Filed 3/20/15 P. v. Rios CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E061540
v. (Super.Ct.No. FSB1302957)
MICHAEL PHILLIP RIOS, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. J. David Mazurek,
Judge. Affirmed with directions.
Michael Phillip Rios, in pro. per.; and Jennifer Peabody, under appointment by the
Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
No appearance for Plaintiff and Respondent.
A jury convicted defendant of first degree burglary (count 1; Pen. Code, § 459).1
In a bifurcated trial thereafter, the jury found true allegations defendant had suffered a
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
1 prior strike conviction (§§ 667, subds. (b)-(i), 1170.122, subds. (a)-(d)), a prior serious
felony conviction (§ 667, subd. (a)), and five prior prison terms (§ 667.5, subd. (b)). The
court sentenced defendant to an aggregate, determinate term of 20 years’ incarceration
consisting of the following: the upper term of six years, doubled pursuant to the prior
strike conviction, on the burglary conviction; a consecutive five years on the prior serious
felony conviction; and three consecutive years on three of the five prior prison term
allegations.2
After trial counsel filed the notice of appeal, this court appointed appellate counsel
to represent defendant. Counsel has filed a brief under the authority of People v. Wende
(1979) 25 Cal.3d 436, and Anders v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 738, setting forth a
statement of the case, a summary of the facts, and identifying three potentially arguable
issues: (1) whether the court erred in denying defendant’s Marsden3 motion; (2) whether
the court erred in permitting admission of purportedly prejudicial photographic exhibits
of defendant showing his tattoos; and (3) whether the court erred in imposing the upper
term on count 1.
2 Defendant had been sentenced to prison on three prior occasions based upon a total of five felony convictions; thus, the court sentenced defendant to one consecutive term for one of the five prior prison terms, which was alleged to have been based on three convictions occurring on the same date. (People v. Banks (2014) 59 Cal.4th 1113, 1170 [consecutive terms served on prior felony convictions are considered only a single prior separate prison term supporting only a single one-year sentence enhancement].)
3 People v. Marsden (1970) 2 Cal.3d 118 (Marsden).
2 Defendant was offered the opportunity to file a personal supplemental brief, which
he has done. In his brief, defendant reiterates appellate counsel’s concern regarding the
allegedly prejudicial nature of the photographic exhibits admitted, which showed
defendant’s tattoos with particular emphasis on exhibits Nos. 19 through 22. Defendant
additionally contends defense counsel committed prejudicial ineffective assistance of
counsel (IAC) noting that had counsel “applied himself to my case and been prepared
adequately[,] his objections and arguement [sic] would have been more eloquently
spoken and been clearer in conveying the injustice of the admission [sic] of prejudicial
evidence.”
We have independently found clerical errors in the abstract of judgment and shall
direct the trial court to correct them. In all other respects, we affirm the judgment.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Prior to trial, defendant orally moved for a Marsden motion, on which the court
proceeded by way of an in camera hearing. Defendant stated his current counsel was the
fifth attorney assigned to him in the instant case. Defendant’s main point of contention
appears to have been that his counsel had conveyed that defendant had little likelihood of
prevailing at trial. Defense counsel agreed that the best result for defendant would
probably have been to have taken the prosecution’s previous plea offer of eight years’
incarceration while receiving 50 percent credits. The court observed that it is an
attorney’s “obligation to let you know what the offer is and to let you know what he
3 thinks about the offer, . . . but he has to make sure that you understand what . . . the
consequences are.” The court denied defendant’s motion.
At trial, Ray Bowling, who was watching and providing maintenance for two
adjacent homes owned by Jaime Rodriguez, testified that on July 11, 2013, he observed
“two people walking down the street, and then I didn’t see them pass. So when I looked
out, I could see that the next door house, the gate had been opened, and we always kept it
closed.” One of the men had on a blue shirt; the other wore a white shirt.
Bowling “went around to see if I could see anything, and then I heard like a, I
don’t know, I guess like glass breaking.” He “thought somebody was breaking into the
house.” Bowling went into the backyard and looked over the fence, but did not see
anyone. He yelled for anyone there to leave, exclaiming that he was calling the police.
Bowling called the police.
A police helicopter arrived within a couple minutes. Bowling saw someone in a
blue shirt jump the fence to the adjoining backyard of another neighbor.
A tactical flight officer with the San Bernardino County Sheriff’s Department
testified he was dispatched to a reported residential burglary in progress that day at 12:30
p.m. He “noticed two subjects in the rear yard of the home.” Both looked up at the
helicopter. The individual in the blue shirt climbed over a six foot wall or fence into an
adjacent yard and made his way toward Orange Street.
San Bernardino police officers were also dispatched to the scene. When they
arrived, the flight officer informed them two suspects were in the backyard. They were
4 later informed one of the suspects had fled. The officers went into the backyard where
they found Alberto Pacheco sitting on a five-gallon bucket. The officer detained and
searched Pacheco finding “pockets full of miscellaneous phones, chargers, papers, [and]
miscellaneous papers.” They also found a backpack next to Pacheco with
“[m]iscellaneous tools, walkie talkies, [and] some clothing items.”
A probation officer dispatched to the location testified that once the helicopter
arrived, dispatch reported a suspect running from the scene. The probation officer saw an
individual who matched the suspect’s description. The probation officer got out of his
car and detained the suspect, whom he identified at trial as defendant. The flight officer
confirmed for the probation officer that the detained suspect was the individual the flight
officer saw fleeing the residence. Probation detained defendant within two minutes of
defendant’s jump over the wall.
A San Bernardino Police Department parole officer arrived and took defendant
into custody. Defendant “was disheveled. He was sweating profusely while he was in . .
. custody and while he was seated in the back seat of [the] unit. His shirt was dirty. And
I had observed some abrasions on his arms also.”
The bars on a window at the burglarized residence had been broken or bent off the
wall. The air conditioning unit, which normally sat in a bedroom window, was lying on
the floor in the living room. The air conditioner was heavy and would require two people
to move. The window glass was broken.
5 The victim, Jaime Rodriguez’s daughter who was living in the home at the time,
testified she had left the home either the night before or the morning of the incident.
When she returned, “everything was kind of a mess and thrown about.” The victim took
inventory and found a “bunch of miscellaneous stuff such as a spare phone, chargers of
the phone, and . . . a Nook and possibly a laptop charger” missing. Cosmetics, clothes,
kitchen utensils, movies, food, and a coffee pot were also missing.
Defendant’s mother testified defendant had sustained “a brachial plexus . . . which
affected his shoulder, his entire arm, and his hand on his left side” from complications at
birth. The condition “causes severe nerve damage in the neck which affects the shoulder,
the arm, and the hand, because of the severity of the nerve damage, what it does is it
keeps you from developing muscle tissue because the nerve damage is so severe.”
Defendant cannot lift heavy objects with his left arm because he “doesn’t have muscle
tissue because of the severity of the nerve damage.” His left upper arm is much smaller
than his right. Defendant would not be able to lower an air conditioning unit to the
ground by himself or jump a six-foot fence on his own.
At sentencing, the court observed that defendant “has led a lifetime of crime,
beginning as a juvenile and continuing from there. His convictions are numerous. [¶]
The crime in this case shows criminal sophistication and planning, in that, he was with
another participant. They apparently . . . had what the Court would describe as burglary
tools in the backpack. They were out looking for somewhere where they could steal. [¶]
6 The incident did cause [a] great amount of psychological harm to the young lady [who]
was residing inside the residence.”4
The court further noted, “The defendant was on parole at the time of the offense.
And for that reason the Court thinks the aggravated term is appropriate. Given the
defendant’s lifetime of crime his [robbery convictions] as a juvenile, his multiple
convictions as an adult, the fact that he was on parole at the time this offense occurred . . .
the Court thinks the aggravated term is appropriate.”
DISCUSSION
Defendant contends he was unconstitutionally prejudiced by the admission of
exhibits Nos. 19 through 22 because they reflected defendant’s tattoos bearing the name
of the gang “Florenza 13.” We disagree.
Prior to trial, defense counsel moved to exclude pictures of defendant that
reflected gang names. The People argued the pictures were relevant to show abrasions
defendant had incurred by jumping over a wooden fence and cinder block wall. The
court found objectionable a picture of defendant’s chest and stomach on which tattoos
appeared, one reading “florenza 13” and another of a pentagram. The court ordered the
People to cover up those tattoos; however, “I would indicate[] if there were scrape marks
along the ‘florenza’ tattoo on the abdomen, I’d probably rule those admissible. But since
4 The victim testified she did not feel comfortable in the home after the burglary and moved shortly thereafter.
7 the scrape marks appear to be limited to an area where we can cover up the ‘florenza 13’
tattoo, I think that’s probably in the best interest to do that.”
On another date, the court observed, “And there is an issue with what is now
marked as Exhibit 17, which was the photograph showing abrasions to [defendant’s]
chest area that I had the D.A. cover up or eliminate. Actually, she cropped the photo to
delete the—as I recall it’s the ‘florenza’ tattoo. And then there was a tattoo of a head
around that florenza tattoo that had a pentagram, satanic image. So that’s been cropped
out of the photo.” The court reiterated the pictures of defendant would be admitted to
show the abrasions he had incurred.
Defense counsel maintained an objection to admission of the pictures contending
the tops of the letters of the gang name remained visible. The court observed, “Your
client has tattoos that are going to be visible to the jurors anyway.” The court reasoned
that there was nothing “prejudicial about what remains in the photograph and certainly
unduly prejudicial things have been removed. And so it does relate to, and corroborate,
testimony of the officers and also [defendant’s] statement that he got abrasions running
and jumping over the fence running from the police.”
After the People rested its case, the court noted, “First of all, Exhibits 1 through 18
are going to be admitted, except for Exhibit No. 2, which was the uncropped photograph
showing the tattoos on [defendant’s] chest and abdomen that displayed some of the things
that the Court was concerned about, particularly the Florencia 13 tattoo and the face with
8 the pentagram on it. And I believe 17 was the exhibit that replaced No. 2 to go to the
jury.”
Defense counsel renewed the prior objection that exhibit No. 17 was unduly
prejudicial. The court ruled, “I will not find them unduly prejudicial and for those
reasons the Court will not exclude them. I will admit them. So 1 through 18 are admitted
with the exception of photo No. 2 which will be retained as a Court’s exhibit.”
After defendant’s mother testified, the People noted, “Since [defense counsel] has
put his client’s physical state at issue, I want to show pictures of [defendant] without his
shirt so that the jury can see his actual muscular definition and the exact differences that
exist between the right and the left shoulder seeing that the testimony has been essentially
that his arm is significantly smaller, his left arm is significantly smaller than the right. I
think the jury is entitled and needs to see the actual difference since we do have that
evidence available to us.”
Defense counsel objected, “I am absolutely opposed. These photos are not part of
this case. They were taken in relation to a separate investigation. They were never
proffered as evidence in this case. And I have not put his physical condition into—this is
way beyond the scope of direct examination.” The court noted, “It’s not beyond the
scope because the mom testified about his physical condition and placed his physical
condition at issue. And I think you are doing this to combat the evidence of the air
conditioner being moved and how heavy it was and proffering he couldn’t have assisted
in lifting that because of this physical condition.”
9 Defense counsel stated, “These photos are totally [Evidence Code section] 352
objectionable because they were not proffered as part of this case. And they show tattoos
which I was opposed to and in particular Exhibit No. 2. And now it’s gone way beyond
that and it’s just not fair and proper. This is totally improper to allow these photos when
the questions that have been responded to are not reflecting—this photo business is
totally improper. It is not part of this case.” The court reiterated, “You have placed
[defendant’s] physical ability at issue. Mom has testified about the differences in his
arms. I am trying to see if I can—because these do show—actually, these do show
differences in the arm size and structure of his right and left arm.”
The court ruled, “All right. We’ll have them marked. The one from the front if
we can cover up the F13 to some extent.” “And defense has tendered it as an issue. If
this had not been an issue, I wouldn’t have allowed it, but I think it is now more probative
than prejudicial.” “This was not proffered as direct evidence by the People. They didn’t
make it an issue. This would fall in the category of impeachment . . . .” “And in order to
impeach [defendant’s mother], first of all, the probation doesn’t have an obligation to
turn over pure impeachment evidence, and didn’t know it was going to be an issue until
[defendant’s mother] testified to the extent of her testimony so if you can cover up the
F13 part, the rest of it is very relevant to the issue proffered by the defense as a way for
the prosecution to combat and rebut that testimony . . . .”
Defense counsel argued, “My request is to cover the entire chest. The shoulders
and arm is what is in issue here, not the chest.” The court ruled, “With respect to
10 covering, I will have [the prosecutor] cover the stomach area that shows the Florencia 13
and the face with the pentagram on it. However, there’s no getting around the tattoo on
his chest or on his arms. The tattoo on the chest is going to have to come in because the
chest is in issue as far as being able to develop muscle and using that arm. You can’t
develop pectoral muscles without being able to use that side of your body and either push
or pull or do something with it. Mostly pushing for the pectoral muscles. But then the
tattoos along the arm, you client chose to have them put on there.”
We have reviewed the exhibits at issue. Exhibit Nos. 3, 4, 5, and 17 appear to
show defendant shortly after he was arrested; defendant is handcuffed. Each show
abrasions; the former exhibits to defendant’s right arm and the latter to defendant’s chest.
Although all of them show tattoos, none of them show gang name tattoos or a pentagram.
Exhibit No. 19 has a taped Post-it note covering defendant’s stomach which,
presumably, reflected both the “F13” gang name and the pentagram with a face though,
notably, a pentagram appears on defendant’s neck, which would presumably have been
visible to the jury even as defendant wore clothing in court. Exhibit No. 19 also reflects a
tattoo reading “GANGSTERS” across defendant’s entire chest. Exhibit No. 17 shows
part of the tattoo, but not enough to read the word. Exhibit No. 19 additionally shows
that defendant’s pectoral muscles are largely developed and that his left upper arm is
demonstrably smaller than his left upper arm.
Exhibit No. 20 reflects an unredacted tattoo reading “F13” largely across the entire
height and width of defendant’s back. It likewise shows that defendant’s left upper arm
11 is demonstrably smaller than his left upper arm. Exhibit No. 21 shows defendant’s left
profile reflecting his large upper left arm. Exhibit No. 22 shows defendant’s right profile,
which appears to conflict with other pictures in that defendant’s right upper arm appears
large in profile.
“‘It is within a trial court’s discretion to exclude evidence if its probative value is
substantially outweighed by the probability that its admission would create a substantial
danger of undue prejudice. (Evid. Code, § 352.) Our review on this issue is deferential.
A trial court’s decision whether to exclude evidence pursuant to Evidence Code section
352 is reviewed for abuse of discretion.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Thomas (2011) 51
Cal.4th 449, 488 [Where evidence of the defendant’s appearance was probative,
admission of photographs of the defendant’s gang tattoos was not outweighed by
prejudice, particularly where there was no evidence presented that the tattoos were gang
related and the court instructed the jury the photographs could only be utilized for a
specific purpose unrelated to gang membership.].)
Here, the photographic exhibits were the subject of much argument over the
course of three separate days concerning their probative value versus their prejudicial
effect upon the jury. Although initially the court found the photographs of defendant’s
“F13” tattoos prejudicial and ordered redaction of those portions of the photographs, once
defendant put at issue his physical ability to carry the air conditioning unit and scale
fences, the court found such redaction would not allow the jury the ability to effectively
12 evaluate defendant’s claims. The photographic exhibits admitted permitted such an
evaluation.
Nonetheless, the court still ordered redactions of some of defendant’s tattoos.
Regardless, there was no testimony to establish that defendant’s tattoos were gang related
or that defendant was or had been a member of any gang. Likewise, the court instructed
the jury that certain evidence had been admitted for a limited purpose and that the jury
could only consider the evidence for that purpose and no other. (CALCRIM No. 303.)
The court acted within its discretion in admitting exhibit Nos. 19 through 22. (People v.
Navarette (2003) 30 Cal.4th 458, 496 [admission of photographic exhibit of tattoo on the
defendant’s arm was not unduly prejudicial because the “photograph in question was
relevant to show that defendant had fresh scratches on his body when arrested shortly
after” his commission of the crime].)
Moreover, even if error, the admission of the exhibits was harmless considering
the tactical flight officer’s testimony he had witnessed defendant at the burglarized
residence and visually followed him for the entire two minutes defendant fled until he
was detained. (People v. Medina (1995) 11 Cal.4th 694, 749-750 [tattoo evidence
harmless in light of substantial other evidence properly admitted].) For the same reasons,
we hold defendant’s IAC claim fails. (People v. Banks (2014) 59 Cal.4th 1113, 1170
[IAC claim fails where the defendant fails to establish constitutionally deficient
performance and no reasonable probability of more favorable result].)
13 “It is well settled that ‘[a]n abstract of judgment is not the judgment of conviction;
it does not control if different from the trial court’s oral judgment and may not add to or
modify the judgment it purports to digest or summarize. [Citation.]’ [Citation.] When
an abstract of judgment does not reflect the actual sentence imposed in the trial judge’s
verbal pronouncement, [appellate courts have] the inherent power to correct such clerical
error on appeal, whether on our own motion or upon application of the parties.
[Citation.]” (People v. Jones (2012) 54 Cal.4th 1, 89.)
We have independently observed clerical errors in the abstract of judgment. The
abstract of judgment omits the manner of defendant’s conviction, by jury trial, and does
not reflect that defendant’s sentence was imposed pursuant to a true finding on the prior
strike conviction allegation. Thus, we shall direct the trial court to correct the clerical
errors in the abstract of judgment.
Under People v. Kelly (2006) 40 Cal.4th 106, we have conducted an independent
review of the record and find no arguable issues. (People v. Myles (2012) 53 Cal.4th
1181, 1207 [no abuse of discretion in denying Marsden motion “‘unless the defendant
has shown that a failure to replace counsel would substantially impair the defendant’s
right to assistance of counsel’”]; People v. Black (2007) 41 Cal.4th 799, 816 [only one
legally sufficient aggravating factor is necessary to support a court’s imposition of the
upper term].)
14 DISPOSITION
The superior court is directed to correct the abstract of judgment to reflect that
defendant was convicted by jury trial and that the court imposed sentence pursuant to
section 667, subdivision (e)(1). The corrected abstract of judgment shall be forwarded to
the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. In all other respects, the judgment is
affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS CODRINGTON J.
We concur:
KING Acting P. J.
MILLER J.