NOTICE 2022 IL App (4th) 200331-U This Order was filed under FILED Supreme Court Rule 23 and is January 13, 2022 NO. 4-20-0331 not precedent except in the Carla Bender limited circumstances allowed 4th District Appellate under Rule 23(e)(1). IN THE APPELLATE COURT Court, IL OF ILLINOIS
FOURTH DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of v. ) McLean County KEITH LEONARD SHINER, ) No. 17CF1240 Defendant-Appellant. ) ) Honorable ) William A. Yoder, ) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE DeARMOND delivered the judgment of the court. Presiding Justice Knecht and Justice Harris concurred in the judgment.
ORDER ¶1 Held: The appellate court affirmed, finding the trial court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing defendant to 10 years in prison.
¶2 In January 2020, defendant was convicted of aggravated driving under the
influence of alcohol (DUI) resulting in a fatality (625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(2), (d)(1)(F) (West
2016)). The trial court sentenced him to 10 years in prison. Defendant filed a motion to
reconsider his sentence, which the court denied.
¶3 On appeal, defendant argues his sentence is excessive. We affirm.
¶4 I. BACKGROUND
¶5 In November 2017, the State charged defendant by information with two counts
of aggravated DUI resulting in great bodily harm (625 ILCS 5/11-501(d)(1)(C) (West 2016))
(counts I and II) and two counts of aggravated DUI, third offense, with a blood alcohol
concentration (BAC) of 0.16 or greater (625 ILCS 5/11-501(d)(1)(A), (d)(2)(B) (West 2016)) (counts III and IV). The charges stemmed from a motor vehicle accident that resulted in great
bodily harm to Robert McKinney.
¶6 In December 2017, defendant was released on a personal recognizance bond, with
the conditions defendant must (1) wear a secure continuous remote alcohol monitoring device
(SCRAM), (2) refrain from using alcohol, and (3) obtain a substance abuse evaluation and attend
any recommended treatment. In May 2018, defendant pleaded guilty to one count of aggravated
DUI resulting in great bodily harm. The trial court accepted defendant’s plea, ordered a
presentence investigation report (PSI), and set the matter for sentencing. Defendant then
requested the SCRAM be removed due to financial hardship associated with paying the fees. The
trial court granted defendant’s request and ordered he submit to weekly random drug and alcohol
screenings. Defendant’s screenings were later reduced to every other week and then at the
discretion of pretrial services.
¶7 On July 12, 2018, Robert McKinney passed away because of the injuries he
sustained in the accident. The State filed a motion to continue, stating it intended to file charges
of (1) aggravated DUI resulting in a fatality with a BAC of 0.08 or more (625 ILCS
5/11-501(a)(1), (d)(1)(F) (West 2016)) (count V) and (2) aggravated DUI resulting in a fatality
while under the influence of any amount of alcohol (625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(2), (d)(1)(F) (West
2016)) (count VI). A grand jury indicted defendant in November 2018.
¶8 A. Bench Trial
¶9 On January 22, 2020, at defendant’s bench trial, Sergeant Shadd Gordon of the
Illinois State Police testified he responded to a vehicle accident on Interstate 55 on November 12,
2017. Dispatch reported a pickup truck traveling southbound in the northbound lanes at a high
rate of speed. There was a large debris field, and a pickup truck was rolled over on its side in the
-2- right ditch. Gordon observed the rear end of a Corvette in the median. The driver of the pickup
truck advised Gordon he was “fine” though Gordon did not see the man at that point. The driver
of the Corvette was “in and out of consciousness” and had a large laceration on the top of his
head. Gordon learned the Corvette was registered to Bobbie McKinney, and after regaining
consciousness, the driver was able to confirm he was McKinney by nodding. The fire department
extracted McKinney from the Corvette. Gordon believed the driver of the truck was also
extracted, but he was not present for the extraction. Both drivers were taken to the hospital. At
the hospital, Gordon made contact with the driver of the truck, who he identified as defendant.
¶ 10 Ross Drennan, a trooper with the Illinois State Police, testified on November 12,
2017, he responded to the scene of the accident. The driver of the pickup truck, who he identified
as defendant, was “talkative and stated that he was okay.” The driver of the Corvette “appeared
to be severely injured.” Drennan identified the driver of the pickup truck as defendant. At the
hospital, Drennan made contact with McKinney, who was able to answer questions but was
confused. Drennan also spoke with defendant, who was “talkative and friendly.” Defendant
informed Drennan he had attended a fundraiser and he had consumed “eight Budweiser red
aluminum bottles.” Drennan observed defendant’s eyes were droopy, bloodshot, and watery and
there was a strong odor of alcohol on his breath. Defendant did not appear to be aware he had
been driving southbound in the northbound lanes and could not recall very much about the
accident. Drennan conducted a horizontal gaze nystagmus test and placed defendant under arrest
for DUI.
¶ 11 Both Drennan and Gordon testified as to defendant’s BAC results, but defendant
objected for failure to lay a proper foundation, and the trial court sustained the objection.
-3- ¶ 12 Dr. Stephanie Powers testified as an expert in forensic pathology. She is an
assistant medical examiner at the Cook County Medical Examiner’s Office. Powers conducted
the postmortem examination of McKinney. The examination of McKinney was external because,
“[g]iven the history of the circumstances surrounding the death *** it was determined that an
external examination with subsequent medical record review should suffice in being able to
determine cause and manner of death.” After reviewing McKinney’s medical records, the Illinois
State Police traffic report, and her own postmortem examination, Powers determined
McKinney’s cause of death was “[c]omplications of multiple injuries due to motor vehicle
collision with a manner of accident.”
¶ 13 Sharon Ware, McKinney’s daughter, testified as to her father’s condition before
and after the accident. McKinney spent three weeks in the hospital trauma center before he was
transferred to a nursing facility. McKinney’s condition deteriorated, and he returned to the
trauma center. Ware testified he was transferred to a specialty hospital, where he resided from
February 2018 to April 2018. He was released to Ware’s care. Ware testified McKinney required
around-the-clock care. McKinney entered hospice care where he remained until his death in July
2018.
¶ 14 Jennifer Greer, a registered nurse, testified she treated McKinney when he arrived
at the hospital. Greer observed an “obvious” laceration on his head and reported McKinney was
alert but confused. From the time of McKinney’s arrival in the emergency room, his condition
deteriorated.
¶ 15 Defendant moved for a directed verdict at the close of the State’s evidence, which
the trial court denied. Defendant did not present any evidence.
-4- ¶ 16 The trial court found defendant guilty of count VI, aggravated DUI resulting in a
fatality while under the influence of any amount of alcohol. The court found defendant not guilty
of count V, because the State failed to lay a sufficient foundation for its Breathalyzer evidence.
¶ 17 Defendant filed a motion for a new trial, arguing the State failed to prove
defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt and the trial court erred by denying his motion for a
directed verdict. The court denied defendant’s motion for a new trial.
¶ 18 B. Sentencing
¶ 19 1. Presentence Investigation Reports
¶ 20 The matter proceeded to sentencing on June 24, 2020. The trial court reviewed a
PSI from defendant’s original guilty plea dated October 24, 2018, and an updated PSI dated June
17, 2020. The PSIs showed defendant had two prior misdemeanor DUI convictions in 1992 and
1999. Regarding his family history, the updated PSI reported defendant had been the primary
caregiver for his daughter for the past 10 years, although his ex-wife “played a role in raising
their daughter.” Defendant provided a consistent work history and had been employed at a
paving business for over 10 years.
¶ 21 According to the PSIs, defendant has type one diabetes and had developed end
stage renal disease. He had received a donor kidney and pancreas. Defendant takes antirejection
therapy medications which suppress his immune system and requires “ ‘daily medications,
monthly blood tests, and regular physician follow-up.’ ” In addition, defendant had been
diagnosed with hypothyroidism, hypertension, diabetic retinopathy of both eyes, and
hyperlipidemia, and has recommendations to receive cataract surgery “ ‘in the near future.’ ”
¶ 22 Defendant reported he has consumed alcohol since he was 17 years old. He stated
he “drank a lot in his twenties” but describes his use over the past 10 years as “occasional.” After
-5- defendant’s arrest, he underwent a substance abuse evaluation at Chestnut Health Systems and
was diagnosed with “alcohol use disorder, severe” and successfully completed an intensive
outpatient treatment program and subsequent continuing care program. Both PSI reports
indicated defendant had a BAC of 0.254 from a blood draw upon admission to the hospital and a
BAC of 0.165 from a breath test two hours later.
¶ 23 2. Sentencing Hearing
¶ 24 Neither party requested any additions or corrections to the PSIs, and the State
presented no aggravating evidence beyond what was included in the PSIs.
¶ 25 Defendant presented to the trial court nine letters, including (1) references from
his ex-wife, former father-in-law, employer, pastors, and friends; (2) a letter from Chestnut
Health Systems briefly reporting on defendant’s treatment history and negative substance
screens; and (3) a letter from defendant’s nephrologist, Dr. Robert Bruha. In his letter, Dr. Bruha
reported defendant’s immune system is “considerably weaker” than that of a healthy person and
defendant would be at “high risk for severe infection and complications from COVID-19 viral
infection (including possibly death).”
¶ 26 Sandra Rodriguez, a minister at Christian Faith Center, testified defendant
attended church and participated in a faith-based addiction recovery program she directs called
Celebrate Recovery. Rodriguez testified defendant was faithful in attending Celebrate Recovery
every week he could and was a regular attendant at church services. Defendant was an active
volunteer with the church and Rodriguez described him as having a “good heart.”
¶ 27 Kaylee Shiner, defendant’s daughter, testified she was 18 years old and lived with
defendant prior to his incarceration. Defendant’s incarceration had caused “strain” for her.
Kaylee testified defendant had maintained their home, completed needed repairs, and she has had
-6- to assume responsibility for the bills. Defendant played an active role in her life, and Kaylee
described defendant as honest and hard working. She testified the accident was a surprise
because defendant had “never been much of a drinker.” Kaylee stated, as to his drinking,
defendant had “never touched anything since that night, and I don’t think he plans to ever again.”
She testified if defendant was incarcerated long term, she would need to figure out a different
living situation.
¶ 28 The State recommended 10 years in the Illinois Department of Corrections
(DOC). Defense counsel argued a long-term sentence was not necessary in light of the mitigating
evidence.
¶ 29 Defendant gave a statement in allocution. He expressed his remorse for
McKinney’s death. Defendant also noted he did not want to burden DOC with the high cost of
his medical care.
¶ 30 The trial court stated it had reviewed both PSIs. The court noted, to impose a
sentence other than a prison sentence, it would need to find extraordinary circumstances existed.
The court determined that “there’s nothing in this case that would even approach *** the finding
of extraordinary circumstances” and a sentence to DOC was necessary. The court also reviewed
the letters submitted by defendant, defendant’s original statement on October 24, 2018, and the
alcohol evaluation from January 2018. The court noted defendant’s “very good record” on
pretrial supervision. The court also stated it “considered all statutory factors in aggravation and
mitigation, [and] the recommendations and arguments of each of the parties in this case.”
¶ 31 The trial court noted the difficulty with this type of case, as the defendants are
“oftentimes very good people that made a horrible decision and cost somebody else their life.”
The court found of “greater concern” defendant’s criminal history containing two prior DUIs. In
-7- mitigation, the court acknowledged that defendant had “extensive medical issues,” was a good
father, a hard worker, and had completed DUI treatment, attended self-help meetings, “and you
indicate and your daughter [had] indicated that she believes—and I believe her—that you’re not
going to drink again.”
¶ 32 The trial court stated there were statutory factors in aggravation and mitigation
and it would discuss “one or two [of] them.” As to whether the circumstances were unlikely to
reoccur, the court stated, “I think if you don’t drink again in the future that’s a—that’s a finding
that the Court could make.” However, the court also noted it’s “questionable” whether defendant
would reoffend where he had two prior DUIs. The court then remarked, “There are, as I’ve
stated, other factors in mitigation all of which I’ve considered.” In aggravation, the court noted
defendant’s conduct caused or threatened serious harm, but that factor was inherent in the
offense. Defendant had two prior DUIs, which the court stated were “extremely aggravating.”
The court believed deterrence was a factor where “even good people commit horrific offenses
based upon bad judgment calls.” A sentence of probation would “deprecate the seriousness of
this offense and would be inconsistent with the ends of justice.” Further, the court found
imprisonment was necessary for the protection of the public.
¶ 33 The court determined that, as this was defendant’s third DUI, a lengthy sentence
was necessary and sentenced defendant to 10 years in prison.
¶ 34 3. Motion to Reconsider
¶ 35 Defendant filed a motion to reconsider his sentence, arguing:
“In light of the evidence presented to the Court, the sentence imposed in this case
is excessive.
-8- *** In sentencing the defendant, the Court failed to follow Article I,
Section [11] of the Illinois Constitution, which states as follows: All penalties
shall be determined both according to the seriousness of the offense and with the
objective of restoring the offender to useful citizenship.”
¶ 36 At the hearing on defendant’s motion to reconsider, defense counsel stated:
“Your Honor, I would prefer to basically just stand on the motion and
argue briefly that the ten years imposed by the Court was excessive in light of the
fact that he had no prior felony record as well as after the completed treatment
and was, you know, otherwise a model citizen.”
The trial court determined considering the evidence presented and factors considered by the
court, the 10-year sentence was appropriate. The court denied defendant’s motion to reconsider
his sentence.
¶ 37 This appeal followed.
¶ 38 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 39 On appeal, defendant argues his 10-year sentence is excessive because the trial
court “failed to balance the mitigating evidence against the aggravating evidence.” Specifically,
defendant argues the court “placed entirely too much emphasis on [defendant’s] meager criminal
history” and failed to give weight to mitigating evidence. The State contends defendant has
forfeited his claim the trial court failed to give weight to the mitigating evidence because
defendant failed to include the claim in his written postsentencing motion. In reply, defendant
seeks plain error review on any claim this court finds forfeited.
¶ 40 “In order to preserve a claim of sentencing error, both a contemporaneous
objection and a written postsentencing motion raising the issue are required.” People v. Harvey,
-9- 2018 IL 122325, ¶ 15, 115 N.E.3d 172; see also 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-50(d) (West 2018) (“A
defendant’s challenge to the correctness of a sentence or to any aspect of the sentencing hearing
shall be made by a written motion filed with the circuit court clerk within 30 days following the
imposition of sentence.”). Defendant sets forth multiple factors in mitigation he argues are
“particularly relevant here.” See 730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.1(a)(7), (8), (9), (12), (18) (West 2020).
However, defendant failed to include in his motion to reconsider his sentence any claim the trial
court failed to weigh these mitigating factors “against the aggravation.” Defendant’s
postsentencing motion raised only generic claims of excessive sentence that did not apprise the
court of the specific claims of error defendant raises on appeal. Thus, defendant did not provide
the trial court with an opportunity to address his claims of sentencing error and save the delay
and expense inherent in an appeal if defendant’s claims are meritorious. See People v. Heider,
231 Ill. 2d 1, 18, 896 N.E.2d 239, 249 (2008).
¶ 41 Illinois Supreme Court Rule 615(a) (eff. Jan. 1, 1967) states, “Any error, defect,
irregularity, or variance which does not affect substantial rights shall be disregarded” unless the
appellant demonstrates plain error. “ ‘[S]entencing errors raised for the first time on appeal are
reviewable as plain error if (1) the evidence was closely balanced or (2) the error was sufficiently
grave that is deprived the defendant of a fair sentencing hearing.’ ” People v. Williams, 2018 IL
App (4th) 150759, ¶ 16, 99 N.E.3d 590 (quoting People v. Ahlers, 402 Ill. App. 3d 726, 734, 931
N.E.2d 1249, 1256 (2010)). However, the doctrine of plain error is not a general savings clause
to be used to preserve all errors affecting substantial rights not previously brought to the trial
court’s attention; rather, it is a narrow and limited exception to the general forfeiture rule. People
v. Jackson, 2020 IL 124112, ¶ 81, 162 N.E.3d 223; see also People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167,
177, 830 N.E.2d 467, 474 (2005). We note defendant here claims only first-prong plain error—
- 10 - the evidence was so closely balanced because “there was significantly more evidence in
mitigation than in aggravation.”
¶ 42 In addressing a claim of plain error, we first determine whether error occurred at
all because “without error, there can be no plain error.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
People v. Hood, 2016 IL 118581, ¶ 18, 67 N.E.3d 213. Accordingly, we address below whether
any of the issues defendant raises constituted clear or obvious error.
¶ 43 The trial court has broad discretion in imposing a sentence. People v. Patterson,
217 Ill. 2d 407, 448, 841 N.E.2d 889, 912 (2005). Accordingly, we will not reverse a trial court’s
sentencing determination absent an abuse of discretion. People v. Brown, 2019 IL App (5th)
160329, ¶ 18, 145 N.E.3d 486.
¶ 44 First, defendant asserts his 10-year sentence is excessive because the trial court
overemphasized his criminal history. Defendant asserts, if he had been convicted of an
aggravated third DUI without a death, a Class 2 felony, the maximum sentence would have been
seven years. See 625 ILCS 5/11-501(d)(1)(A), (d)(2)(B) (West 2018); 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-35(a)
(West 2018) (“The sentence of imprisonment shall be a determinate sentence of not less than 3
years and not more than 7 years.”). However, defendant was convicted and sentenced for an
aggravated DUI resulting in a fatality. The legislature has given this offense a sentencing range
that differs from a standard Class 2 felony, specifically a term of imprisonment of not less than 3
years and not more than 14 years. See 625 ILCS 5/11-501(d)(2)(G) (West 2018). “A sentence
within statutory limits will not be deemed excessive and an abuse of the court’s discretion unless
it is ‘greatly at variance with the spirit and purpose of the law or manifestly disproportionate to
the nature of the offense.’ ” People v. Pina, 2019 IL App (4th) 170614, ¶ 20, 143 N.E.3d 794
(quoting People v. Fern, 189 Ill. 2d 48, 54, 723 N.E.2d 207, 210 (1999)). It was within the
- 11 - discretion of the trial court to sentence defendant to a term within the statutory guidelines
regardless of what the term may be for an unrelated offense.
¶ 45 Second, defendant asserts his sentence is excessive given his prior offenses took
place almost two decades ago and thus, should have been demonstrative of defendant’s
rehabilitative potential. Although the court characterized defendant’s criminal history as not
“extensive,” the court considered defendant had two prior misdemeanor DUI convictions in 1992
and 1999. The court observed that “the goal of the justice system is that people learn from their
mistakes, serve whatever sentence is imposed, and then hopefully not return to the justice
system.” However, defendant was later convicted of a second DUI and then a third conviction in
the instant case. The court found defendant’s criminal history, despite the distance in time,
represented a pattern, and it was not error for the trial court to consider that pattern in sentencing.
¶ 46 Third, defendant asserts his sentence is excessive given his law-abiding nature,
stable employment history, strong support from his family and community, and compliance with
pretrial release conditions. Whether we disagree or not, this is a matter which falls within the
sound discretion of the trial court when deciding how much weight to give factors in aggravation
and mitigation. Fern, 189 Ill. 2d at 53 (stating the balance to be struck between aggravating and
mitigating factors is a matter of judicial discretion and a reviewing court must not substitute its
judgment for that of the trial court). The trial court found this evidence of rehabilitative potential
“questionable.” The court stated when considering defendant’s history of DUI convictions, “the
hope would have been after each of those that you would not have consumed alcohol.” Although
the court acknowledged some mitigating factors applied, it also noted the likelihood of the
circumstances reoccurring and likelihood of defendant committing another crime hinged on
whether defendant chose to drink again in the future. Moreover, “[t]he existence of mitigating
- 12 - factors does not require the trial court to reduce a sentence from the maximum allowed.” People
v. Pippen, 324 Ill. App. 3d 649, 652, 756 N.E.2d 474, 477 (2001). “A defendant’s rehabilitative
potential and other mitigating factors are not entitled to greater weight than the seriousness of the
offense.” Pippen, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 652. Therefore, it was not error for the trial court to find the
retributive factors outweighed the rehabilitative factors in defendant’s case.
¶ 47 Fourth, defendant asserts his sentence is excessive given his extensive medical
issues. We disagree. We presume that the trial court considered all relevant factors and any
mitigation evidence presented. People v. Brewer, 2013 IL App (1st) 072821, ¶ 55, 987 N.E.2d
938. At the sentencing hearing, the trial court stated it had reviewed both PSIs and “considered
all statutory factors in aggravation and mitigation, [and] the recommendations and arguments of
each of the parties in this case.” Defendant provided the court a letter from Dr. Bruha detailing
defendant’s medical risks. The record clearly shows the court considered defendant’s medical
history and determined it did not equate to “extraordinary circumstances” necessary to negate the
imposition of a prison sentence. Moreover, the court acknowledged, “I think in mitigation it’s
true that you have extensive medical issues.” The court did not fail to consider defendant’s
medical issues when determining an appropriate sentence. We find no error, much less clear and
obvious error.
¶ 48 Last, defendant argues his sentence is excessive given the hardship on his
18-year-old daughter. Defendant asserts the trial court is required to consider in mitigation
whether defendant was “the parent of a child *** whose well-being will be negatively affected
by the parent’s absence.” 730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.1(a)(18) (West 2020). However, defendant’s
daughter was no longer a minor at the time of defendant’s sentencing. Illinois courts have long
held that all terms of imprisonment create some hardship for the prisoner’s dependents. See
- 13 - People v. Young, 250 Ill. App. 3d 55, 65, 619 N.E.2d 851, 858 (1993). However, “[t]he existence
of a mitigating factor does not obligate the trial court to impose a minimum sentence.” Young,
250 Ill. App. 3d at 65. As discussed, we presume the trial court considered the evidence before it.
Brewer, 2013 IL App (1st) 072821, ¶ 55. In this case, defendant’s daughter testified as to the
change in circumstances she would face due to defendant’s imprisonment. It was not an abuse of
discretion, much less clear and obvious error, for the court to determine defendant’s adult
daughter’s change in living situation did not outweigh the factors supporting a 10-year prison
sentence.
¶ 49 We conclude there was no error, and thus no plain error, in defendant’s sentence
of 10 years in prison for aggravated DUI involving a fatality. The trial court considered
appropriate mitigating and aggravating factors and did not abuse its discretion in assigning
weight to those factors when determining defendant’s sentence.
¶ 50 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 51 For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
¶ 52 Affirmed.
- 14 -