Filed 5/27/16 P. v. Shutz CA4/1 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D069906
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. RIF151165)
DAVID LEIGH SHULTZ,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Riverside County, Mac R.
Fisher, Judge. Affirmed as modified.
Allen G. Weinberg, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Arlene A. Sevidal and Michael
Pulos, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent. Defendant and appellant David Leigh Shultz was charged by information with
aggravated oral copulation by force (Pen. Code,1 §§ 269, subd. (a)(4) & 288a; count 1);
aggravated rape of a child under 14 years of age and seven or more years younger than
defendant (§§ 269, subd. (a)(1) & 261, subd. (a)(2) or (a)(6); count 2); nine counts of
forcible lewd and lascivious acts on a child under 14 years of age (§ 288, subd. (b)(1);
counts 3-11); and sexual intercourse with a child under 16 years of age (§ 261.5, subd.
(d); count 12). All 12 counts involved Jane Doe, defendant's biological daughter.
At defendant's first trial, the jury hung 11 to 1 in favor of guilt on all counts. On
retrial, defendant represented himself. A jury returned guilty verdicts on all counts as
charged. The court sentenced defendant to an indeterminate term of 30 years to life and
to a determinate term of 73 years.
On appeal, defendant contends that the court abused its discretion and thus erred
when it admitted under Evidence Code section 1108 evidence of his uncharged sexual
misconduct against Nicole S.; that the court erred in instructing the jury with CALCRIM
Nos. 1111 and 1191; that he was unduly prejudiced by the cumulative effect of the errors
in admitting evidence of the uncharged sexual misconduct and in instructing the jury with
CALCRIM No. 1191; that the court erred in failing to give instructions on alleged lesser
included offenses in connection with counts 1 and 2; that his sentence constitutes cruel
and unusual punishment; and that there is a clerical error in the abstracts of judgment
regarding when counts 1-12 were committed.
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless noted otherwise. 2 As we explain, we agree there is a clerical error in the abstracts of judgment with
respect to the date ranges for counts 1-12. In all other respects, we affirm the judgment
of conviction.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND2
Doe testified that she was born in December 1994. Doe, along with her older
brother C., lived with defendant (their father) in Pennsylvania. Their mother Heather
lived with the family "[o]n and off." When she was about four years old, defendant, Doe
and her brother, but not Heather, moved to California.
Doe testified before the family moved to California, defendant made Doe touch
his "genitals" with her hand. Doe testified that the touching was "skin-to-skin"; that by
"genitals" she meant his erect "penis"; and that when this touching occurred, they were
alone.
Doe specifically described for the jury how defendant took her hand, put it on his
penis and showed her how he wanted to be touched, which involved moving her hand
"[u]p and down" on his penis. When this touching occurred, defendant had his pants
completely off and was laying on the bed. Doe touched defendant's penis for about 10 or
15 minutes. Doe was afraid she would be spanked by defendant if she did not follow his
instructions. While Doe was touching defendant's penis, he instructed her not to tell
2 We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment of conviction, to the extent there is a conflict in the evidence. (See People v. Osband (1996) 13 Cal.4th 622, 690.) Certain portions of the factual and procedural history related to defendant's claims of alleged error are discussed post, in connection with those issues.
3 anyone because the "police would be called," or words to that effect. At the time, Doe's
mother was not living with the family.
Doe testified that when she was four years old, defendant forced her to touch his
penis with her hand between three to five times and with her mouth once or twice. With
regard to oral copulation, defendant instructed Doe first to touch his penis with her hand.
As she was doing so inside his bedroom, where most of the sexual abuse occurred,
defendant then asked her to use her mouth. Because defendant placed his hand behind
Doe's head while she orally copulated him, Doe was unable to "squirm away." Doe
estimated she orally copulated defendant for about 10 to 15 minutes, and, as before, he
told her not to tell anybody.
After the move, the family initially lived in Irvine for about a year. While living
in Irvine, defendant did not sexually abuse Doe because, according to Doe, defendant
"had a girlfriend." They next moved to Corona, where defendant resumed his sexual
abuse of Doe.
Doe testified that when she was about five years old, in kindergarten, defendant
forced her to touch his penis "skin-on-skin" with her hand and with her mouth. As the
frequency of abuse increased, Doe testified defendant no longer needed to instruct Doe to
initiate the touching, but instead merely asked her to "make him feel good."
While living in Corona over a six-year period, Doe testified that she was forced to
orally copulate defendant "[a] lot." When asked what she meant by "[a] lot," Doe
testified a "couple times a month." Doe estimated between the ages of five and 11 she
orally copulated defendant "probably over" 20 times. On these occasions, defendant
4 threatened that, if Doe told anyone about the touching, the police would come and take
Doe and her brother away.
When Doe was in third or fourth grade, she told defendant she wanted to shave her
legs. Defendant told Doe he would have to help her. While Doe was naked in the
bathtub, defendant touched Doe's genitalia, which made her feel "really uncomfortable."
Defendant next lifted Doe out of the bathtub, made her stand on the toilet with her back
towards him, and tried to have sex with her. According to Doe, when that "didn't work,
he tried to have sex with me on the floor." Defendant made Doe lie on her stomach.
With defendant on top of her, defendant's penis went inside Doe's vagina "a little bit."
Because it hurt and Doe made a noise in response, defendant stopped because C. was
home and instead forced Doe to orally copulate him.
Doe estimated defendant engaged in sexual intercourse with her about five or six
times during the six-year period they lived in Corona. Doe also estimated that during this
same period of time, defendant touched her vagina both under and over her clothing
about 10 to 15 times and digitally penetrated her vagina about five to 10 times.
Defendant also orally copulated Doe during this same time frame. Doe was unable to
"squirm away" from defendant when he was orally copulating her because defendant held
onto her hips.
When Doe was about 11 years old, the family moved to another location in
Corona. Defendant continued to sexually abuse Doe in their new home. Doe estimated
that in the three or so years they lived in their new home, defendant forced her to orally
copulate him about four times a month. Doe sometimes was able to convince defendant
5 not to sexually abuse her by telling defendant she was sick. Sometimes, however,
defendant abused Doe even if she complained of not feeling well.
Defendant forced Doe to orally copulate him "until he was done." Doe testified
that this meant until "sperm or semen" came out of defendant's penis. Doe estimated
defendant's semen went into her mouth about 10 times. Doe described the taste as similar
to "uncooked biscuits mixed with saltwater." During this same three-year period,
defendant also engaged in sexual intercourse with Doe about 10 or 15 times. On most
occasions, defendant wore a condom. Defendant also orally copulated Doe about 10
times and digitally penetrated her vagina about the same number of times during this
three-year period.
On one occasion while living in their new home, defendant made Doe take a
pregnancy test. According to Doe, defendant asked Doe whether she had gotten her
period. When Doe told defendant she had not, he made her "pee in a cup, and he did the
test." Because nothing happened, Doe assumed the test was negative.
Doe testified she decided to disclose defendant's sexual abuse when she was in the
eighth grade because it was "escalating" and because she "finally realized it wouldn't be
the end of the world to go to foster care." Doe thus told her counselor at middle school
about the sexual abuse. A few months before telling her counselor, Doe disclosed to her
classmates and teacher on "unity day" that she had been sexually abused, but she then did
not go into detail.
With respect to her disclosure to the counselor, Doe testified her friend Meagan
was having problems at home and wanted to speak to the counselor. Meagan asked Doe
6 to accompany her. While Meagan was talking to the counselor, Doe realized the
counselor was "understanding and helpful." Doe asked Meagan to leave the room before
she reported the sexual abuse by defendant. The counselor then contacted authorities.
Corona Police Officer Gregory Martinez testified he responded to the middle
school in June 2009 after Doe reported the sexual abuse. Officer Martinez interviewed
Doe and found her description of the abuse "extremely detailed." During the interview,
Doe cried. Officer Martinez along with another officer next contacted defendant at
home. Defendant denied the allegations of abuse during the short 15-minute interview.
Nicole testified she first met defendant when she was about eight years old while
the family was living in Pennsylvania. Defendant, who was about 18 years older than
Nicole, was the boyfriend of Nicole's aunt Heather (who was C.'s and Doe's mother).
According to Nicole, defendant and Heather never married. Nicole looked up to Heather
because Nicole's own mother was incarcerated, her father was a drug addict living in
another state, and Heather was only about 10 years older than Nicole.
When Nicole was about 11 years old, she started spending more time at Heather
and defendant's house. Because Nicole was then living with her great-grandparents, she
began to trust and confide in defendant because he was younger and because he had taken
Nicole and her sister to visit their mother in prison.
Initially, defendant supported Nicole "like any normal person would." However,
as time went on, defendant began to say negative things to Nicole about her mother,
father and grandparents. Nicole testified that while in the fifth grade, defendant began
complimenting her by telling her how pretty she was and then kissed her. At first, the
7 kissing was just "on the lips." Later, defendant began "French kissing" Nicole, which she
described as tongue-on-tongue. The kissing would occur either when Heather was not
home or when Nicole and defendant were in the basement and Heather was upstairs.
According to Nicole, Doe at the time was born, but not yet walking, and Doe's brother C.
was probably about one and a half years old.
Nicole testified she did not tell Heather about the French kissing because Nicole
was scared; she thought she had done something wrong; and she was concerned Heather
would not believe her. In addition, defendant specifically told Nicole not to tell her sister
or her aunt Heather because the kissing was, " 'you know, between us.' "
As time went on, defendant's French kissing of Nicole escalated into him
"fondling [her] breasts" while they were "making out," which touching then "escalated to
other places." Nicole testified this touching made her "very uncomfortable." Nicole
estimated defendant French kissed her and touched her breasts more than 50 times when
she was between the ages of about 10 and 14.
Defendant also touched Nicole's vagina, both on the outside and the inside of her
clothes, skin-to-skin. Defendant also digitally penetrated Nicole's vagina. Often this
abuse would occur when defendant was kissing Nicole. According to Nicole, when "this
stuff happened" she became "numb" and just "laid there so it would be over sooner."
Nicole estimated that over a four-year period, defendant digitally penetrated her vagina
more than 10 times. On some of these occasions, Heather would be home. Because
Nicole often stayed overnight, particularly during summer, defendant sometimes would
abuse her in the middle of the night.
8 Nicole testified defendant forced her to orally copulate him when she was about
10 or 11 years old. Defendant guided Nicole's head onto his penis and instructed her to
move her head up and down. This incident occurred in defendant's bedroom, while
Heather was at work.
Nicole testified she tried to say "no" to defendant when he wanted her to orally
copulate him. According to Nicole, defendant would try and talk her into it by telling her
"it's not a bad thing to do, and people do this, and it's okay to do this. You know, a male
and female, it's okay to do this, you know." Defendant also told Nicole that age was "just
a number," and that it did not "matter how old he [was] and how old [she was]." Nicole
estimated defendant forced her to orally copulate him probably more than 20 times over a
four-year period.
Defendant also orally copulated Nicole. Nicole estimated defendant did so
probably more than 20 times. In one incident, Nicole described how they were in
defendant's room, on his bed. After defendant orally copulated her, they had intercourse.
Heather was at work when this particular incident occurred. Nicole estimated she was
forced to have sexual intercourse with defendant "definitely over 20" times during this
four-year span. At times, defendant wore a condom because Nicole started menstruating
when she was 11. At other times, defendant merely used spermicide.
Nicole testified that she continued to go to defendant's house, despite the sexual
abuse, because defendant told her C. and Doe were crying and missing her. Defendant
also told Nicole he needed help watching the children after Heather had left. Nicole also
was afraid that, if she told authorities about the sexual abuse by defendant, C. and Doe
9 would lose their father and Nicole "didn't want to be the one to take their dad away from
them by, you know, telling on him and him going to prison then," particularly because
Heather was no longer living at the house.
When Nicole was about 13 years old, she began to like boys her own age. On one
occasion when defendant saw Nicole kissing a boy after a seventh grade graduation party,
he became jealous and irate. Defendant told Nicole that she was "cheating on him" and
that boys were just "using" her because that is what boys "do."
Nicole testified that when she was 14 years old, she stood up to defendant and told
him, " 'This isn't happening anymore.' And I told him, you know, 'You have a problem,
and I'm not letting you . . . do this to me ever again.' And I stopped going there." Nicole
estimated Doe was about three years old at this time. About six months later, defendant
moved his family to California.
After the family's move, defendant called Nicole at an ice cream shop where she
was working. One of Nicole's coworkers who "knew the situation" told defendant,
" 'Never call here again.' " Defendant also sent Nicole between 900 and 1,000 emails.
Nicole testified in many of these emails defendant claimed to "love" her.
Over the next 10 years while the family was living in California, Nicole had no
contact with Doe. It was not until charges were filed against defendant that Nicole had
some very limited contact with Doe. However, a few years after the family moved to
California, Nicole began to have contact with Heather, who had remained behind in
Pennsylvania. Heather at the time had become "clean" and had remarried.
10 Nicole testified when she was about 11 or 12 years old she told her sister about the
sexual abuse by defendant. She also told another friend, and, when she was 16, she told
her friend "Bob," whom she married years later. Also when she was about 16 years old,
Nicole told Heather about the sexual abuse by defendant. Heather in response told
Nicole to notify police. Nicole then decided not to inform police because she wanted "it
to all go away." However, when she was 17 years old, authorities came to Nicole's
school and Nicole disclosed she had been sexually abused by defendant.
When Doe finally told her guidance counselor about the sexual abuse by
defendant, Nicole estimated she was about 24 or 25 years old. Nicole testified if she had
known defendant had been molesting his daughter while the family was living in
California, Nicole would have come forward sooner to report the sexual abuse.
Corona Detective Dan Neagu testified Heather sent him a four-page letter dated
June 24, 2009 that she received from defendant while he was incarcerated on charges in
the instant case. In this letter, defendant talked about Nicole, stating:
" 'As for Nicole, whatever she wants. Nicole is the only person who ever made me
feel loved. I have never for a second stopped loving her, and never will, no matter what.
She is the only reason I stayed alive. I would die for her, if that's what she wants. I
couldn't be with anyone because of her. I've waited for her. You did everything you
could eight or nine years ago to turn her against me, and you succeeded. [¶] Between
her, my kids, you and their mother, and all the progress I've made in recent years for my
family's future, I've lost everything I cared about. There is nothing else. Nothing else
matters.' " (Italics added.)
11 Dr. Susan Horowitz testified that at all times relevant she worked for the Riverside
County Regional Medical Center in the child abuse unit; that she conducts exams on
children when abuse is suspected; and that she examined Doe on or about June 11, 2009.
Dr. Horowitz found the condition of Doe's hymen to be " 'indeterminate,' " noting Doe
had "some partial defects . . . that could have been a result of smaller tears" that had since
healed. However, Dr. Horowitz opined that in 90 to 95 percent of the exams where
children have been subject to sexual abuse, the examinations are "normal." Dr. Horowitz
concluded her examination of Doe was "consistent with sexual contact, but it [was] not
definite or proof of sexual contact."
DISCUSSION
I
Admission of Uncharged Sexual Misconduct Against Nicole
A. Evidence Code Section 1108 and Due Process
Evidence Code section 1108 is a legislative exception to the general rule
prohibiting character evidence in the form of specific acts. (Evid. Code, § 1101; People
v. Callahan (1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 356, 367 (Callahan) [noting "the enactment of
[Evidence Code] section 1108 expanded the scope of permissible character evidence to
include evidence of the type described in the new statute, i.e., 'evidence of the defendant's
commission of another sexual offense or offenses' "].) In enacting Evidence Code section
1108, " 'the Legislature "declared that the willingness to commit a sexual offense is not
common to most individuals; thus, evidence of any prior sexual offenses is particularly
probative and necessary for determining the credibility of the witness." ' " (Callahan, at
12 p. 367.) " 'Our elected Legislature has determined that the policy considerations favoring
the exclusion of evidence of uncharged sexual offenses are outweighed in criminal sexual
offense cases by the policy considerations favoring the admission of such evidence. The
Legislature has determined the need for this evidence is "critical" given the serious and
secretive nature of sex crimes and the often resulting credibility contest at trial.' "
(People v. Falsetta (1999) 21 Cal.4th 903, 911 (Falsetta).)
Defendant, like others before him, initially contends Evidence Code section 1108
violates the due process clause on its face and/or as applied to him.3 In making this
contention, defendant recognizes our high court rejected nearly the identical argument
when it concluded a "trial court's discretion to exclude propensity evidence under
[Evidence Code] section 352 saves [Evidence Code] section 1108 from defendant's due
process challenge." (Falsetta, supra, 21 Cal.4th at p. 917.) This is so even in the case of
an uncharged offense. (People v. Villatoro (2012) 54 Cal.4th 1152, 1165–1166
(Villatoro).)
Our high court explained the Legislature's "principal justification for adopting
[Evidence Code] section 1108 was a practical one: By their very nature, sex crimes are
usually committed in seclusion without third party witnesses or substantial corroborating
evidence. The ensuing trial often presents conflicting versions of the event and requires
3 We note defendant did not raise this objection in the trial court as a basis to exclude Nicole's testimony. As such, the People contend the issue is forfeited. (See People v. Catlin (2001) 26 Cal.4th 81, 122-123 [noting the defendant's "contention that the admission of the other-crimes evidence violated his state and federal constitutional right to a fair trial is waived because it was not raised below"].) Notwithstanding, as we discuss Evidence Code section 1108 does not offend due process. 13 the trier of fact to make difficult credibility determinations. [Evidence Code] section
1108 provides the trier of fact in a sex offense case the opportunity to learn of the
defendant's possible disposition to commit sex crimes." (Falsetta, supra, 21 Cal.4th at p.
915.)
" 'By subjecting evidence of uncharged sexual misconduct to the weighing process
of [Evidence Code] section 352, the Legislature has ensured that such evidence cannot be
used in cases where its probative value is substantially outweighed by the possibility that
it will consume an undue amount of time or create a substantial danger of undue
prejudice, confusion of issues, or misleading the jury. [Citation.] This determination is
entrusted to the sound discretion of the trial judge who is in the best position to evaluate
the evidence. [Citation.] With this check upon the admission of evidence of uncharged
sex offenses in prosecutions for sex crimes, we find that . . . section 1108 does not violate
the due process clause.' [Citation.]" (Falsetta, supra, 21 Cal.4th at pp. 917-918.)
In light of Falsetta, we thus reject defendant's contention Evidence Code section
1108 is unconstitutional. (See Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d
450, 455 (Auto Equity) [noting under the "doctrine of stare decisis, all tribunals
exercising inferior jurisdiction are required to follow decisions of courts exercising
superior jurisdiction"].)
B. Evidence Code Section 352
Defendant also contends the court erred in admitting under Evidence Code section
352 evidence of his uncharged sexual misconduct against Nicole. We disagree.
14 1. Guiding Principles
A court "must engage in a careful weighing process under [Evidence Code]
section 352" when determining whether to admit "propensity" evidence under Evidence
Code 1108. (Falsetta, supra, 21 Cal.4th at pp. 916-917.) "Specifically, the court weighs
factors such as the 'nature, relevance, and possible remoteness [of the evidence], the
degree of certainty of its commission and the likelihood of confusing, misleading, or
distracting the jurors from their main inquiry, its similarity to the charged offense, its
likely prejudicial impact on the jurors, the burden on the defendant in defending against
the uncharged offense, and the availability of less prejudicial alternatives to its outright
admission, such as admitting some but not all of the defendant's other sex offenses.' "
(People v. Merriman (2014) 60 Cal.4th 1, 41.)
"We review claims regarding a trial court's ruling on the admissibility of evidence
for abuse of discretion. [Citations.] Specifically, we will not disturb the trial court's
ruling 'except on a showing the trial court exercised its discretion in an arbitrary,
capricious, or patently absurd manner that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice.' "
(People v. Goldsmith (2014) 59 Cal.4th 258, 266 (Goldsmith).)
2. Brief Additional Background and Analysis
The record shows in his trial brief, defendant moved to exclude the uncharged
sexual misconduct against Nicole, arguing the probative value of such evidence was
substantially outweighed by its prejudicial nature. In making this argument, however, the
record shows defendant offered no explanation regarding why the probative value of such
evidence was substantially outweighed by its alleged prejudicial effect.
15 In any event, during oral argument on this issue the record shows defendant
claimed Nicole should not be allowed to testify regarding the uncharged sexual
misconduct because it "unfairly paint[ed defendant] as having some sort of prior offense
similar to the offense that [he's] being accused of here, when actually nothing has ever
been proven or substantiated in any degree." The court in response noted the evidence of
uncharged sexual misconduct involving Nicole was relevant because Evidence Code
section 1108 "made it relevant." Thus, the court indicated to defendant (who again, was
self-represented) that "unless . . . by virtue of [Evidence Code section] 352, that is, that
there is a reason that the Court should exercise its discretion and rule it out, it's going to
come in. [¶] . . . [¶] So [defendant], you tell me, if the witness [i.e., Nicole] comes here
to testify, and you have the ability to cross-examine her, ask her questions, why shouldn't
she be allowed to testify?"
The record shows defendant continued to argue that Nicole's testimony should be
excluded merely because he was having to defend himself "against something [he]
ha[sn't] been charged with." Because defendant made the same arguments as before, the
court again asked him to "zero in on [his Evidence Code section] 352 argument" because
he essentially was arguing the law was "unfair."
The prosecutor in his offer of proof contended the uncharged sexual misconduct
evidence was highly probative and not unduly prejudicial. Specifically, the prosecutor
argued that Doe and Nicole were of similar ages when they were sexually abused by
defendant, as both victims had been abused between the ages of about 10 and 14; that
defendant's conduct with respect to both victims was similar, inasmuch as there was
16 sexual intercourse, oral copulation both of defendant and each victim, as well as digital
penetration; and that because the "degree of molestation is the same," defendant's sexual
misconduct against Nicole was "no more shocking" than his sexual misconduct against
Doe. Because the uncharged sexual misconduct involved only one witness, and because
there was a "slight overlap" in the time frames of the sexual abuse, the prosecutor argued
Nicole's testimony was admissible under Evidence Code section 352. The court agreed
and denied defendant's motion.
Here, we conclude the court properly admitted Nicole's testimony under Evidence
Code section 352, as such evidence was highly probative, particularly in light of
defendant's June 24, 2009 letter to Heather in which he professed his love for Nicole and
his desire to "wait[]" for her.
Moreover, in each case defendant took advantage of young, vulnerable girls who
trusted him. With respect to Nicole, the record shows she looked up to, and confided in,
defendant, as her own father was then living in another state and she was being cared for
by her much older great-grandparents because her mother was incarcerated. And of
course with respect to Doe, defendant was her father and at least when the family lived in
California, he was the only parent "caring" for her. Also, Doe and Nicole were of similar
ages—between about 10 and 14 years old—when defendant was sexually abusing them.
In addition, defendant's sexual misconduct with respect to both victims was
similar, as the prosecutor correctly noted, inasmuch as there was sexual intercourse, oral
copulation both of defendant and each victim and digital penetration of each victim. (See
People v. Cromp (2007) 153 Cal.App.4th 476, 480 (Cromp) [noting the fact a defendant
17 "committed a sexual offense on a particularly vulnerable victim in the past logically tends
to prove he [or she] did so again with respect to the current offenses"]; see also People v.
Branch (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 274, 285 (Branch) [noting "if the prior offenses are very
similar in nature to the charged offenses, the prior offenses have greater probative value
in proving propensity to commit the charged offenses"].)
What's more, with respect to each victim, defendant's sexual misconduct escalated
from touching, skin-on-skin, to oral copulation to sexual intercourse. And, in both cases,
defendant repeatedly instructed the victims not to tell anyone about the ongoing abuse.
(See Branch, supra, 91 Cal.App.4th at p. 285.) Also, defendant engaged in sexual
misconduct against Nicole while the family was living in Pennsylvania, near or within the
same general time period he began sexually abusing Doe. (See ibid. [noting
"[r]emoteness of prior offenses relates to 'the question of predisposition to commit the
charged sexual offenses' "].)
Finally, defendant's sexual misconduct conduct against Nicole was no more
inflammatory than his sexual misconduct against Doe. To the contrary, the record shows
defendant began sexually assaulting Doe when she was four years old, which included
not only touching, skin-on-skin, but also oral copulation. As such, it was unlikely the
jury was prejudicially impacted by the admission of the uncharged misconduct involving
Nicole. (See People v. Hollie (2010) 180 Cal.App.1262, 1274 [noting a factor affecting
the prejudicial effect of uncharged acts includes " 'whether the evidence of uncharged
acts is stronger or more inflammatory than the evidence of the charged offenses' " (italics
added)]; see also People v. Karis (1988) 46 Cal.3d 612, 638 [noting the "prejudice"
18 referred to in Evidence Code section 352 " 'applies to evidence which uniquely tends to
evoke an emotional bias against the defendant as an individual and which has very little
effect on the issues' " and further noting " ' "prejudicial" is not synonymous with
"damaging" ' "].)
In sum, we conclude the court's ruling to admit evidence of uncharged sexual
misconduct against Nicole was not "arbitrary, capricious and patently absurd." (See
Goldsmith, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 266.)
C. CALCRIM No. 1191
Further diminishing the potential for "undue prejudice" under Evidence Code
section 352, subdivision (b) is the fact the court in the instant case instructed the jury with
CALCRIM No. 1191. This instruction in part provided: "If you conclude that the
defendant committed the uncharged offenses, that conclusion is only one factor to
consider along with all other evidence. It is not sufficient by itself to prove that the
defendant is guilty of the charged offenses. The People must still prove each charge
beyond a reasonable doubt." (Italics added.)
Defendant contends CALCRIM No. 1191 violates due process "because it
expressly [told] the jury it may infer the defendant's guilt of the charged offenses if it
finds, based on evidence of another sexual offense, the defendant is predisposed to
commit such crimes and may be found to have committed the current crimes based on
nothing other than the uncharged allegations." Defendant, however, acknowledges that
our high court has held a substantially similar instruction to the one given in his case does
not violate due process (see Villatoro, supra, 54 Cal.4th at pp. 1167-1168) and that we
19 must adhere to that ruling (see Auto Equity, supra, 57 Cal.2d at p. 455). We thus reject
this contention.4
II
CALCRIM No. 1111
Defendant next contends the court erred when it instructed the jury in connection
with counts 3 through 11—involving lewd or lascivious acts by force or fear on a child
under the age of 14 (§ 288, subd. (b)(1))—that "[i]t is not a defense that the child may
have consented to the act" as set forth in CALCRIM No. 1111.5 Defendant contends that
4 In light of our conclusion that the court's decision to admit evidence of uncharged sexual misconduct against Nicole was not improper (see Goldsmith, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 266) and that the court properly instructed the jury with CALCRIM No. 1191 in connection with the admission of such evidence (see Villatoro, supra, 54 Cal.4th at pp. 1167-1168), we reject defendant's further contention he was denied a fair trial based on the "cumulative error" doctrine.
5 CALCRIM No. 1111, as given by the court, provided: "The defendant is charged in Counts 3 through 11 with a lewd or lascivious act by force or fear on a child under the age of 14 years in violation of Penal Code section 288(b)(1). [¶] To prove that the defendant is guilty of this crime, the People must prove that: [¶] 1A. The defendant willfully touched any part of a child's body either on the bare skin or through the clothing; [¶] OR [¶] 1B. The defendant had the child touch his body, either on the bare skin or through the clothing; [¶] 2. In committing the act, the defendant used force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury to the child or someone else; [¶] 3. The defendant committed the act with the intent of arousing, appealing to, or gratifying the lust, passions, or sexual desires of himself or the child; [¶] AND [¶] 4. The child was under the age of 14 years at the time of the act. [¶] Someone commits an act willfully when he or she does it willingly or on purpose. It is not required that he or she intend to break the law, hurt someone else, or gain any advantage. [¶] Actually arousing, appealing to, or gratifying the lust, passions, or sexual desires of the perpetrator or the child is not required. [¶] The force used must be substantially different from or substantially greater than the force needed to accomplish the act itself. [¶] Duress means the use of a direct or implied threat of force, violence, danger, hardship, or retribution sufficient to cause a reasonable person to do or submit to something that he or 20 People v. Soto (2011) 51 Cal.4th 229 (Soto) constituted an unforeseeable expansion of
statutory criminal liability that cannot be retroactively applied to him as a matter of due
process because counts 3 through 11 occurred pre-Soto, between 1999 and 2009. We
disagree.
In Soto, our high court concluded: "Lack of consent by the child victim is not an
element of either lewd act offense defined in section 288. Nor is willingness by the child
a defense to either crime. For over 100 years, California law has consistently provided
that children under age 14 cannot give valid legal consent to sexual acts with adults.
(See, e.g., People v. Verdegreen (1895) 106 Cal. 211, 214–215.) The Legislature has
drafted the child molestation laws to make issues regarding the child victim's consent
immaterial as a matter of law in these cases." (Soto, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 238, italics
added.)
The court in Soto recognized that when the "Legislature amended section 288(b) in
1981 to delete the previous requirement that lewd acts committed by use of force,
violence, duress, menace, or fear be 'against the will of the victim,' it effectively removed
the concept of consent from child molestation cases. 'The rejection by the Legislature of
a specific provision contained in an act as originally introduced is most persuasive to the
she would not otherwise do or submit to. When deciding whether the act was accomplished by duress, consider all the circumstances, including the age of the child and her relationship to the defendant. [¶] Retribution is a form of payback or revenge. [¶] Menace means a threat, statement, or act showing an intent to injure someone. [¶] An act is accomplished by fear if the child is actually and reasonably afraid or she is actually but unreasonably afraid and the defendant knows of her fear and takes advantage of it. [¶] It is not a defense that the child may have consented to the act. [¶] Under the law, a person becomes one year older as soon as the first minute of his or her birthday has begun." 21 conclusion that the act should not be construed to include the omitted provision.'
[Citation.] Since 1981, the lewd act crimes in section 288 have been defined based on the
offender's wrongful conduct only. The victim's 'consent,' such as it may be, is no longer
material in these cases." (Soto, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 245, italics added.) Thus, contrary
to defendant's argument, Soto in 2011 did not expand statutory criminal liability under
section 288, subdivision (b) by eliminating consent as a defense.
Pre-Soto case law relied on by defendant, including principally People v. Cicero
(1984) 157 Cal.App.3d 465 (Cicero), is also of no assistance: Soto itself recognized that
"no decision has actually held that consent is a defense when it is alleged that lewd acts
were accomplished by duress. As noted, the issue of duress was not presented in Cicero;
therefore, the majority's discussion of it was dictum. Although other decisions have
repeated Cicero's dictum, none has directly ruled that a child victim's consent negates a
finding of duress under section 288(b)(1)." (Soto, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 247.) For this
additional reason, we reject defendant's contention his due process rights were violated
when the court instructed the jury with CALCRIM No. 1111 and, in particular, with the
language that it is not a defense to aggravated lewd conduct that a child may have
consented.6
6 In light of our decision, we deem it unnecessary to address the People's alternate contention that defendant forfeited this claim by failing to raise a due process objection in the trial court. 22 III
Lesser Included Offenses on Counts 1 and 2
Defendant next contends the court erred in failing to instruct the jury sua sponte on
the alleged lesser included offenses of nonforcible oral copulation in connection with
count 1 (aggravated oral copulation) and unlawful sexual intercourse with a minor in
connection with count 2 (aggravated rape of a child). With respect to count 1, he
contends that nonforcible oral copulation on a child under the age of 14 (§ 288a, subd.
(c)(1)) is a lesser included offense to aggravated oral copulation on a child under the age
of 14, for which he was convicted (§§ 269, subd. (a)(4), 288a, subd. (c)(2) or (3)).
Assuming, without deciding, that nonforcible oral copulation is a lesser included
offense of aggravated oral copulation, we nonetheless conclude any such failure to
instruct was harmless under People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818 (Watson). (See
People v. Breverman (1998) 19 Cal.4th 142, 149, 165 (Breverman) [noting the failure to
instruct on a lesser included offense in a noncapital case is reviewed under the Watson
standard of harmless error, which provides reversal is not required "unless it appears
'reasonably probable' the defendant would have achieved a more favorable result had the
error not occurred"].) In analyzing this issue, we focus "not on what a reasonable jury
could do, but what such a jury is likely to have done in the absence of the error under
consideration. In making that evaluation, [we] may consider, among other things,
whether the evidence supporting the existing judgment is so relatively strong, and the
evidence supporting a different outcome is so comparatively weak, that there is no
23 reasonable probability the error of which the defendant complains affected the result."
(Id. at p. 177.)
Here, the record shows at trial defendant did not proceed on the theory that he and
Doe engaged in consensual, nonforcible oral copulation. Instead, he argued Doe, at the
urging of others including her mother Heather, made up the allegations of all sexual
misconduct, which included Doe's testimony that defendant orally copulated her in their
first home in Corona and about 10 times when they moved to their "new" home in
Corona. Because the jury clearly rejected defendant's theory, we conclude it was not
reasonably probable that the jury would have returned a verdict more favorable to
defendant had the court instructed the jury on the alleged lesser included offense of
nonforcible oral copulation in connection with count 1. (See Breverman, supra, 19
Cal.4th at p. 149.)
In addition, the evidence establishing defendant's guilt on count 1, aggravated oral
copulation, was compelling. Doe testified that she was unable to "squirm" away from
defendant when he orally copulated her because he held her by the "hips." Doe also
testified that she was afraid of defendant; that she tried to tell defendant "no" but that he
would not take "no" for an answer; and that defendant repeatedly told her not to tell
anyone about the sexual misconduct, including oral copulation, because the police would
be called and she and her brother C. would be taken away. Thus, on this record, the
failure to instruct the jury regarding nonforcible oral copulation was harmless, as there is
no reasonable likelihood that this instruction would have resulted in an outcome more
favorable to defendant on count 1.
24 For the same reasons, we conclude with respect to count 2 (aggravated rape of a
child (§§ 269, subd. (a)(1) & 261, subd. (a)(2) or (6)) that any alleged error in failing to
instruct the jury with the alleged lesser included offense of unlawful sexual intercourse
with a minor (§ 261.5) was harmless. (See Breverman, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 149.)
IV
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Defendant contends that his indeterminate sentence of 30 years to life followed by
the determinate sentence of 73 years constitutes cruel and unusual punishment under the
federal and California Constitutions. (U.S. Const., 8th Amend. [prohibits infliction of
"cruel and unusual" punishment]; Cal. Const., art. I, § 17 [same].) We disagree.
The Eighth Amendment of the federal Constitution is violated when a sentence is
" 'grossly disproportionate' " to the crime. (Harmelin v. Michigan (1991) 501 U.S. 957,
1001.) Similarly, the California Constitution is violated when the punishment "is so
disproportionate to the crime for which it is inflicted that it shocks the conscience and
offends fundamental notions of human dignity." (In re Lynch (1972) 8 Cal.3d 410, 424,
fn. omitted.) " 'Whether a punishment is cruel or unusual is a question of law for the
appellate court, but the underlying disputed facts must be viewed in the light most
favorable to the judgment.' " (People v. Mantanez (2002) 98 Cal.App.4th 354, 358.)
We generally examine three factors to determine whether a sentence is
proportionate to the offense and the defendant's circumstances such that it does or does
not constitute cruel and unusual punishment: " '(i) the gravity of the offense and the
harshness of the penalty; (ii) the sentences imposed on other criminals in the same
25 jurisdiction; and (iii) the sentences imposed for commission of the same crime in other
jurisdictions.' [Citation.]" (Ewing v. California (2003) 538 U.S. 11, 22 (Ewing).)
Here, defendant does not address the sentences imposed on other criminals in the
same jurisdiction or the sentences imposed for commission of the same crime in other
jurisdictions. Accordingly, we limit our analysis to the gravity of the offense and the
harshness of the penalty.
"The gravity of an offense can be assessed by comparing the harm caused or
threatened to the victim or society and the culpability of the offender with the severity of
the penalty." (People v. Carmony (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 1066, 1077, citing Solem v.
Helm (1983) 463 U.S. 277, 292.) " 'The Eighth Amendment does not require strict
proportionality between crime and sentence. Rather it forbids only extreme sentences
that are "grossly disproportionate" to the crime.' " (Ewing, supra, 538 U.S. at p. 23 (plur.
opn. of O'Connor, J.).) "Outside the context of capital punishment, successful challenges
to the proportionality of particular sentences have been exceedingly rare." (Rummel v.
Estelle (1980) 445 U.S. 263, 272.)
Applying these standards here, we independently conclude there is no gross
disproportionality between the gravity of defendant's offense and the harshness of the
penalty imposed by the court. Indeed, the harm defendant caused Doe was significant.
The record shows that defendant's sexual misconduct against Doe began when she was
four years old, when defendant forced her to touch his erect penis, skin-on-skin, and
orally copulate him; that while Doe was in kindergarten after the family moved to
Corona, defendant again forced Doe to touch his penis, skin-on-skin, and to orally
26 copulate him; that during a six-year period when Doe was between the ages of five and
11, Doe estimated she orally copulated defendant "probably over" 20 times; that when
she was in the fourth grade, defendant forced Doe to have sexual intercourse in the
bathroom and when Doe made a sound because it hurt, he stopped and then forced Doe to
orally copulate him; that during this same six-year period, Doe estimated defendant
forced her to have sexual intercourse about five or six times; that defendant also touched
Doe's genitalia both over and under her clothes about 10 to 15 times during this time
period and digitally penetrated her vagina about five to 10 times; that when the family
moved to the "new" house in Corona when Doe was about 11 years old, defendant forced
Doe to orally copulate him about four times a month, until she finally disclosed the abuse
when she was 14; that during this three-year period, defendant also forced Doe to have
sexual intercourse about 10 or 15 times and orally copulated her about 10 times and
digitally penetrated her about the same number of times; and that when she was old
enough to get pregnant, defendant on one occasion made Doe take a pregnancy test after
he inquired about her missing her period.
The record further shows during the 10 or so years that defendant engaged in this
severe sexual misconduct against Doe, he repeatedly would tell her not to disclose the
abuse because the police would be called and she and her brother would be taken away.
Doe testified she endured the sexual abuse by defendant because she believed it was the
lesser of two evils, as she did not want either herself or her brother to end up in foster
care.
27 In sum, given the length of time Doe endured the sexual misconduct by defendant,
the number of instances and the severity of such misconduct, as summarized, and the fact
defendant abused his position of trust over Doe, his daughter, we conclude he has failed
to establish that his sentence is " ' "grossly disproportionate" to the crime.' " (See Ewing,
supra, 538 U.S. at p. 23 (plur. opn. of O'Connor, J.); see also People v. Alvarado (2001)
87 Cal.App.4th 178, 200 [rejecting the defendant's claim that a life term for rape during
burglary was cruel and unusual because the "callous and opportunistic nature of his
sexual assault against a neighbor he knew to be particularly vulnerable seems to us
precisely the sort of sexual offense that warrants harsh punishment"].)
V
Abstracts of Judgment
Lastly, defendant contends, and the People agree, that the abstracts of judgment
mistakenly provide defendant committed the offenses in 2009. However, the record
shows that only count 12 could have been committed in 2009, inasmuch as the record
further shows the jury was specifically instructed as follows regarding the various time
periods when defendant may have committed each of the 12 offenses:
"Count 1: 12/27/99-12/27/08; Count 2: 12/27/05-12/27/08; Count 3: 12/27/99-
12/27/00; Count 4: 12/27/00-12/27/01; Count 5: 12/27/01-12/27/02; Count 6: 12/27/02-
12/27/03; Count 7: 12/27/03-12/27/04; Count 8: 12/27/04-12/27/05; Count 9: 12/27/05-
12/27/06; Count 10: 12/27/06-12/27/07; Count 11: 12/27/07-12/27/08; and Count 12:
12/27/08-06/10/09.
28 "The People are not required to prove that the crime took place exactly on that day
but only that it happened reasonably close to that day."
We agree with the parties that the abstracts of judgment should be corrected
accordingly.
DISPOSITION
The trial court is directed to prepare amended abstracts of judgment to show the
correct date ranges for counts 1 through 12, as the court instructed the jury. The trial
court is further ordered to provide the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation with
certified copies of the corrected abstracts of judgment. In all other respects, defendant's
judgment of conviction is affirmed.
BENKE, Acting P. J.
WE CONCUR:
HALLER, J.
O'ROURKE, J.