People v. Talley

422 N.E.2d 1084, 97 Ill. App. 3d 439, 52 Ill. Dec. 875, 1981 Ill. App. LEXIS 2823
CourtAppellate Court of Illinois
DecidedJune 16, 1981
Docket79-434
StatusPublished
Cited by42 cases

This text of 422 N.E.2d 1084 (People v. Talley) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Appellate Court of Illinois primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
People v. Talley, 422 N.E.2d 1084, 97 Ill. App. 3d 439, 52 Ill. Dec. 875, 1981 Ill. App. LEXIS 2823 (Ill. Ct. App. 1981).

Opinion

Mr. JUSTICE STAMOS

delivered the opinion of the court:

Following a 1974 bench trial, defendant Charles Talley was convicted of rape and armed robbery. Defendant failed to appear at his sentencing hearing. In the absence of defendant and his attorney, the trial court imposed sentences of 15 to 45 years for armed robbery and 4 to 20 years for rape. Defendant did not appeal. On March 3, 1976, defendant filed a post-conviction petition challenging the legality of the sentences imposed in the absence of defense counsel. This petition was dismissed by the trial court, and defendant appealed. The State confessed error and this court, in an unpublished order, affirmed the conviction and remanded the cause for resentencing. On remand, the trial court imposed the same sentences of 15 to 45 and 4 to 20 years. Defendant again appeals and now asserts not only alleged errors in his resentencing, but also constitutional violations in his original trial.

Defendant contends that his right to due process of law was violated, insofar as the evidence was insufficient to support convictions for armed robbery and rape. Defendant also contends that the trial court’s admission of hearsay evidence violated defendant’s sixth and fourteenth amendment right to confront the State’s witnesses. Defendant’s final constitutional claim is that the prosecutor’s cross-examination of defendant regarding his post-arrest silence violated the rule of Doyle v. Ohio (1976), 426 U.S. 610, 49 L. Ed. 2d 91, 96 S. Ct. 2240. None of these assignments of error was raised in defendant’s post-conviction petition or in the appeal that followed the dismissal of that petition. As a result, the State argues that the issues arising from the original trial have been waived and may not be asserted on the instant appeal. The State maintains that only three issues are now properly before this court: defendant’s contention that his sentence is excessive, the question of whether defendant should have been given the option to elect sentencing under the new sentencing act (see Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 38, par. 1008 — 2—4(b)), and the fact that defendant was not permitted to speak on his own behalf prior to the imposition of sentence.

The threshold question is whether we may consider issues arising from defendant’s 1974 trial. As noted above, defendant took no appeal following his conviction. He is therefore deemed to have waived trial errors, except those errors that amount to deprivations of constitutional rights. (See People v. Rose (1969), 43 Ill. 2d 273, 279, 253 N.E.2d 456.) This latter class of errors may be raised in a timely petition under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 38, pars. 122—1 through 122 — 7). (See Rose, at 279.) By its terms, however, the Post-Conviction Hearing Act affords only one opportunity to raise a constitutional claim: “Any claim of substantial denial of constitutional rights not raised in the original or an amended petition is waived.” (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 38, par. 122 — 3.) Defendant’s post-conviction petition pressed only one issue — the imposition of sentence in the absence of defendant’s attorney. By his failure to raise in the post-conviction petition constitutional claims arising from his trial, defendant may be held to have waived those claims. See People v. French (1970), 46 Ill. 2d 104, 107-08, 262 N.E.2d 901, cert. denied (1971), 400 U.S. 1024, 27 L. Ed. 2d 636, 91 S. Ct. 590.

Defendant correctly points out that this rule of waiver is not unyielding, and defendant argues that the trial issues should not be considered waived because the omission of these claims from the post-conviction petition was caused by the incompetence of defendant’s post-conviction counsel. In People v. Frank (1971), 48 Ill. 2d 500, 272 N.E.2d 25, our supreme court held that the doctrine of waiver will not bar the assertion of constitutional claims when the alleged waiver stems from the inaction of incompetent appointed counsel. (See Frank, at 503.) The Frank case dealt with a claim, not raised on appeal, which the defendant sought to raise in a post-conviction petition. The logic in Frank is applicable to the case at bar: on this appeal, defendant presses constitutional claims that could properly have been heard at his post-conviction hearing, had counsel seen fit to raise them. In the Frank case, the court was confronted with an allegedly incompetent appointed counsel. Here, defendant’s post-conviction attorney was retained. While this fact does not obviate the applicability of the Frank case, the distinction signals the need to determine the applicable competency standard.

Illinois courts have traditionally employed a two-tiered standard to evaluate the competence of counsel. For court-appointed counsel, the defendant’s representation has been held constitutionally deficient if his counsel was “actually incompetent, as reflected in the performance of his duties as trial attorney, and if the incompetence produced substantial prejudice to the defendant without which the result * * * would probably have been different.” (People v. Greer (1980), 79 Ill. 2d 103, 120-21, 402 N.E.2d 203.) In the case of privately retained counsel, reviewing courts have not reversed the defendant’s conviction “unless the representation is of such a low caliber as to amount to no representation at all or reduces the court proceedings to a farce or sham.” (People v. Torres (1973), 54 Ill. 2d 384, 391, 297 N.E.2d 142.) A recent opinion of the United States Supreme Court calls into question this two-tiered standard. In Cuyler v. Sullivan (1980), 446 U.S. 335, 344-45, 64 L. Ed. 2d 333, 344, 100 S. Ct. 1708, 1716, the Supreme Court stated:

“A proper respect for the Sixth Amendment disarms [the State’s] contention that defendants who retain their own lawyers are entitled to less protection than defendants for whom the State appoints counsel. * * * [W]e see no basis for drawing a distinction between retained and appointed counsel that would deny equal justice to defendants who must choose their own lawyers.”

We note that Cuyler dealt with attorney incompetence as manifested by multiple representation, and not incompetence in the sense of unskilled and ineffectual representation. Nevertheless, we believe that the Supreme Court’s statement cannot be read so narrowly as to apply only to the former class of cases. The Supreme Court of Illinois has not yet addressed the post-Cuyler viability of Illinois’ two-tiered competency standard, but a recent opinion in the Appellate Court for the Fifth District has considered the issue, and has concluded that the dichotomy between standards for retained and appointed counsel is no longer permissible. (See People v. Scott (1981), 94 Ill. App. 3d 159, 163, 418 N.E.2d 805.) The courts of Florida and Texas have similarly interpreted Cuyler v. Sullivan. See, e.g., Battle v. State (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1980), 388 So. 2d 1323, 1324; Hurley v. State (Tex. Crim. App. 1980), 606 S.W.2d 887, 889-90; see also Kemp v. Leggett (5th Cir.

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Bluebook (online)
422 N.E.2d 1084, 97 Ill. App. 3d 439, 52 Ill. Dec. 875, 1981 Ill. App. LEXIS 2823, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/people-v-talley-illappct-1981.