2024 IL App (1st) 221508-U SECOND DIVISION March 29, 2024
No. 1-22-1508
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and may not be cited as precedent by any party except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1). ______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County. ) v. ) No. 21 CR 2684 ) MICHAEL RICHARDSON, ) Honorable ) Alfredo Maldonado, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________
PRESIDING JUSTICE HOWSE delivered the judgment of the court. Justices McBride and Cobbs concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: We affirm the trial court’s judgment convicting defendant of aggravated unlawful use of a weapon (AUUW) after a guilty plea; the Illinois AUUW statute does not violate the second amendment to the United States Constitution under the test the United States Supreme Court articulated in New York State Rifle & Pistol Ass’n v. Bruen.
¶2 Following a negotiated guilty plea, the circuit court of Cook County convicted defendant,
Michael Richardson, on one count of aggravated unlawful use of a weapon (AUUW) in violation
of section 24-1.6(a)(1), (a)(3)(A-5) of the Criminal Code of 2012 (720 ILCS 5/24-1.6(a)(1),
(a)(3)(A-5) (West 2020)), in that he possessed in a vehicle an uncased, loaded, and immediately
accessible handgun and he had not been issued a currently valid license under the Firearm
Concealed Carry Act (CCL) (430 ILCS 66/1 to 66/99 (West 2020)). Defendant did not file a
motion to withdraw his guilty plea. Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal. On appeal, he 1-22-1508
argues that the AUUW statute under which he was convicted was facially unconstitutional. For
the following reasons, we affirm.
¶3 BACKGROUND
¶4 Given the substance of the appeal, a lengthy discussion of the facts of the case is not
needed. Defendant, Michael Richardson, was stopped by police while driving his car and
subjected to a pat-down search. The search revealed that defendant was carrying a handgun in his
waistband. Police determined defendant did not have a valid Firearm Owner’s Identification
(FOID) card or a Conceal Carry License at the time. Following negotiations with the State and
the trial court, defendant pleaded guilty to AUUW based on carrying an uncased, loaded, and
immediately accessible gun on his person without a valid Conceal Carry License, in exchange
for a sentence of one year of imprisonment. Defendant did not file a motion to withdraw his
guilty plea. This appeal followed.
¶5 ANALYSIS
¶6 On appeal defendant argues the AUUW statute under which he was convicted is facially
unconstitutional. “[A] facial challenge requires a showing that the statute is unconstitutional
under any set of facts, i.e., the specific facts related to the challenging party are irrelevant.”
Awkerman v. Illinois State Police, 2023 IL App (2d) 220434, ¶ 37. The sole issue before us is
defendant’s facial challenge to the AUUW stature, which is a question of statutory interpretation,
and the interpretation of a statute presents a question of law that we review de novo. People v.
Baker, 2023 IL App (1st) 220328, ¶ 21.
¶7 The first issue this court faced was whether we have jurisdiction to hear this appeal where
defendant did not file a motion to withdraw his guilty plea. People v. Gunn, 2023 IL App (1st)
221032, ¶ 8 (“[g]enerally, [t]o preserve an issue for appellate review, a defendant must both
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object at trial and present the issue in a written posttrial motion.”) (Internal quotation marks
omitted.) However, our supreme court has held that “a guilty plea does not preclude a defendant
from arguing on appeal that he was sentenced under a statute that was facially unconstitutional
and void ab intitio.” People v. Guevara, 216 Ill. 2d 533, 542-43 (2005). See also Gunn, 2023 IL
App (1st) 221032, ¶ 8 (an exception to the rule requiring presentment of an issue in a posttrial
motion to preserve the issue for review “exists for constitutional challenges: a challenge to the
constitutionality of a statute may be raised at any time”).
¶8 The sole issue defendant presents for review by this court is whether the AUUW statute
is facially unconstitutional when “it imposes an onerous dual-licensing regime, requiring
[defendants] to first be issued a Firearm Owner’s Identification (FOID) card before obtaining a
Concealed Carry License to carry a concealed firearm” because doing so “is inconsistent with
this nation’s historical tradition of firearm regulation.” In this case, defendant raises a challenge
to the constitutionality of a statute. Therefore, we find pursuant to Guevara that we have
jurisdiction of this appeal. Guevara, 216 Ill. 2d at 542-43. See also People v. Johnson, 2019 IL
122956, ¶ 35 (discussing argument that “this court has exempted the application of Rule 604(d)
to negotiated pleas in two narrow instances: (1) where a defendant challenged his sentence as not
authorized by statute ([citations]); and (2) where a defendant challenged the statute under which
he was sentenced as facially unconstitutional and void ab initio [citation]”), and Gunn, 2023 IL
App (1st) 221032, ¶ 8 (“a challenge to the constitutionality of a statute may be raised at any
time”). We also find that defendant has standing to raise this challenge. People v. Aguilar, 2013
IL 112116, ¶ 12. Moreover, “[t]he constitutionality of a statute is reviewed de novo.” People v.
Profit, 2023 IL App (1st) 210881, ¶ 27.
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¶9 Turning to the merits, defendant argues the AUUW statute is facially unconstitutional
under the second amendment to the United States constitution pursuant to the analysis
announced in New York State Rifle & Pistol Ass’n, Inc. v. Bruen, 597 U.S. 1 (2022). Pursuant to
Bruen, the court must first determine whether the plain text of the second amendment covers the
conduct in the challenged regulation and if it does, then the regulated conduct is presumptively
protected by the second amendment and the State has the burden to justify its regulation of that
conduct by demonstrating that doing so is consistent with the nation’s historical tradition of
firearm regulation. People v. Brooks, 2023 IL App (1st) 200435, ¶ 69. “To carry this burden, the
government must point to ‘historical precedent from before, during, and even after the founding
[that] evinces a comparable tradition of regulation.’ ” Id. ¶ 70. “[I]t is not necessary to identify a
‘historical twin’; rather a ‘well-established and representative [historical] analogue will do.’ ”
(Emphasis in original.) Id. ¶ 71.
¶ 10 Defendant argues the AUUW statute is unconstitutional on its face—meaning “the statute
is unconstitutional under any set of facts” (People v. Mobley, 2023 IL App (1st) 221264, ¶ 18)
because the conduct of possessing a handgun in a conveyance outside the home is covered by the
plain text of the second amendment and imposing a dual licensing regime on such possession is
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2024 IL App (1st) 221508-U SECOND DIVISION March 29, 2024
No. 1-22-1508
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and may not be cited as precedent by any party except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1). ______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County. ) v. ) No. 21 CR 2684 ) MICHAEL RICHARDSON, ) Honorable ) Alfredo Maldonado, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________
PRESIDING JUSTICE HOWSE delivered the judgment of the court. Justices McBride and Cobbs concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: We affirm the trial court’s judgment convicting defendant of aggravated unlawful use of a weapon (AUUW) after a guilty plea; the Illinois AUUW statute does not violate the second amendment to the United States Constitution under the test the United States Supreme Court articulated in New York State Rifle & Pistol Ass’n v. Bruen.
¶2 Following a negotiated guilty plea, the circuit court of Cook County convicted defendant,
Michael Richardson, on one count of aggravated unlawful use of a weapon (AUUW) in violation
of section 24-1.6(a)(1), (a)(3)(A-5) of the Criminal Code of 2012 (720 ILCS 5/24-1.6(a)(1),
(a)(3)(A-5) (West 2020)), in that he possessed in a vehicle an uncased, loaded, and immediately
accessible handgun and he had not been issued a currently valid license under the Firearm
Concealed Carry Act (CCL) (430 ILCS 66/1 to 66/99 (West 2020)). Defendant did not file a
motion to withdraw his guilty plea. Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal. On appeal, he 1-22-1508
argues that the AUUW statute under which he was convicted was facially unconstitutional. For
the following reasons, we affirm.
¶3 BACKGROUND
¶4 Given the substance of the appeal, a lengthy discussion of the facts of the case is not
needed. Defendant, Michael Richardson, was stopped by police while driving his car and
subjected to a pat-down search. The search revealed that defendant was carrying a handgun in his
waistband. Police determined defendant did not have a valid Firearm Owner’s Identification
(FOID) card or a Conceal Carry License at the time. Following negotiations with the State and
the trial court, defendant pleaded guilty to AUUW based on carrying an uncased, loaded, and
immediately accessible gun on his person without a valid Conceal Carry License, in exchange
for a sentence of one year of imprisonment. Defendant did not file a motion to withdraw his
guilty plea. This appeal followed.
¶5 ANALYSIS
¶6 On appeal defendant argues the AUUW statute under which he was convicted is facially
unconstitutional. “[A] facial challenge requires a showing that the statute is unconstitutional
under any set of facts, i.e., the specific facts related to the challenging party are irrelevant.”
Awkerman v. Illinois State Police, 2023 IL App (2d) 220434, ¶ 37. The sole issue before us is
defendant’s facial challenge to the AUUW stature, which is a question of statutory interpretation,
and the interpretation of a statute presents a question of law that we review de novo. People v.
Baker, 2023 IL App (1st) 220328, ¶ 21.
¶7 The first issue this court faced was whether we have jurisdiction to hear this appeal where
defendant did not file a motion to withdraw his guilty plea. People v. Gunn, 2023 IL App (1st)
221032, ¶ 8 (“[g]enerally, [t]o preserve an issue for appellate review, a defendant must both
-2- 1-22-1508
object at trial and present the issue in a written posttrial motion.”) (Internal quotation marks
omitted.) However, our supreme court has held that “a guilty plea does not preclude a defendant
from arguing on appeal that he was sentenced under a statute that was facially unconstitutional
and void ab intitio.” People v. Guevara, 216 Ill. 2d 533, 542-43 (2005). See also Gunn, 2023 IL
App (1st) 221032, ¶ 8 (an exception to the rule requiring presentment of an issue in a posttrial
motion to preserve the issue for review “exists for constitutional challenges: a challenge to the
constitutionality of a statute may be raised at any time”).
¶8 The sole issue defendant presents for review by this court is whether the AUUW statute
is facially unconstitutional when “it imposes an onerous dual-licensing regime, requiring
[defendants] to first be issued a Firearm Owner’s Identification (FOID) card before obtaining a
Concealed Carry License to carry a concealed firearm” because doing so “is inconsistent with
this nation’s historical tradition of firearm regulation.” In this case, defendant raises a challenge
to the constitutionality of a statute. Therefore, we find pursuant to Guevara that we have
jurisdiction of this appeal. Guevara, 216 Ill. 2d at 542-43. See also People v. Johnson, 2019 IL
122956, ¶ 35 (discussing argument that “this court has exempted the application of Rule 604(d)
to negotiated pleas in two narrow instances: (1) where a defendant challenged his sentence as not
authorized by statute ([citations]); and (2) where a defendant challenged the statute under which
he was sentenced as facially unconstitutional and void ab initio [citation]”), and Gunn, 2023 IL
App (1st) 221032, ¶ 8 (“a challenge to the constitutionality of a statute may be raised at any
time”). We also find that defendant has standing to raise this challenge. People v. Aguilar, 2013
IL 112116, ¶ 12. Moreover, “[t]he constitutionality of a statute is reviewed de novo.” People v.
Profit, 2023 IL App (1st) 210881, ¶ 27.
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¶9 Turning to the merits, defendant argues the AUUW statute is facially unconstitutional
under the second amendment to the United States constitution pursuant to the analysis
announced in New York State Rifle & Pistol Ass’n, Inc. v. Bruen, 597 U.S. 1 (2022). Pursuant to
Bruen, the court must first determine whether the plain text of the second amendment covers the
conduct in the challenged regulation and if it does, then the regulated conduct is presumptively
protected by the second amendment and the State has the burden to justify its regulation of that
conduct by demonstrating that doing so is consistent with the nation’s historical tradition of
firearm regulation. People v. Brooks, 2023 IL App (1st) 200435, ¶ 69. “To carry this burden, the
government must point to ‘historical precedent from before, during, and even after the founding
[that] evinces a comparable tradition of regulation.’ ” Id. ¶ 70. “[I]t is not necessary to identify a
‘historical twin’; rather a ‘well-established and representative [historical] analogue will do.’ ”
(Emphasis in original.) Id. ¶ 71.
¶ 10 Defendant argues the AUUW statute is unconstitutional on its face—meaning “the statute
is unconstitutional under any set of facts” (People v. Mobley, 2023 IL App (1st) 221264, ¶ 18)
because the conduct of possessing a handgun in a conveyance outside the home is covered by the
plain text of the second amendment and imposing a dual licensing regime on such possession is
not consistent with this nation’s historical tradition of firearm regulation. Defendant argues that
requiring a person to first obtain a FOID Card and a license under the CCL “imposes an onerous
burden” on the right to bear arms that is “not consistent with this Nation’s historical tradition of
firearm regulation.”
¶ 11 Defendant claims that the historical evidence shows that criminalization of handgun
possession in the absence of a FOID card and a license under the CCL “burdens the individual
right in a manner with no historical analogue.” Defendant argues that three colonial-era
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restrictions regulating public carry of firearms identified in Bruen are not a historical analogue
for the AUUW statute because they contained an additional intent element not present in the
AUUW law and “surety laws adopted in the mid-19th century do not establish a historical
tradition comparable to the AUUW law because those laws were not punitive and only required
the burdened individual to pay a bond; nor do “short-lived laws requiring freedmen *** to obtain
licenses” provide suitable historical comparisons. As such, defendant argues the State “cannot
affirmatively prove this nation has a historical tradition of imposing felony punishment on an
individual who exercises the constitutional right to keep and bear arms without having been
issued two separate licenses.”
¶ 12 Defendant also argues the delay in issuing licenses—that is, the time given to the State to
issue the license after a person applies—has no historical analogue. Defendant argues the need
for self-defense in a person’s conveyance is not less than their need for self-defense in the home
but the AUUW statute only criminalizes possession in a vehicle and explicitly excludes the
home, therefore the AUUW statute does not pass the Bruen test.
¶ 13 The second amendment protects carrying handguns publicly for self-defense. Bruen, 597
U.S. at 32. The issue in this case is whether the AUUW statute attempts to regulate carrying
handguns publicly in a manner that is not consistent with this nation’s historical traditions of
firearm regulation. We find the issue is not whether the second amendment protects carrying a
gun without a license but is whether the licensing requirement—the right to bear arms publicly
being presumed—in consistent with this nation’s history of regulating that right. Although
“[n]othing in the Second Amendment’s text draws a home/public distinction with respect to the
right to keep and bear arms,” (Bruen, 597 U.S. at 32), “[t]hroughout modern Anglo-American
history, the right to keep and bear arms in public has traditionally been subject to well-defined
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restrictions governing the intent for which one could carry arms, the manner of carry, or the
exceptional circumstances under which one could not carry arms” (Bruen, 597 U.S. at 38).
Defendant’s argument that the AUUW statute is unconstitutional because there is no difference
between the two fails.
¶ 14 As to the AUUW regulation on carrying firearms publicly and whether it is inconsistent
with this nation’s traditions of firearm regulation we note that this court has previously stated
that argument “is exactly the same argument we rejected in People v. Gunn, 2023 IL App (1st)
221032, ¶¶ 19, 28.” People v. Kuykendoll, 2023 IL App (1st) 221266-U, ¶ 24. We have
previously continued to follow Gunn, and we do so now.
¶ 15 In Gunn, this court upheld Illinois’ licensing scheme against a challenge under Bruen.
The Gunn court found that Illinois is a shall-issue jurisdiction under both the FOID Card Act and
the CCL. Gunn, 2023 IL App (1st) 221032, ¶ 22. The court found that Bruen did not suggest the
unconstitutionality of shall-issue licensing regimes, although it did not rule out challenges to
shall-issue regimes where, for example, “lengthy wait times in processing applications or
exorbitant fees deny ordinary citizens their right to public carry” (Gunn, ¶ 23 (citing Bruen, 597
U.S. at 37-38)), neither of which defendant argues on appeal. This court found that Illinois uses a
“shall-issue licensing scheme,” that such regimes “do not prevent citizens from exercising their
second amendment rights,” and there is “no reason to believe that the Supreme Court intended to
invalidate the type of firearm regulation employed by our state.” Gunn, 2023 IL App (1st)
221032, ¶ 32. This court held:
“In sum, consistent with the Supreme Court’s guidance quoted above, the
Carry Act sets forth broadly applicable, well-defined requirements, which, if
fulfilled, result in the issuance of a [concealed carry license]. These include
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background checks and completion of a firearms training course, both of which
the Supreme Court explicitly sanctioned in Bruen. None of the requirements
compel applicants to demonstrate a special need to carry firearms for self-defense,
nor are these requirements subject to the State’s discretion. Again, Illinois is a
shall-issue jurisdiction. Unlike the New York regulation that granted broad
discretion to the state in deciding whether an applicant has demonstrated a special
need to carry, Illinois’s statute does not do that. Simply put, the Illinois scheme
aims to ensure that only law-abiding citizens are allowed to carry firearms.” Id. ¶
29.
¶ 16 This court has held the AUUW statute comports with the second amendment. Consistent
with Gunn, we so hold again today. Defendant’s argument the AUUW statute is unconstitutional
on its face because its regulations are too onerous fails where the United States Supreme Court
has specifically endorsed such regulations. See Bruen, 597 U.S. at 38 n9, 70. (We reject out of
hand defendant’s argument that footnote 9 in Bruen is mere dicta that should be afforded little
weight.)
¶ 17 CONCLUSION
¶ 18 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.
¶ 19 Affirmed.
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