Filed 11/13/14 P. v. Sanchez CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D064673
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. SCD237319)
RUBEN J. SANCHEZ,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Jeffrey F.
Fraser, Judge. Affirmed.
Nancy Olsen, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General,
Eric A. Swenson, Lynne G. McGinnis, and Kristine A. Gutierrez, Deputy Attorneys
General, for Plaintiff and Respondent. Ruben J. Sanchez appeals from a judgment convicting him of murder with firearm
use and gang enhancements.1 He argues the judgment must be reversed because (1) the
standard instruction on eyewitness identification should not have been given as it was
misleading, and (2) the trial court erred in admitting evidence of his handwritten rap
lyrics. We find no reversible error and affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
At about 9:45 a.m. on September 12, 2011, Raymond Garcia was fatally shot
while walking on a street in the Encanto area of San Diego. Victim Garcia was a member
of an Encanto gang known as Varrio Encanto Locos (VELS) and defendant was a
member of a rival "protective custody" gang known as Two-Five. Prosecution experts
explained that the Two-Five gang is a prison gang consisting of gang members who have
dropped out of other gangs; the Mexican Mafia prison gang is an enemy of Two-Five;
and the victim's Encanto gang, which is a "sureño" gang under the umbrella of the
Mexican Mafia, is likewise a Two-Five enemy.
When interviewed by the police after his arrest, defendant stated that people in
Encanto told him to remove his Two-Five tattoos or he would be killed if he did not get
out of the neighborhood. The prosecution argued that defendant shot the victim in
retaliation for an assault on defendant that was committed in Encanto by the victim's half
brother (Henry Gonzales), a high ranking member of the VELS gang. The defense
maintained defendant was not at the scene of, nor a participant in, the shooting.
1 Defendant is also known as Ruben Carranza. 2 As we shall detail below, the prosecution presented numerous items of
circumstantial evidence to support its claim that defendant was a participant in the
shooting, including that defendant had made statements indicating he wanted to take
revenge against Gonzales; in the moments before the shooting defendant was talking on
his cell phone at a residence in close proximity to the scene of the shooting; shortly
thereafter, he put something in the belt area of his pants and rushed away in a truck that
matched eyewitness descriptions of the truck at the scene of the shooting; and after his
arrest he made statements to family members and others suggesting his involvement in
the shooting.
Events Before the Shooting
Several prosecution witnesses, including defendant's son (Quentin Carranza) and
another relative (Melissa Cogar), testified that about three weeks before the shooting,
defendant was "jumped" on Radio Drive by Gonzales (the victim's half brother) and
another man while Carranza and Carranza's female cousin were present. According to
Cogar, defendant repeatedly talked about the assault and could not "get over it," saying
on multiple occasions that "when he sees that motherfucker, he's going to kill him"; he
"was going to kill [Gonzales] right on the spot"; and he "wanted [Gonzales] so bad."
Cogar had seen defendant with a gun, and a few days before the shooting she saw him on
her back porch cleaning bullets with a rag.
Mark Zettel, who had loaned his truck to defendant on previous occasions,
testified that at about 6:30 or 7:00 a.m. on the morning of the shooting, defendant called
Zettel and they arranged to meet at a house in Spring Valley to see if a man there wanted
3 to buy a shotgun from defendant. While defendant was waiting outside the man's
residence in a car driven by another person, Zettel was inside the man's house for several
hours until he determined the man did not want to buy the shotgun. When Zettel went
outside to look for defendant, defendant was gone. Zettel had left his keys inside his
truck and he discovered his truck was also gone.
Cogar lived in the Encanto area about 1.4 miles from the location of the shooting.
She testified that defendant arrived at her house at about 9:00 a.m. on the morning of the
shooting. She heard defendant talking fast on his phone, saying "Is he there? He's
there?" Defendant then put something in the belt area of his pants, rushed out of the
house, and "left out of [her] driveway [like] crazy" in Zettel's truck. Cogar knew the
truck belonged to Zettel because about four or five days earlier defendant and Zettel had
come to her house in the truck.
Identification Evidence
The shooting, which occurred on Radio Drive in Encanto, was observed to some
extent by two prosecution witnesses (Alexis Carrion and Lorena Gonzalez2) and a
defense witness (Lance Adarne). Carrion was pulling out of his driveway when he saw a
pickup truck pull up to victim Garcia as Garcia was walking on the street; the truck
occupants and Garcia "exchanged a few words"; and Carrion heard the victim yelling or
arguing and saying something like " 'no.' " Carrion then heard gunfire, and saw that
Garcia had been injured. The truck sped off, and Carrion pulled his car over and called
2 To avoid confusion with the victim's half brother (Henry Gonzales), we refer to Lorena Gonzalez as Lorena. 4 911. Lorena heard the gunfire while she was inside her home on Radio Drive. When she
looked out the window, she saw a truck "screeching" down the road at a fast speed.
Adarne, who was outside Carrion's residence saying goodbye to Carrion, noticed a red
truck parked on the street and a "Mexican bald guy" standing next to the passenger side
of the truck. When Adarne started walking back towards the house, he heard gunshots;
as Adarne ran to Carrion's car to check on him, the truck sped away.
The three eyewitnesses (Carrion, Lorena, and Adarne) described the truck they
saw at the scene as a Ford F-150; an older model from the early 2000's, 1990's, or earlier;
faded red or burgundy in color; silver, chrome, or gold trim at the bottom; and in dirty,
"[b]eaten up" condition.3 Zettel described his truck as a red 1995 Ford F-150, and in
somewhat "rough" condition with dents and broken windows. Similarly, Cogar described
Zettel's truck as an older model red truck that was "kind of beat up." Zettel testified that
on the morning of September 12 he had a lot of clothing and other items in the back of
his truck, and Cogar likewise testified there were a lot of black trash bags in the back of
the truck when defendant left her residence that morning.
When shown photos of Zettel's truck, Carrion testified the photos matched his
description of a red truck with silver trim at the bottom; Lorena testified the photos could
depict the truck she saw but she was not sure; and Adarne testified "[t]hat is not the truck,
3 More specifically, Carrion described the truck as a red Ford, from the 1990's or early 2000's, two doors, and with a "boxy look" and silver or chrome trim at the bottom. Lorena described it as "faded red," perhaps a Ford or GMC, from the 1990's, 1980's or earlier, and an "older, heavier-style" model. Adarne described the truck as dirty, faded red or burgundy, Ford F-150, an "old modern" style from about 1991 or 1992, "[b]eaten up," and having an extended cab and gold or silver trim at the bottom. 5 but it's similar." Lorena and Adarne thought some of the photos depicted a truck that had
newer paint than the faded paint they saw on the truck at the scene. When Zettel viewed
photos of his truck, he acknowledged that in one photo it looked shinier and cleaner than
it had on September 12 and he had probably washed it. Cogar also noticed that in one of
the photos Zettel's truck looked a lot cleaner, newer, and shinier than it did on September
12. The main discrepancy in the evidence concerning the truck was that Adarne claimed
the truck at the scene had an extended cab, whereas Zettel's truck did not have that
feature.4
As to the occupants of the truck at the time of the shooting, Lorena was unable to
provide any information, but Carrion and Adarne provided some descriptions. Carrion
stated there were two Hispanics in the truck in their 20's to 30's; he thought the shots
came from the passenger side; and the driver had a dark complexion and somewhat long
hair (five to six inches) that had a "spiked, slicked-back look to it." Adarne was unable to
describe the passenger, but stated the driver was 40 to 45 years old and of medium build
or a "little bit skinny"; he had salt-and-pepper slicked-back hair about four inches long, a
two-to-three inch long goatee, acne scars on a "potato nose," and tattoos on his left arm
including of a female with long hair and a hat; and he was wearing a white tank top and
reading-type glasses.
When shown a picture of defendant, Carrion acknowledged that defendant's
appearance did not match Carrion's description of the driver (i.e., dark complexion with
4 Carrion and Lorena were unsure whether or not the truck had an extended cab. 6 spiky, slicked-back hair), but he stated he could not tell whether or not defendant was the
driver because there was a glare from the sun on the truck's windshield that prevented
him from getting a "good look" at the truck's occupants. Adarne likewise did not think a
photo of defendant looked like the driver, noting that unlike his description of the driver,
defendant did not have facial hair, a potato nose, or acne scars.5 When shown photos of
defendant's tattoos, Adarne testified they did not look like the driver's tattoos, and, unlike
defendant, he did not recall the driver having neck tattoos. Prior to trial, Carrion and
Adarne were unable to identify a suspect in a photographic lineup that included
defendant's photo.
At trial, Adarne qualified his descriptions by saying that he only got "a glance" at
the driver and the truck because he was focused on running to check on Carrion as the
truck sped away. Also, he explained that since childhood he had a disability that caused
memory problems, made it difficult for him to process information and to remember
details, and sometimes caused him to "merge" observations so that he would take pieces
of information that he got from one observation and put them together with another
observation. He testified that he thought he had seen the driver at a party and the truck
on other occasions in Lemon Grove, but that because of his memory problems he would
not be able to identify the driver or the truck if he saw them again.
5 The record reflects that at the time of the shooting defendant was 49 years old. 7 Other Evidence Concerning Events at the Time of and After the Shooting
Cogar testified that shortly after leaving her home on the morning of September
12, defendant returned, still in Zettel's truck. Also, another man arrived whom Cogar did
not know; the other man was a dark-skinned Mexican about 29 or 30 years old and he
had a car outside. Defendant stayed for about one hour at her home, and the other man
stayed about 20 minutes. Cogar later heard that Gonzales's brother had been shot on
Radio Drive, and that her house "was going to get hit up" because it was defendant's
"headquarters."6
Defendant's cell phone records showed that in the minutes before and/or after the
shooting (at 9:20, 9:44, and 9:46 a.m.), he repeatedly spoke on his phone with a person
who resided about 600 feet from the scene of the shooting. Defendant's calls during this
time period used cell phone towers that matched the towers serving Cogar's residence,
Radio Drive, and a two-mile radius from the scene of the shooting. His calls on
September 12 after the shooting used cell phone towers that suggested he was moving
away from the Encanto area and that he eventually arrived in Spring Valley.
Nine days after the shooting, when the police went to arrest defendant at the
Spring Valley residence of his friend Mara Hewitt, defendant attempted to flee out the
back yard but was apprehended. In a recorded interview, defendant told the police he
was at Hewitt's house in Spring Valley at the time of the shooting. He denied that he had
an altercation with the victim's half brother several weeks before the shooting, that he
6 Due to threats she received, Cogar and her children were later placed in a witness protection program and relocated. 8 was in Encanto at the time of the shooting, that he knew someone with a red truck or that
he was in a red truck. The police had received information linking Zettel's truck to the
murder, and after inputting the truck's license plate number into a computer tool that
contains randomly-collected photographs of license plates, they saw that the day after the
shooting (September 13) Zettel's truck was at a location about one-half block away from
Hewitt's residence where defendant was arrested.
Defendant's stepdaughter (Kassondra McCall) testified that in a September 2011
recorded phone call with defendant while he was in jail, he told her to get his son out of
Encanto and she should stay out of Encanto. He also told her that she should tell Hewitt
to "make sure nobody says . . . nobody knows nothing." McCall later reported to
defendant that Hewitt told her that "everyone was keeping their mouth shut." Defendant
also sent his daughter a copy of a police report in which the names of Gonzales, Cogar,
and Zettel had been redacted, but in which defendant had handwritten their names above
the redactions. A prosecution gang expert testified that in the gang culture, the writing of
a name above a redacted name is a means to identify the person as a "snitch" who was
cooperating with an investigation and who would be targeted in the gang community.
The prosecution also introduced jail recordings of defendant's phone conversations
with his sons, during which he told them to "[m]ake sure everybody is quiet"; "everybody
needs to shut the fuck up"; and "everybody just keeps their mouth shut and everybody
does what they're supposed to do. Nobody tries to do me, you know?"
In February 2012, a deputy sheriff reviewed a letter defendant wrote to a female
while he was in jail in which he stated, "I'm facing murder charges. I'm up against it, but
9 let's face it, it's hard but it's fair. I know that was a rough job when I took it. And if I
didn't like the conditions, I should have kept my happy ass at home. Two major
positives. One, I can still take deep breaths, unlike the victim. Ouch. Cruel, but true.
And, number two, there's you. Not a murderess, but all in all."
In July 2012, a deputy sheriff found in defendant's property a paper with
handwritten rap song lyrics that the deputy had heard defendant reciting. The lyrics
referred to defendant's Two-Five gang and talked about his involvement in gang-related
killings, saying, for example, " 'I hunt sur rats around the clock. I'm on a murder spree.
[¶] . . . [¶] . . . I'm a Two-Five factor. Fuck a sureño and an EME. [¶] . . . [¶] I smoke
South Side fools at no cost to me.' " The prosecution's gang experts testified that the
lyrics referred to killings of the Mexican Mafia and sureños or South Siders who pledge
allegiance to the Mexican Mafia. The gang experts also testified that jumping a rival
gang member in front of family members is "the ultimate sign of disrespect" that requires
severe consequences, and if a Two-Five gang member responds to such an assault by
shooting and killing the assailant's brother in the rival gang's territory, this would benefit
the Two-Five gang by showing the gang is a "force to be reckoned with."
Jury Verdict and Sentence
Defendant was charged with first degree murder with a gang enhancement and two
gun enhancements: (1) personal discharge of a gun causing death and (2) a principal's
personal use of a gun causing death with a gang benefit finding. The jury convicted him
of the murder charge, the gang enhancement, and the second gun enhancement
(principal's personal use with gang benefit). It found the first gun enhancement (personal
10 discharge) to be not true. Defendant was also found to have incurred a serious felony
prior conviction and a strike prior conviction.
The trial court sentenced defendant to 50 years to life for the murder (25 years to
life, doubled based on the strike), 25 years to life for the gun use/gang benefit
enhancement, and five years for the serious felony prior. The court stayed the sentence
on the gang enhancement.
DISCUSSION
I. Instruction on Eyewitness Identification
Defendant argues the trial court erred by instructing the jury with the standard
instruction on eyewitness identification testimony (CALCRIM No. 315) without
modifying the introductory sentence to the instruction. The instruction commences by
stating "[y]ou have heard eyewitness testimony identifying the defendant," and then
cautions the jury that it must decide the truthfulness and accuracy of the eyewitness's
testimony and lists a variety of factors to consider for this purpose. (CALCRIM No. 315,
italics added.)7 He asserts the introductory sentence was erroneous and misleading in his
7 The jury was instructed with CALCRIM No. 315 as follows: "You have heard eyewitness testimony identifying the defendant. As with any other witness, you must decide whether an eyewitness gave truthful and accurate testimony. [¶] In evaluating identification testimony, consider the following questions: • Did the witness know or have contact with the defendant before the event? • How well could the witness see the perpetrator? • What were the circumstances affecting the witness's ability to observe, such as lighting, weather conditions, obstructions, distance, and duration of observation? • How closely was the witness paying attention? • Was the witness under stress when he or she made the observation? 11 case because none of the eyewitnesses identified him as the suspect in the shooting. He
posits that the instruction "permitted the jury to conclude [he] was actually identified by
an eyewitness based upon evidence that did not amount to an eyewitness identification"
and thereby undermined his primary defense that there was no eyewitness identification
implicating him in the shooting.
In reviewing a claim that an instruction was incorrect or misleading, we inquire
whether there is a reasonable likelihood the jury applied the instruction in an erroneous
manner. (People v. Butler (2010) 187 Cal.App.4th 998, 1013.) We "view the
instructions as a whole and consider the effect of the challenged instruction in the context
of the entire trial." (People v. Mills (2012) 55 Cal.4th 663, 678.)
In this case, the eyewitnesses did not point to defendant and say he was the person
at the scene of the shooting. Rather, the eyewitnesses provided descriptions of the
vehicle and of the persons they saw in the vehicle, which the jury could use to evaluate
whether these descriptions supported that defendant was a participant in the shooting or,
• Did the witness give a description and how does that description compare to the defendant? • How much time passed between the event and the time when the witness identified the defendant? • Was the witness asked to pick the perpetrator out of a group? • Did the witness ever fail to identify the defendant? • Did the witness ever change his or her mind about the identification? • How certain was the witness when he or she made an identification? • Are the witness and the defendant of different races? • Was the witness able to identify the defendant in a photographic or physical lineup? • Were there any other circumstances affecting the witness's ability to make an accurate identification? The People have the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that it was the defendant who committed the crime. If the People have not met this burden, you must find . . . the defendant not guilty." 12 contrariwise, suggested he was not one of the persons at the scene. Arguably, in a case
such as the one before us, the introductory sentence in CALCRIM No. 315 can be viewed
as imprecise to the extent it suggests there were eyewitnesses who directly identified the
defendant as the perpetrator or suspect by, for example, stating he was the person they
saw commit the crime or saw at the scene. We note the introductory sentence in the
CALJIC version of the eyewitness identification instruction appears to be better suited to
a case, as here, where the eyewitness testimony provides indirect, but not direct,
identifying information. In this regard, CALJIC No. 2.92 states: "Eyewitness testimony
has been received in this trial for the purpose of identifying the defendant as the
perpetrator of the crime[s] charged." (Italics added.)
In any event, viewing the record as a whole, there is no reasonable likelihood the
jury was misled by the language stating "there was eyewitness testimony identifying the
defendant." We assume jurors are reasonably intelligent persons. (People v. Butler,
supra, 187 Cal.App.4th at p. 1013.) Because the jurors knew what evidence was
presented, they knew there were no eyewitnesses who were able to directly identify
defendant as being one of the persons in the truck at the time of the shooting. Applying
their common sense, the jurors would not have relied on the introductory sentence to the
instruction to find the existence of evidence that they knew did not exist.
The lack of error is also supported by counsel's closing arguments to the jury
which never intimated that there was direct eyewitness identification of defendant.
Counsel presented at length their differing views on whether the circumstantial evidence
supported that defendant was a participant in the shooting, based on such factors as
13 descriptions of the truck at the scene as compared to the truck defendant allegedly
borrowed from Zettel; information about defendant's cell phone calls near the time of the
shooting; defendant's motive to kill the victim; and defendant's postshooting statements.
The prosecutor explicitly recognized that identification of defendant as a participant in
the shooting turned on circumstantial evidence, stating: "So looking at identification,
where is the evidence [of] identity? It comes from a variety of sources here. We have
circumstantial evidence, phone records, cell site, motive, gang evidence, false alibi by the
defendant, consciousness of guilt. [¶] . . . [¶] When you look at all the evidence, the
phone evidence, opportunity, motive, jail calls, gang evidence, circumstantial evidence,
the defendant's own writings, it all points to one person, one person only. The
defendant . . . ."
Also, in closing arguments both counsel referred to the eyewitness identification
instruction (CALCRIM No. 315) when presenting their differing views on whether
defense witness Adarne's descriptions of the truck and its occupants excluded defendant
as a perpetrator. Arguing that Adarne's descriptions were unreliable, the prosecutor cited
CALCRIM No. 315 and encouraged the jury to discredit his descriptions based on some
of the factors delineated in that instruction (including stress and an opportunity to view).
Defense counsel urged the jury to consider the factors set forth in the eyewitness
identification instruction, and commented that the "funny part" was that whereas the
instruction stated "you have heard evidence that a witness has identified the defendant,"
in this case "you've heard evidence that the witness hasn't identified the defendant."
(Italics added.) Thus, although the jury was urged to consider the factors set forth in
14 CALCRIM No. 315, this was not done in the context of suggesting there was eyewitness
testimony directly identifying defendant.
To support his claim of error, defendant notes that in closing arguments the
prosecutor made a comment that a portion of Adarne's description of the driver matched
defendant's appearance.8 Defendant posits that based on this comment, the jury might
have mistakenly interpreted the introductory sentence of the instruction to mean that
Adarne "actually identified" defendant. We are not persuaded. The prosecutor's
comment did not suggest that Adarne directly identified defendant as one of the people in
the truck; rather, the comment merely referred to indirect identification evidence based
on the view that part of Adarne's description of the driver matched defendant's
appearance. To the extent the jury might have viewed Adarne's description as supporting
the prosecution's claim that defendant was a perpetrator, this was a finding it was entitled
to make, and there is nothing to indicate that any such finding would have been
erroneously derived from CALCRIM No. 315's reference to the existence of eyewitness
testimony identifying defendant.
8 The prosecutor made this passing comment in the context of arguing the unreliability of Adarne's descriptions excluding defendant as a perpetrator, stating: "[H]ow else do we know his identification or, in this case, his exclusion is unreliable? And I'm not just saying that because he excludes the truck . . . because, frankly, his identification of the salt-and-pepper hair and the reading glasses matches the defendant. [¶] But I'm not going to pick and choose what helps me and what hurts me. You're just going to look at it independently and objectively. And does he have the opportunity to be able to make an identification? Even taking out his mental history, the answer is absolutely not." 15 It is apparent from the record that all understood there was no direct eyewitness
identification of defendant, and there is nothing to suggest the jurors would have viewed
the introductory sentence to CALCRIM No. 315 as somehow creating direct
identification evidence that they knew had not been presented to them. There is no
reasonable likelihood the jury applied the instruction in an erroneous manner.
For the same reason, even assuming the trial court should have sua sponte clarified
the instruction to distinguish between direct and indirect eyewitness identification
testimony, or that defense counsel provided ineffective representation by failing to
request this clarification, any error in this regard was harmless under any standard of
review. (See People v. Beltran (2013) 56 Cal.4th 935, 955 [reasonable probability of
different outcome standard for state law error generally applies to misleading
instruction]; People v. Rogers (2006) 39 Cal.4th 826, 872 [federal constitutional standard
of harmless beyond a reasonable doubt applies when error deprives defendant of right to
present complete defense].) Because reasonably intelligent jurors would not have relied
on the instructional language to find the existence of direct identification evidence that
they knew did not exist, there is no reasonable possibility the instruction improperly
affected the jury's verdict. (See People v. Riggs (2008) 44 Cal.4th 248, 311.)
II. Admission of Defendant's Rap Lyrics
Defendant argues the trial court erred in admitting the evidence of his rap lyrics
because the evidence was minimally relevant and more prejudicial than probative.
Relevant evidence means evidence that has any tendency to prove or disprove any
disputed material fact. (People v. Sisneros (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 142, 151.) The trial
16 court has broad discretion to determine whether evidence is relevant, and whether the
evidence should be excluded under Evidence Code section 352 because its probative
value is outweighed by concerns of undue prejudice. (People v. Horning (2004) 34
Cal.4th 871, 900.) " 'The admission of relevant evidence will not offend due process
unless the evidence is so prejudicial as to render the defendant's trial fundamentally
unfair.' " (People v. Jablonski (2006) 37 Cal.4th 774, 805.) Undue prejudice does not
exist merely because highly probative evidence is damaging to the defense case, but
rather arises from evidence that uniquely tends to evoke an emotional bias against the
defendant or cause prejudgment of the issues based on extraneous factors. (People v.
Doolin (2009) 45 Cal.4th 390, 438-439.) We do not disturb the trial court's ruling unless
the court exercised its discretion in an arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd manner
that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice. (People v. Rodrigues (1994) 8 Cal.4th
1060, 1124.)
During pretrial motions, the prosecutor argued the lyrics were relevant to the
issues of identity, motive, and the gang allegation. Over defense objection that they were
unduly prejudicial, the trial court ruled the lyrics admissible.
The trial court could reasonably conclude the rap lyrics, which referred to
defendant's Two-Five murder sprees against gang rivals, were highly relevant to support
that defendant had a motive for the murder, which in turn was relevant to the disputed
issue of identity, and that he acted for the benefit of his gang. (See People v. Zepeda
(2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 25, 35.) The jury could reasonably infer that defendant's writing
of the rap lyrics reflected that he was highly motivated to advance Two-Five's position in
17 the neighborhood. This inference could in turn support that if the jury found defendant
had an altercation with a rival gang member in the weeks before the shooting, his mental
state was such that he might seek to retaliate with a high level of force in order to defend
his gang's reputation, including by attacking the rival gang member's brother.
The relevancy of the rap lyrics was also supported by the nature of defendant's
responses when questioned by the police about the shooting. During the police interview
defendant acknowledged "they don't want" him in Encanto because he was a member of
the Two-Five protective custody gang and that anyone who did not have "two five" on
them was his "enemy"; however, he also told the police that he did not have a "beef" with
anybody in Encanto and he did not "mess with" anybody or cause any problems in the
neighborhood. The rap lyrics could support an inference that, contrary to defendant's
claim to the police, he was not oriented towards maintaining peace in the neighborhood
vis-à-vis enemies of Two-Five but rather was determined to defend his gang's honor even
to the level of murder.
To support his claim of minimal relevance, defendant notes that the lyrics do not
mention anything about the victim or the shooting of the victim. Even though the lyrics
do not mention targeting Garcia, the trial court could reasonably find them to be of
substantial relevance because Garcia was a member of a rival gang and the lyrics showed
defendant's commitment to his gang and glorification of violence perpetrated against a
gang rival.
As to prejudicial effect of the lyrics, the evidence did not present the jury with
information that might cause the jury to rest its verdict on irrelevant extraneous factors.
18 Defendant's orientation towards gang-related violence was highly relevant to the question
of whether he engaged in a retaliatory shooting against a rival gang member. Further, the
jury's not true finding on the personal gun discharge allegation shows that the jury
carefully evaluated the evidence and did not return verdicts based on an emotion-based
assessment of defendant's interest in gang violence.
Defendant also asserts the lyrics should have been excluded because there was
ample other evidence to support his gang-related motive, and hence the evidence was
cumulative and more prejudicial than probative. A trial court has wide latitude to admit
evidence relevant to motive. (People v. Gonzalez (2005) 126 Cal.App.4th 1539, 1550.)
Because the lyrics had significant probative value to show defendant's allegiance to his
gang and to support the prosecution's claim that he had a motive to commit the murder,
the court was not required to exclude them on cumulative grounds. (People v. Zepeda,
supra, 167 Cal.App.4th at pp. 34-35.)
The record shows no abuse of discretion in admission of the rap lyrics.
III. Claim of Cumulative Reversible Error
Defendant argues the cumulative effect of error requires reversal. We reject this
contention. There was no error in admission of the rap lyrics, and to the extent
clarification of the eyewitness identification instruction might have been warranted, as we
explained, there is no reasonable possibility any such error affected the outcome.
19 DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
HALLER, J.
WE CONCUR:
MCCONNELL, P. J.
AARON, J.