Mr. Justice Cartwright
delivered the opinion of the court:
The plaintiff in error, Edward Redóla, was convicted in the circuit court of Rock Island county of the larceny of a five-passenger automobile upon an indictment consisting of two counts, the first charging him with larceny of the automobile, and the second with receiving the same knowing that it had been stolen.
In the examination of the jurors upon their voir dire one of them was asked this question: “I would like to ask you if now, before you have heard any evidence in this case, if you should be selected as a juror, can you start out on a trial of this case believing the defendant is innocent?” A similar question was asked of another juror, and this question was put to a third juror: “And do you in good faith believe him innocent before you have heard any of the evidence in this case?” Objections to these questions were sustained. The defendant had a right to a legal and impartial jury and to make any proper examination of each juror to ascertain whether he possessed the necessary legal qualifications, whether he had prejudged the question of guilt or innocence of the defendant, whether his mind was free from bias or prejudice, and any state of facts from which the defendant might deem it advisable to challenge him peremptorily in case he should be declared competent by the court. (Lavin v. People, 69 Ill. 303; Donovan v. People, 139 id. 412.) The defendant was entitled to examine jurors to ascertain whether they stood indifferently between him and the People, as well as to make reasonable and pertinent inquiries to enable him to exercise his right of peremptory challenge. No juror would be competent who had prejudged the case and had a belief as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant. The main purpose of the examination is to secure jurors who have no present belief as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant and who can hear and consider the evidence with absolute impartiality. In the trial of the case the law establishes a presumption of innocence, which the jurors are required to entertain and act upon until convinced of the guilt of the defendant by evidence beyond a reasonable doubt and to weigh the evidence in view of that presumption. The defendant had a right, in the examination of jurors, to advise them of that presumption of the law and to ascertain whether they would adopt and act upon it and give him the benefit of it in considering the evidence, but he had no right to have jurors who had a present belief that he was innocent. The court did not err in sustaining the objections.
An automobile which was the property of Clarence Johnson and Elias Johnson was left by them standing on a street in Moline, Illinois, near a carnival at nine o’clock in the evening of July 28, 1920. Upon their return at 9:3o the car was missing and had been stolen some time during the intervening period. The next afternoon about four o’clock the defendant was driving the car in the city of Chicago and was arrested by Joseph Goldberg, a motorcycle policeman, for a violation of some traffic ordinance in crossing a boulevard. Goldberg testified that when he arrested the defendant he asked him who owned the machine, and he said that he did and had owned it about six months; that being asked if he had anything to show that he owned the car he showed the policeman a chauffeur’s license, and told the policeman that he lived at 1888 North Paulina street; that there was no such number; that the policeman took him to a police station, where he asked him to unlock the spare tire on the automobile; that he tried some keys and was unable to unlock it and offered the policeman some money to let him go; that he then told the policeman that he got the car in Moline and drove it to Chicago for George Jackson; that he was going to Chicago and Jackson asked him to drive the car, and he was to meet Jackson at the Jackson Hotel, at Jackson and Halsted streets, at six o’clock; that the defendant gave the policeman an address in Moline and one in Rock Island, and that the policeman took the defendant to another police station and put him in the lockup. After stating that the defendant told him he was to meet Jackson at the hotel at six o’clock, Goldberg volunteered this statement: “So we framed at the hotel; we called the hotel every fifteen minutes and had Mr. Jackson paged,” and the court overruled a motion to strike out the statement.
A police officer from Moline went to Chicago and took the defendant to Rock Island, and he testified that the defendant told him that a fellow hired him in Rock Island to drive the car to the Jackson Hotel and was to pay him $15.
The defendant testified that he was a mechanic and machinist ; that he had lived in Chicago but had been in Rock Island about three years and had been working at the Rock Island arsenal until June 12, 1920; that he had lived at 830 Twenty-fourth street with David H. Smith; that he was laid off at the arsenal on account of an injury, and in June, 1920, was rooming at Mrs. Gleason’s, at 824 Twenty-fifth street, in Rock Island; that eight or nine days before the 28th of July he had a talk with George Jackson about driving a car for him to Chicago; that Jackson called him by telephone on July 28 at the Gleason house, and he told Jackson he would not take the car for less than $15, and Jackson engaged him to drive the car; that Jackson came to the Gleason house about ten o’clock that evening, where the defendant was sitting on the porch with Harry Osgood; that Jackson called him, and he got his grip and driving coat and took Jackson in the car down to Twenty-seventh street and Eight and One-half avenue, where Jackson got out of the car; that he got a cup of coffee and cigars and drove the car to Chicago and that he was there arrested for violating the traffic ordinance. He denied that he claimed to own the car, but said he told Goldberg it belonged to George Jackson and that he had driven it from Rock Island • for Jackson; that he told Goldberg his mother lived at 1844 North Paulina street, which was her correct address; that he never offered Goldberg any money but told him he was to meet Jackson at the Jackson Hotel if he could get a room there but might have to go elsewhere and would then try to find a garage; that if he did not stop at the Jackson Hotel the defendant was to be there at six o’clock, - so that he could get him anyway, and that he might have to take a room elsewhere.
Harry Osgood testified that he had been employed at the Rock Island arsenal; that he had a family and resided with them; that on July 28 he was at the Gleason house from 8 :oo or 8:3o in the evening until ten o’clock, when the defendant left for Chicago; that a man came up with a car, stopped in front of the house, called the defendant, and said, “This is Jackson;” that the man got out of the car; that the witness said “good-by,” and the defendant went in the house and got a grip and driving coat and said “goodby,” and that when the witness came away the defendant was at the car, getting into it.
The statement volunteered by the policeman that they framed at the hotel and called the hotel every fifteen minutes and had Jackson paged was not only incompetent but very hurtful to the defendant. The court struck out a statement of the witness that Jackson was not there, but that was a natural inference from the statement that they framed at the hotel and had Jackson paged every fifteen minutes. The witness had no knowledge of what was done at the hotel, and did not even say that he was. the one who framed at the hotel.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Mr. Justice Cartwright
delivered the opinion of the court:
The plaintiff in error, Edward Redóla, was convicted in the circuit court of Rock Island county of the larceny of a five-passenger automobile upon an indictment consisting of two counts, the first charging him with larceny of the automobile, and the second with receiving the same knowing that it had been stolen.
In the examination of the jurors upon their voir dire one of them was asked this question: “I would like to ask you if now, before you have heard any evidence in this case, if you should be selected as a juror, can you start out on a trial of this case believing the defendant is innocent?” A similar question was asked of another juror, and this question was put to a third juror: “And do you in good faith believe him innocent before you have heard any of the evidence in this case?” Objections to these questions were sustained. The defendant had a right to a legal and impartial jury and to make any proper examination of each juror to ascertain whether he possessed the necessary legal qualifications, whether he had prejudged the question of guilt or innocence of the defendant, whether his mind was free from bias or prejudice, and any state of facts from which the defendant might deem it advisable to challenge him peremptorily in case he should be declared competent by the court. (Lavin v. People, 69 Ill. 303; Donovan v. People, 139 id. 412.) The defendant was entitled to examine jurors to ascertain whether they stood indifferently between him and the People, as well as to make reasonable and pertinent inquiries to enable him to exercise his right of peremptory challenge. No juror would be competent who had prejudged the case and had a belief as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant. The main purpose of the examination is to secure jurors who have no present belief as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant and who can hear and consider the evidence with absolute impartiality. In the trial of the case the law establishes a presumption of innocence, which the jurors are required to entertain and act upon until convinced of the guilt of the defendant by evidence beyond a reasonable doubt and to weigh the evidence in view of that presumption. The defendant had a right, in the examination of jurors, to advise them of that presumption of the law and to ascertain whether they would adopt and act upon it and give him the benefit of it in considering the evidence, but he had no right to have jurors who had a present belief that he was innocent. The court did not err in sustaining the objections.
An automobile which was the property of Clarence Johnson and Elias Johnson was left by them standing on a street in Moline, Illinois, near a carnival at nine o’clock in the evening of July 28, 1920. Upon their return at 9:3o the car was missing and had been stolen some time during the intervening period. The next afternoon about four o’clock the defendant was driving the car in the city of Chicago and was arrested by Joseph Goldberg, a motorcycle policeman, for a violation of some traffic ordinance in crossing a boulevard. Goldberg testified that when he arrested the defendant he asked him who owned the machine, and he said that he did and had owned it about six months; that being asked if he had anything to show that he owned the car he showed the policeman a chauffeur’s license, and told the policeman that he lived at 1888 North Paulina street; that there was no such number; that the policeman took him to a police station, where he asked him to unlock the spare tire on the automobile; that he tried some keys and was unable to unlock it and offered the policeman some money to let him go; that he then told the policeman that he got the car in Moline and drove it to Chicago for George Jackson; that he was going to Chicago and Jackson asked him to drive the car, and he was to meet Jackson at the Jackson Hotel, at Jackson and Halsted streets, at six o’clock; that the defendant gave the policeman an address in Moline and one in Rock Island, and that the policeman took the defendant to another police station and put him in the lockup. After stating that the defendant told him he was to meet Jackson at the hotel at six o’clock, Goldberg volunteered this statement: “So we framed at the hotel; we called the hotel every fifteen minutes and had Mr. Jackson paged,” and the court overruled a motion to strike out the statement.
A police officer from Moline went to Chicago and took the defendant to Rock Island, and he testified that the defendant told him that a fellow hired him in Rock Island to drive the car to the Jackson Hotel and was to pay him $15.
The defendant testified that he was a mechanic and machinist ; that he had lived in Chicago but had been in Rock Island about three years and had been working at the Rock Island arsenal until June 12, 1920; that he had lived at 830 Twenty-fourth street with David H. Smith; that he was laid off at the arsenal on account of an injury, and in June, 1920, was rooming at Mrs. Gleason’s, at 824 Twenty-fifth street, in Rock Island; that eight or nine days before the 28th of July he had a talk with George Jackson about driving a car for him to Chicago; that Jackson called him by telephone on July 28 at the Gleason house, and he told Jackson he would not take the car for less than $15, and Jackson engaged him to drive the car; that Jackson came to the Gleason house about ten o’clock that evening, where the defendant was sitting on the porch with Harry Osgood; that Jackson called him, and he got his grip and driving coat and took Jackson in the car down to Twenty-seventh street and Eight and One-half avenue, where Jackson got out of the car; that he got a cup of coffee and cigars and drove the car to Chicago and that he was there arrested for violating the traffic ordinance. He denied that he claimed to own the car, but said he told Goldberg it belonged to George Jackson and that he had driven it from Rock Island • for Jackson; that he told Goldberg his mother lived at 1844 North Paulina street, which was her correct address; that he never offered Goldberg any money but told him he was to meet Jackson at the Jackson Hotel if he could get a room there but might have to go elsewhere and would then try to find a garage; that if he did not stop at the Jackson Hotel the defendant was to be there at six o’clock, - so that he could get him anyway, and that he might have to take a room elsewhere.
Harry Osgood testified that he had been employed at the Rock Island arsenal; that he had a family and resided with them; that on July 28 he was at the Gleason house from 8 :oo or 8:3o in the evening until ten o’clock, when the defendant left for Chicago; that a man came up with a car, stopped in front of the house, called the defendant, and said, “This is Jackson;” that the man got out of the car; that the witness said “good-by,” and the defendant went in the house and got a grip and driving coat and said “goodby,” and that when the witness came away the defendant was at the car, getting into it.
The statement volunteered by the policeman that they framed at the hotel and called the hotel every fifteen minutes and had Jackson paged was not only incompetent but very hurtful to the defendant. The court struck out a statement of the witness that Jackson was not there, but that was a natural inference from the statement that they framed at the hotel and had Jackson paged every fifteen minutes. The witness had no knowledge of what was done at the hotel, and did not even say that he was. the one who framed at the hotel. It was the clearest sort of hearsay-evidence, not made under oath by anyone who knew the fact and subject to cross-examination or any other test as to whether any page at the hotel actually looked for Jackson. The effect of it was to impress the jury that there was no such man as Jackson, and if that was so, the jury could not be expected to give any credit to the testimony of the defendant.
For the purpose of proving a good reputation counsel for the defendant asked witnesses if they were acquainted with his general reputation in the community where he resided as being a peaceable and law-abiding citizen or otherwise, and objections were sustained to such question. One charged with crime may always make proof of such previous good character as is inconsistent with the commission of the crime with which he is charged, and the proof is to be made by showing his general reputation. (McCarty v. People, 51 Ill. 231; Hirschman v. People, 101 id. 568; Aiken v. People, 183 id. 215.) He has a right to have the question of his previous good character submitted to the jury for the purpose of showing that it is not probable that he committed the crime with which he is charged. The theory on which the evidence is admitted is that the trait of character is at variance with the nature of the crime charged and the inquiry must relate to the defendant’s character with respect to a crime of that nature. In the early case of Hopps v. People, 31 Ill. 385, it was said in general terms that it was competent for a defendant to give in evidence his uniform good character as a man and citizen, and the implication was that evidence should be admitted of general good character; but later, in Wistrand, v. People, 218 Ill. 323, it was held that a general reputation for a trait of character not involved in the crime charged was inadmissible, and that is the accepted rule. The question asked the witnesses in this case included the reputation of the defendant as to being peaceable, which had no relation whatever to the crime of larceny of an automobile, with which he was charged, and it was not error to sustain the objections.
In the closing argument to the jury the State’s attorney made this statement: “You cannot believe tire testimony of that river rat, Osgood, who lives down on a mud island on the Mississippi river and does not stay at his home and bring up his children as they should be brought up, and who lives in a place over in Davenport, on Front street, the reputation of which you all know.” What was said was supported by no evidence. The witness had testified that he had worked at the Rock Island arsenal but that summer he had camped on an island in the Mississippi river which he claimed to own. In reference to the defendant the State’s attorney made the following assertion: “The defendant, Redóla, showed by his testimony that he is a disloyal citizen; that because he had a soft job on the arsenal for several years during the war, he felt, after he was laid off at the arsenal, and acted and talked, as though he had been mistreated in being deprived of an easy job, and laid around and complained of the government’s unjust treatment towards him; that he did not procure other employment but laid around a public park in the city of Rock Island and complained that he was unjustly treated by the government because he was discharged from his job.” There was nothing in the record to justify any such statement concerning the defendant, and if there had been, the fact had no tendency to prove him guilty of larceny. The assertions concerning him and Osgood were made with the purpose and intended effect of inflaming the minds of the jury against them. It is the right and duty of a State’s attorney to present the evidence to the jury and make all legitimate argument in behalf of the People based upon it, but he has no right to indulge in any such assertions as were made in this case.
Errors are assigned on the giving and refusal of instructions, but there was no material error in that respect and the objections are of such a nature as to not require an extended comment.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded.
Reversed and remanded.