Laughlin, J.:
The complainant, Frederick A. La Roche, was a manufacturer of electrical apparatus and his place of business was at the corner of Thirteenth and Hudson streets in the city of Hew York. He acted as general sales agent and superintendent of the business. On the 3d day of April, 1903, the defendant was in the employ of Meechan’s Detective Agency. On that day he was arrested by a police officer for following the complainant from place to place along the public streets and making inquiries concerning him and annoying and interfering with him, and was tried on that charge. The People gave evidence tending to show that defendant had been following the complainant for four days; that he would station himself on the street corner opposite the complainant’s office in. the morning and remain there keeping an outlook toward the office or toward complainant when on the walk, in front of the office, where he frequently transacted business ; that when complainant came upon the street defendant would follow, in plain sight, wherever he went; that whenever complainant went into a restaurant for luncheon defendant would follow him in, sit at a table near by and leave when [241]*241complainant did and resume his pursuit; that on the day of the arrest complainant departed from his principal place of business in an automobile to visit a branch office on Thirty-eighth street and the defendant followed on a bicycle, riding at his upmost speed to keep nearly up, and then when complainant entered his branch office the defendant watched for his return and again in like manner followed the automobile hack to the place from which it started and on seeing complainant re-enter his place of business dismounted and remained on the street corner looking over as before ; that the complainant observed that the defendant was watching and following him and saw defendant point him out to several people and overheard him remark to them “ That is him how ” at a time when complainant was endeavoring to transact business on the walk in front of his place of business; that this conduct on the part of the defendant disturbed the complainant’s peace of mind and interfered with his ability to transact business; that at times the defendant, when evidently in doubt concerning the complainant’s movements, made inquiries of complainant’s employees and others and on these occasions would be observed pointing over toward complainant’s place of business. The defendant did not attempt to speak to the complainant or obstruct his passage upon the public streets or elsewhere, but he kept within from 10 to 200 feet and usually nearer than 100 feet and remained in plain sight. The defendant testified in his own behalf. He denied that he had followed the complainant prior to the day of the arrest or that he made inquiries concerning him' of any one except the janitor of the building and one of complainant’s employees. He assigned no reason for following the complainant except that he was instructed by the detective agency to go arotind to complainant’s place of business and “ look and see ” what he was doing. According to the evidence presented in behalf of the People, however, the defendant had been following the complainant for several days and in a manner that rendered it perfectly obvious to the latter. The complainant at every turn was confronted with the presence of the defendant in the immediate vicinity and the inference is fairly justified that defendant became aware that the complainant had discovered his espionage arid thereafter continued his surveillance as before." [242]*242By chapter 327 of the Laws of 1891 section 675 of the Penal Code as originally enacted (Laws of 1881, chap. 676),. and amended in. 1882 (Laws of 1882, chap. 384), was amended by adding thereto the following: “ Any person who shall by any offensive or disorderly act or language, annoy or interfere with any person or persons in any place, or with the passengers of any public stage, railroad car,, ferry boat, or other public conveyance, or who. shall disturb or offend the occupants of such stage, car, boat or conveyance, by any disorderly act, language or display, although such act, conduct Or display may not amount to an assault or battery, shall be deemed guilty of á -misdemeanor.’ The charge Upon, which the défendant has been tried and convicted is for a violation of the. provision of the section added by the amendment of 1891.
The-, appellant -contends in - the first place that, the words “ in any place” are qualified by the subsequent provisions of the statute; and that it was only designed to prohibit and punish acts committed in public stages, railroad cars, ferry boats or other public conveyances, or similar- places. We are unable to agree with this construction. The words “ in any place ” undoubtedly have reference to a public placeand public stages,, railroad cars, ferry boats . and other public conveyances were doubtless specified to remove any question as: to whether they were public places and included in the words “ in any place ” preceding them in the statute.. It does not appear whether the detective agency by which defendant was employed was licensed ; but since it is Unlawful to engage in the business- of a private detective for hire or -reward without a-license (Laws of 1898, chap. 422, §§ 1, 5, as amd. by Laws. of. 1901, chap., 362 and Laws of 1899, chap.' 318 respectively) it should,, perhaps,, be presume^ that the firm was duly licensed. It is contended at the outset by, counsel for appellant that licensed private detectives are not subject to the operation, of section 675 of the Penal Code, even if otherwise it should be applicable to them. - It is manifest -that the primary object of licensing private detectives upon good character being satisfactorily shown, and requiring them to give a substantial bond, is the protection of persons 'requiring such', service and affording them, redress in. case of misconduct. The language of the statute (Laws of 1898, chap. 422, § 2, as amd. by Laws of 1901,, chap. 362) indicates that it was con[243]*243templated that such licensed detectives, or detective agencies might engage in the business of “ furnishing or supplying information as to the personal character of any person or firm, or as to the character or kind of the business and occupation of any person, firm or corporation.” But this does not indicate a legislative intent to license or permit such detectives or their employees, who do not require a license (Laws of 1898, chap. 422, § 4), to annoy or interfere with citizens or others. Moreover, the provisions of the Penal Code now under consideration were enacted before the enactment of the first statute providing for licensing private detectives, and if the Legislature intended to exempt them from the operation thereof it would have so provided. As we view it, the Legislature intended to prohibit one person from, by any offensive or disorderly act or language, annoying or interfering with another in a public place. Two things must occur to constitute the crime. One of these relates to the con-, duct of the accused, and the other to the effect of such conduct upon the complainant. There must be an annoyance to or interference with some person in a public place by act or language which is either offensive or disorderly. It is clear that if one person, without lawful excuse, persists in talking to or walking with another, with whom he is not acquainted, this may be offensive or disorderly and it may constitute an interference with or annoyance to the person accosted within the prohibition of the statute.
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Laughlin, J.:
The complainant, Frederick A. La Roche, was a manufacturer of electrical apparatus and his place of business was at the corner of Thirteenth and Hudson streets in the city of Hew York. He acted as general sales agent and superintendent of the business. On the 3d day of April, 1903, the defendant was in the employ of Meechan’s Detective Agency. On that day he was arrested by a police officer for following the complainant from place to place along the public streets and making inquiries concerning him and annoying and interfering with him, and was tried on that charge. The People gave evidence tending to show that defendant had been following the complainant for four days; that he would station himself on the street corner opposite the complainant’s office in. the morning and remain there keeping an outlook toward the office or toward complainant when on the walk, in front of the office, where he frequently transacted business ; that when complainant came upon the street defendant would follow, in plain sight, wherever he went; that whenever complainant went into a restaurant for luncheon defendant would follow him in, sit at a table near by and leave when [241]*241complainant did and resume his pursuit; that on the day of the arrest complainant departed from his principal place of business in an automobile to visit a branch office on Thirty-eighth street and the defendant followed on a bicycle, riding at his upmost speed to keep nearly up, and then when complainant entered his branch office the defendant watched for his return and again in like manner followed the automobile hack to the place from which it started and on seeing complainant re-enter his place of business dismounted and remained on the street corner looking over as before ; that the complainant observed that the defendant was watching and following him and saw defendant point him out to several people and overheard him remark to them “ That is him how ” at a time when complainant was endeavoring to transact business on the walk in front of his place of business; that this conduct on the part of the defendant disturbed the complainant’s peace of mind and interfered with his ability to transact business; that at times the defendant, when evidently in doubt concerning the complainant’s movements, made inquiries of complainant’s employees and others and on these occasions would be observed pointing over toward complainant’s place of business. The defendant did not attempt to speak to the complainant or obstruct his passage upon the public streets or elsewhere, but he kept within from 10 to 200 feet and usually nearer than 100 feet and remained in plain sight. The defendant testified in his own behalf. He denied that he had followed the complainant prior to the day of the arrest or that he made inquiries concerning him' of any one except the janitor of the building and one of complainant’s employees. He assigned no reason for following the complainant except that he was instructed by the detective agency to go arotind to complainant’s place of business and “ look and see ” what he was doing. According to the evidence presented in behalf of the People, however, the defendant had been following the complainant for several days and in a manner that rendered it perfectly obvious to the latter. The complainant at every turn was confronted with the presence of the defendant in the immediate vicinity and the inference is fairly justified that defendant became aware that the complainant had discovered his espionage arid thereafter continued his surveillance as before." [242]*242By chapter 327 of the Laws of 1891 section 675 of the Penal Code as originally enacted (Laws of 1881, chap. 676),. and amended in. 1882 (Laws of 1882, chap. 384), was amended by adding thereto the following: “ Any person who shall by any offensive or disorderly act or language, annoy or interfere with any person or persons in any place, or with the passengers of any public stage, railroad car,, ferry boat, or other public conveyance, or who. shall disturb or offend the occupants of such stage, car, boat or conveyance, by any disorderly act, language or display, although such act, conduct Or display may not amount to an assault or battery, shall be deemed guilty of á -misdemeanor.’ The charge Upon, which the défendant has been tried and convicted is for a violation of the. provision of the section added by the amendment of 1891.
The-, appellant -contends in - the first place that, the words “ in any place” are qualified by the subsequent provisions of the statute; and that it was only designed to prohibit and punish acts committed in public stages, railroad cars, ferry boats or other public conveyances, or similar- places. We are unable to agree with this construction. The words “ in any place ” undoubtedly have reference to a public placeand public stages,, railroad cars, ferry boats . and other public conveyances were doubtless specified to remove any question as: to whether they were public places and included in the words “ in any place ” preceding them in the statute.. It does not appear whether the detective agency by which defendant was employed was licensed ; but since it is Unlawful to engage in the business- of a private detective for hire or -reward without a-license (Laws of 1898, chap. 422, §§ 1, 5, as amd. by Laws. of. 1901, chap., 362 and Laws of 1899, chap.' 318 respectively) it should,, perhaps,, be presume^ that the firm was duly licensed. It is contended at the outset by, counsel for appellant that licensed private detectives are not subject to the operation, of section 675 of the Penal Code, even if otherwise it should be applicable to them. - It is manifest -that the primary object of licensing private detectives upon good character being satisfactorily shown, and requiring them to give a substantial bond, is the protection of persons 'requiring such', service and affording them, redress in. case of misconduct. The language of the statute (Laws of 1898, chap. 422, § 2, as amd. by Laws of 1901,, chap. 362) indicates that it was con[243]*243templated that such licensed detectives, or detective agencies might engage in the business of “ furnishing or supplying information as to the personal character of any person or firm, or as to the character or kind of the business and occupation of any person, firm or corporation.” But this does not indicate a legislative intent to license or permit such detectives or their employees, who do not require a license (Laws of 1898, chap. 422, § 4), to annoy or interfere with citizens or others. Moreover, the provisions of the Penal Code now under consideration were enacted before the enactment of the first statute providing for licensing private detectives, and if the Legislature intended to exempt them from the operation thereof it would have so provided. As we view it, the Legislature intended to prohibit one person from, by any offensive or disorderly act or language, annoying or interfering with another in a public place. Two things must occur to constitute the crime. One of these relates to the con-, duct of the accused, and the other to the effect of such conduct upon the complainant. There must be an annoyance to or interference with some person in a public place by act or language which is either offensive or disorderly. It is clear that if one person, without lawful excuse, persists in talking to or walking with another, with whom he is not acquainted, this may be offensive or disorderly and it may constitute an interference with or annoyance to the person accosted within the prohibition of the statute. Such are doubtless the cases that commonly arise under the statute; but the scope of the statute is broad and necessarily so. There cambe no doubt that it was within the constitutional province of the Legislature to declare such conduct as is prohibited a misdemeanor, even though there be no right of privacy at common law, as is claimed to be the effect of . the decision in Roberson v. Rochester Folding Box Co. (171 N. Y. 538), yet it does not follow that the Legislature is powerless to prohibit conduct such as it has here declared to be a misdemeanor. The Legislature foresaw that it would be impossible to specifically enumerate the various acts that would constitute the offense. Con- ' sequently, whether in a particular case the statute has been violated depends upon the nature of the conduct of the defendant and its effect upon the complainant. Of course the statute does not prohibit the officers o'f the law from the full performance of their duties in detecting^and punishing crime, nor does it prohibit them or private [244]*244detectives or others from, executing or serving any lawful process, notice or other paper Or from making any lawful inquiries Or investigation concerning the conduct of any individual, firm or corporation. But when one person, even though he be a licensed private detective or an employee of one so licensed, for purposes of his own or upon employment for hire, persists in following another for the- mere purpose of ascertaining and reporting where he goes and what he does and dogs his steps about the public streets and places, keeping him constantly in sight, or if he enters a building, following him in or waiting outside until he reappears, mid does this in such aman-, ner that the person followed while being followed observes it, and after this becomes evident to the defendant he still persists hr his surveillance, it may fairly be inferred from these facts that the person followed has been annoyed, and, in the absence of legal justification, that the person following him has committed an offensive or disorderly act causing stich annoyance within the letter and the fair intent and meaning of this statute. It cannot, of course, be authoritatively decided upon the record now before tis, which discloses no lattemptto justify except the mere fact of employment by a private '-detective agency, what facts would constitute a justification in'all cases. If the purpose were to execute or servé a civil process, or to ¡serve a private notice or paper, that could scarcely justify -such surveillance, for the service should be made as soon as the identity of the party is discovered and a reasonable opportunity afforded therefor. If the purpose Were to report.on one’s, character, habits or associatio'n or to obtain evidence to be used in a civil action or proceeding, a suspicion as to what might be discovered by such espionage would be no justification for conduct annoying an individual in á manner that might lead to a breach of the peace. If a man may be followed .thu's openly, so may any woman or girl, and her .character 'might be thereby seriously affected without redress civilly or criminally. Skillful private detectives should, be able to perform any lawful services for which they may be employed without following a person in this open manner and necessarily annoying him; and if they cannot, they must, when they become "aware that their espionage is discovered, desist or run the"risk of a criminal prosecution. .
We are, therefore, of opinion that the facts justified the con[245]*245vietion of the defendant of a violation of section 675 of the Penal Code and that the judgment should be affirmed.
Van Brunt, P. J., Patterson and O’Brien, JJ., concurred; McLaughlin, J., dissented.