pleas of guilty.
A direct appeal from a conviction based upon a plea of guilty, whether such appeal be timely or delayed, presents only a limited number of possible grounds for reversal.
Essentially, such grounds are:
[359]*3591. That the sentence below was not rendered in accordance with the law.
2. That upon the record before the trial judge at the time of sentencing, the trial court erred as a matter of law in pronouncing judgment of sentence upon the defendant.
3. That upon the record before the trial judge at the time the plea of guilty was accepted, the trial court abused its discretion in accepting the plea of guilty.
Among the issues which might be raised in the first class of cases are such things as: sentence exceeded the maximum provided by law; failure to give credit for time served pending trial; failure to impose concurrent sentence; and Eighth Amendment questions of cruel and unusual punishment.
In the second category are such matters as: failure to secure a pre-sentence report; arbitrary refusal to permit timely withdrawal of plea before sentencing; refusal to permit statement on behalf of defendant before sentencing; and absence of an accepted plea of guilty on the record.
In the third class, fall those cases wherein the court should not have accepted the plea in the first place, such as: ambiguous or equivocal admission of guilt; failure to advise as to the right of counsel; failure to provide counsel for indigent where requested; failure to inform the defendant of the nature of the charge; failure to advise defendant of the consequence of the plea; failure to examine as to the voluntariness of the plea.
A direct appeal from a plea-based conviction is not a proper vehicle by which to challenge the voluntariness of the plea. Whether or not a plea of guilty was offered voluntarily is a question of fact. That question of fact cannot be determined under our adversary system of jurisprudence in a pro[360]*360ceeding in which, that question of fact was never put in issue.
The trial judge’s duty as defined by statute and court rule is to inquire into and examine the voluntariness of the plea. This is a quasi-administrative function. It is designed to protect unknowing-defendants from their own mistakes, and to discharge society’s ex parte obligation to avoid those avoidable miscarriages of justice.
No one ever contended that the colloquy between the court and the defendant at the time of plea taking was a trial upon the issue of voluntariness, or that the court’s quasi-administrative determination that it is reasonable to accept the plea makes the question of voluntariness res judicata.
Similarly, a direct appeal from a plea-based conviction is not a proper vehicle by which to challenge the truth of the plea. Whether or not the defendant is actually guilty is a question of fact. By hypothesis, that question of fact cannot be litigated in a proceeding in which both sides agree that the defendant is guilty. As in the case of voluntariness, the trial judge has a duty to satisfy himself as to the truth of the plea. But no one would contend that the judge’s dialogue with the defendants constitutes a trial on the merits.
The remedy of direct appeal, with its necessarily limited and record-circumscribed inquiry, is not the only route of attack upon a plea-based conviction. Frequently, the appeal is not directly from the conviction itself, but rather is from the trial court’s denial of a motion for new trial. In such cases, trial courts, and appellate courts on review, must examine the allegations of the motion, the affidavits in support thereof, and the testimony, if any, adduced or offered upon the hearing on the motion.
[361]*361Generally, motions for new trial after plea-based convictions will follow one of two courses. Either they will allege that the plea was not voluntary, or that it was not true.
To be successful upon the former ground, the motion and its supporting affidavits and proofs must satisfy the trial court by a preponderance of credible evidence that the plea was the product of fraud, duress, or coercion, or so devoid of understanding that the defendant could not be said to have been sui juris.
Where the motion for new trial alleges that the plea was not voluntary, evidence that the plea was not true may also be taken. That is to say, in a motion for new trial based upon involuntariness of the plea, it is competent for the defendant to offer proof of his innocence, for such proof, even though not conclusive on the question of innocence, may tend to bolster the claim of involuntariness.
To succeed on the ground that the plea was not true, a defendant’s motion and its supporting affidavits and offers of proof must raise in the mind of the trial court an honest and reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the defendant.
Where the motion is grounded upon the defendant’s innocence, the plea of guilty need not be shown to have been involuntary. Nevertheless, a voluntary plea of guilty stands as evidence of guilt, and the moving defendant will have some burden, at least, to show that the plea was hasty, ill advised or entered as a result of misinformation or confusion.
A plea-based conviction is not per se more sacrosanct than a conviction upon a jury’s verdict. In either case, a proper motion for new trial based upon after-discovered evidence must appeal to the discretion of the trial court. But the recorded colloquy of the plea taking will be no more lightly disregarded [362]*362on motion for new trial than would similarly damaging admissions made from the witness stand in a contested trial.
So saying, we recognize that a plea-convicted defendant might well, and often does, attack both the voluntariness and the truth of his plea, alleging in effect that he was and is innocent and that his plea was given as the product of coercion or fraud.
This is the posture of the instant case involving John Robert Taylor.
The appeal here involves the trial court’s denial of defendant’s motion for new trial. That motion was made on January 11, 1966, heard on March 18, 1966, and decided on May 24, 1966.
The affidavit of Jack Havens, attached to defendant’s brief in the Court of Appeals, was made on April 10, 1966, and subscribed on May 13, 1966. It was not in existence on the date of the hearing on the motion for new trial, and if it was ever brought to the attention of the trial judge before his ruling on May 24, 1966, the record does not show it. Obviously, the record on appeal may not be enlarged ex parte by affidavits filed for the first time in the appellate court brief, and the affidavit by Havens should have been stricken from the brief.
In passing, however, it should be noted that the Havens affidavit is spurious help to the defendant at best, and in at least one particular it is absolutely damaging.
Havens does not unequivocally admit his own guilt, except to say, “We all three Carl, Lynn, & [sic] myself told him (Detective Southworth) everything we had done.” And while he tells in great detail how he and the others came to accuse Taylor, nowhere does he state, or even imply, that their accusation of Taylor was untrue.
[363]*363More importantly, the affidavit of Havens describes the events of the morning of April 23, 1965, and particularly the conversations had in the office of Lieutenant Myers between himself, Taylor and Myers. Havens’ claim was that Taylor was still protesting his innocence, and that Myers was still trying to get Taylor to plead guilty. Moreover, this occurred four days after Taylor was taken before the magistrate and three days after his arraignment before the circuit judge.
The Havens affidavit, if accepted, would tend to refute defendant’s claim that his plea of guilty was founded upon a confession illegally extracted from him during a period of unlawful detention over the preceding weekend.
Viewed properly, the case is even more simple. It was not until the introduction of defendant’s brief in the Court of Appeals, the existence of the Havens affidavit and the prosecutor’s reply brief, that any mention was made of defendant’s arrest having been on April 17, 1965.
An appellate court, passing upon the propriety of a trial court’s denial of motion for new trial, must view the motion through the eyes of the trial court. Judge Dalton had nothing before him on May 24, 1965, to intimate that the arrest took place on April 17,1965. True, there was an unverified allegation in the motion for new trial that the defendant had been arrested without a warrant, but that allegation was not repeated under oath in the affidavit filed with the motion.
Quite to the contrary, and part of the record in the case, was the return of the justice of the peace that the defendant was arrested by virtue of the warrant issued April 19, 1965.
Defendant’s attack on the truth of his plea consisted in the conclusionary claim that he “can pro[364]*364duce witnesses to prove beyond any questionable doubt that he did not break and enter any place of business or any other kind of establishment.”
Had defendant’s conviction been based upon jury verdict instead of guilty plea, it is doubtful that such a bland boast would be given much credence, in the absence of testimonially-phrased affidavits from the mystery witnesses themselves.
The Court of Appeals is reversed, and the opinion and order of the trial court denying defendant’s motion for new trial is affirmed. The cause is remanded to circuit court for cancellation of the defendant’s bond for appearance.
Kelly, J., concurred with T. E. Brennan, C. J.
Appendix
“April 10, 1966
“Statement of Jack Havens
“My name is Jack Havens and I am a [sic] inmate at the State Prison at Jackson, Michigan serial 101161. I am making this statement of my own free will, freely and voluntarily. No threats or promises of any kind have been made to me, to get me to make it, and I have not been asked by anyone to say anything that is not true, or that did not happen. On or about April 15, 1965 I was arrested along with Carl Negus & Lynn Negus. We were taken to the Jackson County Jail, we were then charged with Breaking & Entering, questioned for quite some time and finally locked together in the same cell. While we were being questioned by Det. Southworth and other officers who’s [sic] names I do not remember, Det. Southworth told us Carl, Lynn, and myself that someone we all thought was our friend, was the one who made the phone call to the police and put the [365]*365finger on all of us. Det. Southworth told us he knew that we did not do everything hy ourself s [sic] and that if we all would cooperate and tell him all that we knew, he would tell us who made the phone call, and help Lynn & Carl Negus to get probation. He told me that the best he could do for me was to get me off with only a year, since I was on probation at the time of my arrest.
“We all three Carl, Lynn, & myself told him everything we had done, and then Det. Southworth told us that the guy that we all ran around with that owned the pink & white 1958 Chevy was the one who made the phone call and put the finger on us. Lynn, said right away that’s Taylor. Afterwards when we were all locked up in a cell together, we talked it over between us, and decided that if John Taylor, whom we all knew and thought was our friend, who we all ran around with in Taylor’s car, that if Taylor was the one who put the finger on us, we would all take him with us or make it as rough for Taylor as we could. The next time we were all questioned Carl, Lynn, & myself we told Det. Southworth, & Det. Myers, that Taylor was with us on everything that had happened, and we would all swear to it.
“Taylor was arrested Saturday night April 17, 1965 along with another of the guys we ran around with named Bill Pergel. They questioned Taylor for quite a while that first night because Bill Pergel was put in the same cell with us and later that night around midnight the police came and took Lynn Negus out and down to the office where Taylor was at. They made Lynn take his shoes off before going down to the office. When he came hack we all asked what happened and Lynn said they had Taylor down in the office, and he was crying for a lawyer and a lie detector test and that he Taylor wouldn’t admit to anything. Lynn said he told Taylor in front of the [366]*366police that he Taylor was in on everything that happened, bnt that Taylor denied everything. Lynn and Det. Meyers tried to get the other 2 officer’s [sic] to leave the office with him and leave Taylor alone with Lynn so Lynn could make Taylor talk, but the other officer’s would not go along with Det. Meyers plan.
“During the next 3 or 4 days w^e were all examined and arraigned, Bill Pergel, Lynn Negus, Carl Negus, John Taylor and myself. Det. Meyers told all of us except Taylor that he had made arrangements with James Fleming the prosecutor for us to stand mute before Judge Simpson at arraignment, and then later we would go before Judge Dalton and change our plea to guilty and that the bond would be reduced so that we could get out and get our affairs straightened out before we were sentenced. The reason he did not tell this to Taylor is that Taylor was locked in cell downstairs, while we wrere upstairs, and Meyers said Taylor still would not cooperate. Meyers said they were doing this for us because vre had cooperated and that Judge Dalton was the judge that would give us the best break.
“On April 23,1965 some time in the morning, Det. Myers called me into his office and told me that all the guys were set to go before Judge Dalton that afternoon and change their [sic] pleas to guilty, all except Taylor. He told me that as long as Taylor kept on being a hard head and would not go along and plead guilty with everyone else that none of us would be able to get out on bond, and he asked me to talk to Taylor and try to get him to go along with the program. I agreed to talk to Taylor so Meyers had Taylor brought to the office where Meyers and I were at. I told Taylor everything that Meyers had told me, and I told him that if he Taylor tried to fight in court that all of us Bill Pergel, Carl & Lynn Negus and myself would testify against him. I told [367]*367Taylor that he couldn’t win and to go along with things, but Taylor said he was not pleading guilty to anything that he had not done. Then Det. Meyers called James Fleming on the phone and told him what Taylor had said. The prosecutor told Det. Meyers to tell Taylor that he Taylor would remain in the jail until that fall until he wTent to trial and that he Taylor would not get bail and that he would still be found guilty because all the guy’s [sic] would testify against him Taylor. These things Meyers told to Taylor after he hung up the phone. Meyers then told Taylor that he Meyers was going down and take out warrant’s on some more charges of Breaking & Entering and that he Taylor would have to stand trial on those to [sic] and with Taylor’s old record that he Taylor would be supplemented and given a life sentence, so Meyers told Taylor if he wanted to do it the hard way it was up to him, but if he did not go along with everyone else and plead guilty that afternoon, he Meyers would do the things he said. I could see that Taylor was worried but all he said -was I am not going to plead guilty to anything. All I can add to this is, that everyone Bill Pergel, Carl & Lynn Negus, Myself and John Taylor went before Judge Dalton that afternoon and did plead guilty. What made Taylor change his mind, I do not know, because when we were taken from the office that morning back to our cells Taylor still had not agreed to plead guilty.
“I have read the above 1-1/4 pages and it is all true and correct to the best of my belief and did happen just as I have stated. This statement was typed in my presence and just as I dictated it in my own words with no changes made. The reason for this is because my handwriting is so poor it could not be read otherwise. (Emphasis supplied.)
“signed Jack E. Havens
101161
[368]*368“Sworn and subscribed to before me this 13th day of May, A. D. 1966.
“/s/ Paul J. LaDow
“Notary Public, Jackson County, Michigan “My commission expires April 5,1969.”