2023 IL App (1st) 221050-U
SECOND DIVISION March 7, 2023
No. 1-22-1050
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) ) Appeal from the Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of ) Cook County. v. ) ) No. 17 CR 11797 TITUS SNELLING, ) ) Honorable Defendant-Appellant. ) Neera Lall Walsh, ) Judge Presiding. )
PRESIDING JUSTICE FITZGERALD SMITH delivered the judgment of the court. Justices Ellis and Cobbs concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: We affirm the circuit court’s summary dismissal of the petitioner’s pro se postconviction petition. The petitioner waived his claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel by failing to argue it in his petition. Forfeiture aside, that claim would not succeed on the merits.
¶2 The petitioner, Titus Snelling, appeals from the circuit court’s summary dismissal of his
pro se postconviction petition filed pursuant to the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (725 ILCS 5/122- No. 1-22-1050
1 et seq. (West 2018)). The petitioner contends that the circuit court erred in dismissing his petition
where he stated an arguable claim that his appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise a
meritorious sufficiency of evidence challenge to his conviction for aggravated kidnapping. For the
following reasons, we affirm.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 The record before us reveals the following relevant facts and procedural history. In 2017,
the petitioner was charged with: (1) four counts of aggravated kidnapping (Counts I through IV);
(2) two counts of aggravated criminal sexual abuse (Counts V and VI); and (3) one count of
aggravated battery (Count VII), all stemming from allegations that he kidnapped the victim, M.B.-
F. while transporting her from the emergency room (ER) to the detox unit in the course of his
employment at Jackson Park Hospital.
¶5 Relevant to this appeal, Count I for aggravated kidnapping alleged that the petitioner
knowingly and secretly confined M.B.-F. against her will while committing criminal sexual abuse.
720 ILCS 5/10-2(a)(3) (West 2016). Count V for aggravated criminal sexual abuse alleged that
the petitioner knowingly touched M.B.-F.’s sex organ for sexual arousal or gratification by using
or threatening force during a kidnapping. 720 ILCS 5/11-1.60(a)(6) (West 2016). Count VI for
aggravated criminal sexual abuse alleged that the petitioner touched M.B.-F.’s sex organ for sexual
arousal or gratification by using or threatening force while committing an aggravated battery. 720
ILCS 5/11-1.60(a)(6) (West 2016). Count VII for aggravated battery alleged that, while
committing a battery, the petitioner knowingly made physical contact of an insulting or provoking
nature by placing his mouth on M.B.-F.’s toes while they were inside Jackson Park Hospital, a
public place of accommodation. 720 ILCS 5/12-3.05(c) (West 2016).
¶6 The following relevant evidence was adduced at the petitioner’s trial. The victim, M.B.-F.
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testified that in January 2011 she was diagnosed with a brain tumor and underwent gamma knife
radiation, after which she was prescribed “a lot of opiates.” When her prescriptions ended, M.B.-
F. began to use heroin and obtained pills from her friends. In February 2017, she decided to check
herself in at the detox center of Jackson Park Hospital.
¶7 M.B.-F. testified that at about 7 and 8 p.m. on February 8, 2017, she arrived at the Jackson
Park Hospital ER and was placed in a waiting room. The petitioner, whom she identified at trial,
brought her a hospital gown and socks, and told her to remove her clothing and don the gown.
M.B.-F. complied but kept her underwear on. The petitioner also went through M.B.-F.’s bags,
which she considered normal for someone like her entering addiction treatment. M.B.-F. remained
in the waiting for the next several hours. While she was “fully sober” she felt sick with withdrawal
symptoms and asked the petitioner when she would be taken to the detox floor. The petitioner
entered the waiting numerous times, squeezed her toes, and said she would be going soon.
¶8 Eventually, at around 3 a.m., on February 9, 2017, the petitioner came to transport M.B.-
F. in a wheelchair to her detox room. He pushed her through hallways and elevators for a “very
extended period of time” and then wheeled her into a “pitch black” room. After the door closed,
M.B.-F. could not see anything but heard the petitioner’s movement and breath. She asked the
petitioner to turn on the light, but he remained silent and ignored her. When she unsuccessfully
repeated the request several times, she “knew she was in trouble.” M.B.-F. testified that she was
still sitting in the wheelchair and had her bag on her lap when she felt the petitioner’s “hand go
between *** and up [her] left thigh.” The petitioner then “[t]ouched the outside of [her] panties.
Not [her] actual vagina, just the outside of [her] panties.” M.B.-F. squeezed her legs together and
pushed her possessions forward, and said “No, no, no.” The petitioner then “firmly” grabbed her
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left ankle, “ripped” off her sock and sucked and kissed her toes.
¶9 When asked by the prosecutor whether she ever gave the petitioner permission to touch
her, remove her socks, suck her toes, or use his hand to “touch [her] vagina under [her] panties,”
M.B.-F. responded that she did not.
¶ 10 M.B.-F. further testified that after the petitioner sucked her toes, she “just started saying
anything to get out of that room.” She told the petitioner that she was sick and pleaded with him
to take her to the detox room, promising that she would never say anything to anyone about what
he had done. The petitioner responded, “are you sure” or “you better not.”
¶ 11 Eventually the petitioner wheeled M.B.-F. out of the dark room and pushed her onto an
elevator where he ran his fingers up and down her neck. When the elevator opened, the petitioner
wheeled M.B.-F. to a nurse’s desk and left. M.B.-F. attempted to stand up but fell, and “blurt[ed]”
out what had happened. Later that day, she spoke to the police in the hospital.
¶ 12 A week later, she again spoke to the police at her home and identified the petitioner from
a photo array as the person who had molested her.
¶ 13 At trial, M.B.-F. also identified herself and the petitioner on surveillance footage from the
hospital, which showed her being pushed in a wheelchair by the petitioner through different
hallways, while holding a large bag on her lap.
¶ 14 On cross-examination, M.B.-F. testified that she was prescribed opiates for approximately
three years, and that she last used heroin the evening before or the morning of February 8, 2017.
¶ 15 On cross-examination, she also admitted that when the petitioner initially squeezed her toes
in the waiting room, she found it “endearing” because she thought the petitioner was telling her to
“hang on *** it [was] almost [her] turn.”
¶ 16 On cross-examination, M.B.-F. also admitted that once inside the dark room, she could not
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see the petitioner and did not know if anyone else was present. She explained, however, that she
knew that the petitioner was in the room with her because when she asked him why he would not
turn on the lights, he told her that it was 3 a.m.
¶ 17 Registered nurse, Katherine Raymundo, next testified that early on February 9, 2017, she
was the charge on the detox unit at Jackson Park Hospital. She stated that M.B.-F., who was
nervous and shaking and looked as if she was about to cry, told her that during her transfer from
the ER to the detox unit, she was “molested” by the transport worker. M.B.-F. told Raymundo that
the worker “suckled on her toes and attempted to—you know, was feeling up her legs while she
was in the wheelchair.” Raymundo identified the petitioner as the transporter.
¶ 18 On cross-examination, Raymundo acknowledged that nervousness and shaking were
symptoms of opiate withdrawal as were aches, pains, nausea, and memory loss.
¶ 19 After Raymundo’s testimony, the State presented other crimes evidence. A.N. testified that
on October 21, 2016, she went to Jackson Park Hospital for alcohol detox. She identified the
petitioner as the person who transported her from the ER to the detox unit. A.N. averred that while
the petitioner was transporting her, they ended up alone in an elevator, where the petitioner
massaged her shoulders, neck, and down toward her chest. The petitioner then kissed her neck.
A.N. told the petitioner to stop, to which the petitioner responded that he was “just trying to get
[her] to relax.” A.N. further averred that after exiting the elevator, the petitioner pushed the
wheelchair slowly and continued to massage her shoulders. After they arrived at A.N.’s room, the
petitioner told her he would return, which A.N. took “as a threat.” A.N. asked the petitioner for his
name and he identified himself as “Titus.” After he left, A.N. contacted a nurse and told her what
had happened.
¶ 20 On cross-examination, A.N. acknowledged being under the influence of alcohol when she
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arrived at the hospital. She also admitted that during her 20-year history with alcohol abuse, she
suffered from blackouts and memory loss.
¶ 21 Jackson Park Hospital risk manager Mark Parrish next testified that on February 9, 2017,
he spoke with M.B.-F. and reviewed hospital surveillance video. He testified that the surveillance
video, which was introduced into evidence, shows the petitioner pushing M.B.-F., who is in a
wheelchair, away from the detox unit and toward an area closed to patients.
¶ 22 After the State rested, the petitioner moved for a directed finding. Relevant to this appeal,
defense counsel argued that the petitioner’s actions of sucking M.B.-F.’s toes and “touching her
leg in the manner he did” did not rise to the level of touching, which could be considered an act of
criminal sexual abuse, upon which all the charges were premised. The State responded that M.B.-
F.’s testimony proved that the petitioner not only touched her leg, but that he moved his hand up
from her thigh, touching her vagina over her clothing. The trial court agreed with the State and
denied the petitioner’s motion.
¶ 23 The petitioner presented no evidence on his own behalf and the parties proceeded with
closing arguments.
¶ 24 In closing, the State argued that it had proven all the elements beyond a reasonable doubt
and that M.B.-F. was a credible witness. Defense counsel, on the other hand, argued that M.B.-F.
was not a credible witness because she had difficulty remembering due to withdrawal symptoms.
Defense counsel further argued that there was no physical evidence of the petitioner putting his
mouth on the victim’s toes, and that touching her leg in the manner in which he did, did not rise to
the level necessary to establish criminal sexual abuse.
¶ 25 After hearing arguments, the circuit court found the petitioner guilty of all counts. The
court held that M.B.-F. was a credible witness, and found, inter alia, that she had testified that the
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petitioner took her into a dark room and touched her vaginal area. As the trial judge stated:
“And at that time, [the petitioner] touched her leg and he moved up to her vaginal area and
that he touched her on top of her panties, and at some point[,] he ripped off her socks, and
he sucked her toes. She never consented to any of these. She never agreed to any of these.
She clearly testified to that.”
¶ 26 The petitioner filed a motion for a new trial, arguing, inter alia, that the trial judge erred in
finding that his alleged conduct towards M.B.-F. was sexual in nature.
¶ 27 After the circuit court denied that motion, the parties proceeded with sentencing. At the
sentencing hearing, the circuit court merged the four aggravated battery counts and sentenced the
petitioner to ten years’ imprisonment on Count I. The court also merged the aggravated battery
count (Count VII) into the other counts and sentenced the petitioner to two four-year terms on the
two aggravated criminal sexual abuse convictions (Counts V and VI). The court ordered that all
the sentences be served concurrently.
¶ 28 The petitioner appealed his conviction and sentence. On appeal, he argued that his
convictions for aggravated kidnapping (Count I) and aggravated criminal sexual abuse (Count V)
violated the one-act-one crime rule because they were predicated on the same physical acts of
kidnapping M.B.-F. and performing criminal sexual acts against her. He therefore urged this court
to vacate the lesser included offense. In addition, the petitioner contended that the circuit court
erred when it found that Jackson Park Hospital was a public place of accommodation, an element
of aggravated battery, which was the predicate felony for his aggravated criminal sexual abuse
conviction (Count VI). The petitioner asked this court to reduce his aggravated battery conviction
to criminal sexual abuse and to vacate that conviction because criminal sexual abuse was a lesser
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included offense of aggravated kidnapping.
¶ 29 On appeal, we agreed and affirmed the petitioner’s conviction for aggravated kidnapping
(Count I), reduced his aggravated criminal sexual abuse conviction (Count VI) to criminal sexual
abuse, and vacated his convictions for aggravated criminal sexual abuse (Counts V and VI). See
People v. Snelling, 2021 IL App (1st) 200293-U. Accordingly, after his direct appeal was decided,
the petitioner remained convicted of only one count of aggravated kidnapping premised on
knowingly and secretly confining M.B.-F. against her will while committing criminal sexual abuse
against her (Count I). Id.
¶ 30 On March 9, 2022, the petitioner filed the instant pro se postconviction petition. Therein,
he alleged that: (1) he was denied his right to a fair trial because of insufficient evidence; and (2)
his trial counsel was ineffective because he failed to adequately cross-examine M.B.-F. during
trial. With respect to both, the petitioner argued that “the State did not meet the burden or prove
the elements of aggravated kidnapping,” and that he was “wrongfully convicted on false testimony
and insufficient evidence.” In this respect, the petitioner relied on the appellate court’s decision in
his direct appeal, noting that it found that aggravated kidnapping was predicated on aggravated
criminal sexual abuse and aggravated battery, and therefore vacated the aggravated criminal sexual
abuse and aggravated battery convictions. The petitioner alleged that as such his aggravated
kidnapping conviction should also be vacated.
¶ 31 On April 21, 2022, the circuit court summarily dismissed the petition, finding that the
issues raised were frivolous and patently without merit. The circuit court held that the petitioner
had forfeited his claim regarding the sufficiency of the evidence because he failed to raise it on
direct appeal. The court further found that the petitioner failed to make an arguable claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel based on counsel’s failure to properly cross-examine M.B.-F.
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because the evidence at trial was not closely balanced, and M.B.-F.’s testimony was corroborated
by other crimes evidence offered by A.N.
¶ 32 The petitioner now appeals.
¶ 33 III. ANALYSIS
¶ 34 On appeal, for the first time, the petitioner contends that the circuit court erred in summarily
dismissing his pro se postconviction petition because he made an arguable claim of ineffective
assistance of appellate counsel based on counsel’s failure to raise a sufficiency of evidence
challenge to his aggravated kidnapping conviction (Count I). The State initially responds, and the
petitioner concedes, that he did not explicitly raise this issue in his postconviction petition. The
petitioner nonetheless asserts that “given a liberal construction” his petition raised an arguable
basis of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel.
¶ 35 For the following reasons, we disagree with the petitioner, and find that the petition, even
when liberally construed in no way raises a claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel.
Moreover, regardless of forfeiture, we find that in light of the overwhelming evidence of the
petitioner’s guilt, the petitioner has failed to state an arguable basis for appellate counsel’s
ineffectiveness.
¶ 36 The Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et. seq. (West 2018)) provides
a three-step process by which a convicted defendant may assert a substantial denial of his or her
constitutional rights in the proceedings that led to the conviction. People v. Edwards, 2012 IL
111711, ¶ 21; People v. Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶ 8; see also People v. Walker, 2015 IL App (1st)
130530, ¶ 11 (citing People v. Harris, 224 Ill. 2d 115, 124 (2007)). A proceeding under the Act is
a collateral attack on a prior conviction and sentence and is therefore “not a substitute for, or an
addendum to, direct appeal.” People v. Kokoraleis, 159 Ill. 2d 325, 328 (1994); see Edwards, 2012
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IL 111711, ¶ 21; People v. Barrow, 195 Ill. 2d 506, 519 (2001). Accordingly, any issues that were
decided on direct appeal are res judicata, and any issues that could have been presented on direct
appeal, but were not, are waived. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 21; see also People v. Ligon, 239
Ill. 2d 94, 103 (2010); People v. Reyes, 369 Ill. App. 3d 1, 12 (2006).
¶ 37 At the first stage of postconviction proceedings, the circuit court is tasked with
independently reviewing the petition, and taking the allegations as true, determining whether “ ‘the
petition is frivolous or patently without merit.’ ” People v. Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d 1, 10 (2009) (quoting
725 ILCS 5/122–2.1(a)(2) (West 2006)); see also Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶ 9. At this stage, the
court may not engage in any factual determinations or credibility findings. See People v. Plummer,
344 Ill. App. 3d 1016, 1020 (2003); see also People v. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d 366, 380-81 (1998).
Instead, the court may summarily dismiss the petition only if it finds the petition to be frivolous or
patently without merit. See People v. Ross, 2015 IL App (1st) 120089, ¶ 30; see also Hodges, 234
Ill. 2d at 10. A petition is frivolous or patently without merit if it has no arguable basis either in
law or in fact. Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶ 9. Our supreme court has explained that a petition lacks an
arguable basis where it “is based on an indisputably meritless legal theory or a fanciful factual
allegation”—in other words, an allegation that is “fantastic or delusional,” or is “completely
contradicted by the record.” Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d at 11-12; People v. Brown, 236 Ill. 2d 175, 185
(2010); see also Ross, 2015 IL App (1st) 120089, ¶ 31. Our review of summary dismissal is de
novo. Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶ 10.
¶ 38 In the present case, on appeal, the petitioner does not rely upon either of the arguments he
explicitly included in his pro se petition. Instead, on appeal he contends that because his petition
set forth claims challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to convict him for aggravated
kidnaping and the effectiveness of his trial counsel, it necessarily follows that the petition implicitly
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made out a claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel for counsel’s failure to raise the
sufficiency of evidence issue on direct appeal. However, as the State correctly notes, and the
petitioner himself concedes, this argument was not specifically raised below in his pro se
postconviction petition.
¶ 39 Section 122-2 of the Act specifically provides that a postconviction petition “shall ***
clearly set forth the respects in which [a petitioner’s] constitutional rights were violated.” 725
ILCS 5/122-2 (West 2018). Section 122-3 of the Act further provides that “[a]ny claim of
substantial denial of constitutional rights not raised in the original or an amended petition is
waived.” 725 ILCS 5/122-3 (West 2018). As such, it is well-recognized that “claims not raised in
a petition cannot be argued for the first time on appeal.” People v. Jones, 213 Ill. 2d 498, 505-06
(2004); see also People v. Cathey, 2012 IL 111746, ¶ 21 (explaining that “any issues to be reviewed
must be presented in the petition filed in the circuit court”); see also People v. Montanez, 2022 IL
App (1st) 191930, ¶ 40 (“It is black letter law that a defendant may not raise an issue for the first
time on appeal from the dismissal of a postconviction petition if the petition failed to include that
issue” (citations omitted)). Moreover, our supreme court has repeatedly held that the appellate
court lacks the authority to ignore the strictures of section 122-3 of the Act and excuse an appellate
waiver caused by the failure of a litigant to include issues in his postconviction petition.
See Jones, 213 Ill.2d at 507-08. In fact, on more than one occasion it has criticized this court for
inappropriately overlooking the waiver provision of the Act and addressing “ ‘claims raised for
the first time on appeal for various and sundry reasons.’ ” People v. Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d 458,
475 (2006) (quoting Jones, 213 Ill.2d at 506). As our supreme court explained in Jones, attempts
by postconviction counsel to raise claims for the first time on appeal from the first-stage dismissal
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of a postconviction petition are understandable, but simply not permitted under the Act:
“[T]he typical pro se litigant will draft an inartful pleading which does not survive scrutiny
under the ‘frivolity/patently without merit’ standard of section 122-2.1, and it is only during
the appellate process, when the discerning eyes of a [postconviction] attorney are reviewing
the record, that the more complex errors that a nonattorney cannot glean are discovered.
The [postconviction] appellate attorney, not wishing to be remiss in his or her duty, then
adds the newly discovered error to the appeal despite the fact that the claim was never
considered by the trial court in the course of its ruling. * * * [T]he [postconviction] attorney
is zealously guarding the client’s rights and is attempting to conserve judicial resources by
raising the claim expeditiously at the first available chance. These goals are laudable, but
they nonetheless conflict with the nature of appellate review and the strictures of the
Act.” Jones, 213 Ill. 2d at 504.
¶ 40 While the petitioner here concedes that he did not explicitly raise a claim of ineffective
assistance of appellate counsel below, he contends that the language of his petition, when “liberally
construed” encompasses his current argument regarding the purported ineffectiveness of appellate
counsel. We disagree.
¶ 41 The petitioner’s pro se status is not an excuse for the failure to comply with the
requirements of the Act. Jones, 213 Ill. 2d at 505-06; People v. Vilces, 321 Ill. App. 3d 937, 939-
40 (2001). Moreover, our courts have repeatedly held that even in light of the low threshold and
liberal construction applicable at the first stage of postconviction proceedings, claims that were at
best implicitly raised below may not be raised on appeal. See People v. Reed, 2014 IL App (1st)
122610, ¶ 63; People v. Cole, 2012 IL App (1st) 102499, ¶ 13; People v. Mars, 2012 IL App (2d)
110695, ¶ 33; Jones, 213 Ill. 2d at 508. Accordingly, regardless of how liberally we construe the
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instant petition, we cannot conclude that it raises a claim of ineffective assistance of appellate
counsel.
¶ 42 In coming to this conclusion, we find the decisions in Cole, 2012 IL App (1st) 102499 and
Mars, 2012 IL App (2d) 110695, instructive. In Cole, we explicitly rejected a pro se postconviction
petitioner’s attempt to raise a claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel for the first time
on appeal. Cole, 2012 IL App (1st) 102499, ¶¶ 13-15. In that case, the petitioner appealed from
the summary dismissal of his pro se postconviction petition, which included claims that: (1) the
trial court violated Illinois Supreme Court Rule 431(b) (eff. May 1, 2007) by failing to fully
question potential jurors about fundamental principles of law; and (2) the State’s Attorney
committed prosecutorial misconduct during closing arguments. Id. ¶¶ 4-6. On appeal, for the first
time, the petitioner raised a claim that appellate counsel’s failure to raise the issues regarding the
venire and the prosecutor’s comments rendered his assistance constitutionally deficient. Id. ¶ 9.
¶ 43 On appeal, this court found that the petitioner had waived consideration of any claim of
ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. Id. ¶ 13. Relying on the supreme court’s decision in
Jones, we held that “implicit” claims in a petition, which were never ruled upon by the circuit
court may not be raised for the first time on appeal. Id. ¶ 13 (Jones, 213 Ill. 2d at 504).
¶ 44 We reasoned that consideration of such claims would be an improper exercise of
supervisory authority not vested in the appellate court. Id. ¶ 15 (the “appellate court, [unlike the
supreme court] does not possess [supervisory power to reach an issue the defendant has forfeited]”
(citations omitted.)); see also Jones, 213 Ill. 2d at 508 (“our appellate court is not free, as [the
supreme court] is under its supervisory authority, to excuse, in the context of post-conviction
proceedings, an appellate waiver caused by the failure of a defendant to include issues in his or
her post-conviction petition.”). Moreover, we held that we were bound to adhere to “the strictures”
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of the Act that “[a]ny claim of substantial denial of constitutional rights not raised in the original
or an amended petition is waived.” Id. ¶ 14 (citing 725 ILCS 5/122-3 (West 2010)).
¶ 45 Accordingly, we concluded that because it was “undisputed that the [petitioner’s]
postconviction petition contained no reference to appellate counsel’s performance on direct
appeal,” the petitioner was precluded from asserting for the first time on appeal claims of
ineffective assistance of appellate counsel never ruled upon by the circuit court. Id. ¶ 16. We
therefore affirmed the summary dismissal of his petition. Id. ¶ 25.
¶ 46 Similarly, in Mars, 2012 IL App (2d) 110695, ¶ 33, we held that the petitioner could not
raise an ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim for the first time on appeal. In that case, in
his pro se petition, the petitioner asserted that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
challenge the sufficiency of his indictment. Id. ¶ 32. On appeal from the petition’s summary
dismissal, the petitioner argued for the first time that his appellate counsel was ineffective for
failing to raise the issue of his indictment in his direct appeal. Id. ¶ 31. Noting that the “[l]iberal
construction [of a petition] does not mean that we distort reality,” we held that the petitioner had
forfeited the claim by not raising it in his postconviction petition, even though he had explicitly
raised other errors of appellate counsel in his pro se filing. Id. ¶¶ 32–33.
¶ 47 Applying the holdings of Cole and Mars to the instant case, we are compelled to conclude
that when liberally construed the petitioner’s pro se petition failed to state a claim of ineffective
assistance of appellate counsel. The petition did not assert that counsel on direct appeal was
ineffective for failing to raise the sufficiency of evidence regarding the petitioner’s aggravated
kidnapping conviction. In fact, the petition made no arguments whatsoever regarding appellate
counsel’s deficient conduct, nor even used the words “appellate counsel” anywhere in the pleading.
Accordingly, just as in Cole, here it is undeniable that “the petition contained no reference to
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appellate counsel’s performance on direct appeal.” Cole, 2012 IL App (1st) 102499, ¶ 16. As such,
no matter how much we strain to leniently construe the petition in favor of the petitioner, we cannot
avoid the strictures of section 122-3 of the Act and therefore conclude that the petitioner waived
this issue for review. See Id. ¶¶ 13-15; see also Mars, 2012 IL App (2d) 110695, ¶¶ 32-33; see also
People v. Betance-Lopez, 2018 IL App (2d) 160748, ¶ 32 (concluding that “no amount of ‘liberal
construction,’ which defendant argues we should employ, will transform a claim of ineffective
assistance of trial counsel into a claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel.”); see also
People v. Williams, 2015 IL App (1st) 131359, ¶ 22 (finding that a similarity in subject matter did
not permit the reviewing court to “simply substitute the petitioner’s argument on appeal that
his appellate counsel was ineffective into his petition’s argument that his trial counsel was
ineffective” (emphases in original)); Reed, 2014 IL App (1st) 122610, ¶ 61 (finding that to
construe an ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim as an ineffective assistance of appellate
counsel claim “would require more than a liberal construction”).
¶ 48 We therefore find that the petitioner’s claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel,
raised for the first time on appeal, to be barred by section 122-3 of the Act. 725 ILCS 5/122-3
(West 2018). However, as our supreme court has recognized: “This does not leave persons in [the
petitioner’s] position without a remedy. *** If [the petitioner] believes that he has a meritorious
claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, he may seek leave of court to file a successive
petition.” Harris, 224 Ill. 2d at 134.
¶ 49 Moreover, even if we were to find the petitioner’s claim of ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel was properly raised, that contention would not succeed on its merits. Claims of
ineffectiveness of both trial and appellate counsel are governed by the two-prong standard set forth
in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). Under this standard, the petitioner must
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demonstrate that counsel’s performance was deficient and that such deficient performance
substantially prejudiced him. At the first stage of postconviction proceedings, a petition alleging
ineffective assistance of appellate counsel may not be summarily dismissed if (1) it is arguable
that counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and (2) it is arguable
that the petitioner was prejudiced. Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶ 19. “To adequately plead a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel, the petition must satisfy both prongs of the test.” People v. Bush,
2022 IL App (1st) 210509, ¶ 31. Failure to meet the prejudice prong, in and of itself, is detrimental
to the claim. Id.
¶ 50 Under the second prong of Strickland, an appellate counsel’s decision not to raise an issue
on appeal is prejudicial only where the issue was meritorious. See People v. Easley, 192 Ill. 2d
307, 329 (2000). In other words, a petitioner who asserts that appellate counsel rendered ineffective
assistance by failing to argue an issue, must make an arguable claim that but for counsel’s failure
to raise that issue there is a reasonable probability that the result of his proceedings would have
been different, i.e., his conviction or sentence would have been reversed. See People v. Jones 399
Ill. App. 3d 341, 372 (2010); see also People v. Coleman, 2011 IL App (1st) 091005, ¶ 43 (citing
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694).
¶ 51 In the present case, the petitioner did not make an arguable claim that the result of his direct
appeal would have been different had appellate counsel raised a sufficiency of the evidence claim
regarding his aggravated kidnapping conviction.
¶ 52 The petitioner’s aggravated kidnapping conviction was premised on allegations that he
knowingly and secretly confined M.B.-F. against her will and committed the felony offense of
criminal sexual abuse. 720 ILCS 5/10-2(a)(3) (West 2016). To sustain a charge of criminal sexual
abuse the State was required to prove that the petitioner committed an act of sexual conduct by the
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use or threat of force. 720 ILCS 5/11-1.50(a)(1) (West 2016)). An act of sexual conduct is defined,
in part, as “any knowing touching or fondling by the victim or the accused, either directly or
through clothing, of the sex organs, anus, or breast of the victim or the accused.” 720 ILCS 5/11-
0.1 (West 2016).
¶ 53 Contrary to the petitioner’s contention, the evidence at trial by no means failed to establish
that he touched M.B.-F’s vagina over her underwear, so as to negate any sexual abuse, which was
the predicate for his aggravated kidnapping conviction. Rather, the evidence at trial
overwhelmingly established that he committed an act of sexual conduct.
¶ 54 M.B.-F.’s uncontroverted testimony at trial established that the petitioner wheeled her into
a dark room, and while she remained seated in the wheelchair put his hand between and up her left
thigh, after which he “touched the outside of her panties,” “not [her] actual vagina, just the outside
of [her] panties.” M.B.-F. further testified that to protect herself she squeezed her thighs together
and pushed the bag that she was holding in her lap forward. Moreover, in response to the
prosecutor’s question whether she consented to the petitioner touching her vagina, M.B.-F.
explicitly testified that she did not. The petitioner provided no evidence at trial to contradict M.B.-
F.’s testimony. Accordingly, the evidence irrefutably established that the petitioner touched M.B.-
F.’s vagina through her clothing.
¶ 55 Under this record, we are compelled to conclude that the petitioner has failed to make an
arguable claim that he suffered prejudice from appellate counsel’s decision to refrain from
challenging the sufficiency of the evidence on direct appeal. Such a claim would have been futile,
and the petitioner has failed to show that counsel was ineffective for failing to argue a non-
17 No. 1-22-1050
meritorious issue.
¶ 56 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 57 For the aforementioned reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
¶ 58 Affirmed.