Filed 11/14/14 P. v. Porcadilla CA4/1 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D065047
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. SCS265878)
CLIFF PORCADILLA,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Edward P.
Allard III, Judge. Affirmed.
Robert H. Rexrode, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Kelley Johnson and Ryan H.
Peeck, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
In July 2013, during a traffic stop, police officers obtained defendant Cliff
Porcadilla's permission to look through his wallet. They found in his wallet a social security card belonging to Brittany Juarez. With Porcadilla's permission, they searched
his vehicle for additional documents and arrested Porcadilla after finding a wallet
belonging to Robert Hillier. During the vehicle search incident to arrest, the officers
found a small black pouch containing methamphetamine. An inventory search of
Porcadilla's wallet yielded a driver's license and multiple debit cards not in his name.
In September 2013, a jury convicted Porcadilla of receiving stolen property (Pen.
Code, § 496, subd. (a));1 obtaining personal identifying information of another (§ 530.5,
subd. (c)(1)); and possessing a controlled substance (Health & Safety Code,§ 11377,
subd. (a)).
In November 2013, the trial court sentenced Porcadilla to three years of summary
probation with specified terms and conditions. On appeal, Porcadilla contends: (1) the
probation condition requiring he comply with a curfew, if so directed by his probation
officer, is unconstitutionally vague or overbroad; and (2) the probation condition limiting
his residence to one approved by his probation officer violates his constitutional right to
travel and freedom of association. We affirm the order.
DISCUSSION
I
Standard of Review
Porcadilla's contentions raise pure questions of law subject to de novo review. (In
re Shaun R. (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 1129, 1143 ["[W]e review constitutional challenges
1 All statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise specified.
2 to a probation condition de novo."], citing In re J.H. (2007) 158 Cal.App.4th 174, 183.)
Although Porcadilla did not challenge the conditions at the time they were imposed, the
People agree his claims are not forfeited on appeal. (In re Shaun R., at p. 1143 ["failure
to object on the ground that a probation condition is unconstitutionally vague or
overbroad is not forfeited on appeal" so long as circumstances present pure questions of
law], citing In re Sheena K. (2007) 40 Cal.4th 875, 889.)
II
Probation Conditions
Trial courts have broad discretion to "impose . . . reasonable [probation]
conditions, as [they] may determine are fitting and proper . . . for the reformation and
rehabilitation of the probationer . . . ." (§ 1203.1(j).) This discretion, however, "is not
unbounded." (People v. Lopez (1998) 66 Cal.App.4th 615, 624.) To be valid, a
probation condition "must (1) . . . relate[] to the crime of which the defendant was
convicted, or (2) relate to conduct that is criminal, or (3) require or forbid conduct that is
reasonably related to future criminality." (People v. Bauer (1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 937,
942 (Bauer).)
"If a probation condition serves to rehabilitate and protect public safety, the
condition may 'impinge upon a constitutional right otherwise enjoyed by the probationer,
who is "not entitled to the same degree of constitutional protection as other citizens." ' "
(People v. O'Neil (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 1351, 1355 (O'Neil), quoting People v. Lopez,
supra, 66 Cal.App.4th at p. 624.) But an otherwise valid condition that impinges upon
constitutional rights "must be carefully tailored, ' "reasonably related to the compelling
3 state interest in reformation and rehabilitation . . . ." ' " (Bauer, supra, 211 Cal.App.3d at
p. 942, quoting In re White (1979) 97 Cal.App.3d 141, 146 (White).) Moreover, a
probation condition cannot be vague; it " ' ["]must be sufficiently precise for the
probationer to know what is required of him, and for the court to determine whether the
condition has been violated . . . .["] ' " (People v. Barajas (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 748,
753, quoting In re Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 890.)
A. Curfew Condition
Porcadilla contends the curfew condition, which requires he comply with a curfew
if so directed by his probation officer, is unconstitutionally vague or overbroad because it
impinges upon his constitutional right of intrastate travel and because it impermissibly
delegates unlimited discretion to the probation officer.
The federal Constitution "guarantees the fundamental right to interstate travel."
(Nunez by Nunez v. City of San Diego (9th Cir. 1997) 114 F.3d 935, 944, citing Shapiro
v. Thompson (1969) 394 U.S. 618, 621.) Less clear is whether the Constitution similarly
guarantees the right to intrastate travel. (Nunez, at p. 944, fn. 7 ["Other circuit courts are
split as to whether the Constitution guarantees the fundamental right [to] intrastate travel
. . . . We need not decide the issue in order to resolve this appeal, so we express no
opinion on it."]; In re A.G. (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 1454, 1470-1471 ["[I]t is unnecessary
in this case definitively to delineate the extent to which an adult's right to intrastate travel
is a 'fundamental right.' "].) Even if the right to intrastate travel is in fact constitutionally
protected, however, a probation condition may restrict that right so long as it is
" 'reasonably related to the compelling state interest in reformation and
4 rehabilitation . . . .' " (White, supra, 97 Cal.App.3d at p. 146, quoting People v. Mason
(1971) 5 Cal.3d 759, 768.)
The People assert the curfew condition is reasonably related to ensuring public
safety, preventing drug law violations, and rehabilitating Porcadilla, because he was
convicted of possession of methamphetamine, and "because drug[-]related crimes are
more likely to occur under the cover of darkness . . . ." The People emphasize that police
arrested Porcadilla for the crimes prompting the curfew condition at approximately 8:00
o'clock at night. The People further assert the curfew condition would support
Porcadilla's rehabilitation because it would prevent him from associating with drug users
and sellers.
At his probation hearing, Porcadilla explained his ultimate goals are to return to
his home state of Washington, resume his college studies, and obtain employment. The
curfew aids his rehabilitation in at least two ways: by making it easier for him to avoid
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Filed 11/14/14 P. v. Porcadilla CA4/1 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D065047
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. SCS265878)
CLIFF PORCADILLA,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Edward P.
Allard III, Judge. Affirmed.
Robert H. Rexrode, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Kelley Johnson and Ryan H.
Peeck, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
In July 2013, during a traffic stop, police officers obtained defendant Cliff
Porcadilla's permission to look through his wallet. They found in his wallet a social security card belonging to Brittany Juarez. With Porcadilla's permission, they searched
his vehicle for additional documents and arrested Porcadilla after finding a wallet
belonging to Robert Hillier. During the vehicle search incident to arrest, the officers
found a small black pouch containing methamphetamine. An inventory search of
Porcadilla's wallet yielded a driver's license and multiple debit cards not in his name.
In September 2013, a jury convicted Porcadilla of receiving stolen property (Pen.
Code, § 496, subd. (a));1 obtaining personal identifying information of another (§ 530.5,
subd. (c)(1)); and possessing a controlled substance (Health & Safety Code,§ 11377,
subd. (a)).
In November 2013, the trial court sentenced Porcadilla to three years of summary
probation with specified terms and conditions. On appeal, Porcadilla contends: (1) the
probation condition requiring he comply with a curfew, if so directed by his probation
officer, is unconstitutionally vague or overbroad; and (2) the probation condition limiting
his residence to one approved by his probation officer violates his constitutional right to
travel and freedom of association. We affirm the order.
DISCUSSION
I
Standard of Review
Porcadilla's contentions raise pure questions of law subject to de novo review. (In
re Shaun R. (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 1129, 1143 ["[W]e review constitutional challenges
1 All statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise specified.
2 to a probation condition de novo."], citing In re J.H. (2007) 158 Cal.App.4th 174, 183.)
Although Porcadilla did not challenge the conditions at the time they were imposed, the
People agree his claims are not forfeited on appeal. (In re Shaun R., at p. 1143 ["failure
to object on the ground that a probation condition is unconstitutionally vague or
overbroad is not forfeited on appeal" so long as circumstances present pure questions of
law], citing In re Sheena K. (2007) 40 Cal.4th 875, 889.)
II
Probation Conditions
Trial courts have broad discretion to "impose . . . reasonable [probation]
conditions, as [they] may determine are fitting and proper . . . for the reformation and
rehabilitation of the probationer . . . ." (§ 1203.1(j).) This discretion, however, "is not
unbounded." (People v. Lopez (1998) 66 Cal.App.4th 615, 624.) To be valid, a
probation condition "must (1) . . . relate[] to the crime of which the defendant was
convicted, or (2) relate to conduct that is criminal, or (3) require or forbid conduct that is
reasonably related to future criminality." (People v. Bauer (1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 937,
942 (Bauer).)
"If a probation condition serves to rehabilitate and protect public safety, the
condition may 'impinge upon a constitutional right otherwise enjoyed by the probationer,
who is "not entitled to the same degree of constitutional protection as other citizens." ' "
(People v. O'Neil (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 1351, 1355 (O'Neil), quoting People v. Lopez,
supra, 66 Cal.App.4th at p. 624.) But an otherwise valid condition that impinges upon
constitutional rights "must be carefully tailored, ' "reasonably related to the compelling
3 state interest in reformation and rehabilitation . . . ." ' " (Bauer, supra, 211 Cal.App.3d at
p. 942, quoting In re White (1979) 97 Cal.App.3d 141, 146 (White).) Moreover, a
probation condition cannot be vague; it " ' ["]must be sufficiently precise for the
probationer to know what is required of him, and for the court to determine whether the
condition has been violated . . . .["] ' " (People v. Barajas (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 748,
753, quoting In re Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 890.)
A. Curfew Condition
Porcadilla contends the curfew condition, which requires he comply with a curfew
if so directed by his probation officer, is unconstitutionally vague or overbroad because it
impinges upon his constitutional right of intrastate travel and because it impermissibly
delegates unlimited discretion to the probation officer.
The federal Constitution "guarantees the fundamental right to interstate travel."
(Nunez by Nunez v. City of San Diego (9th Cir. 1997) 114 F.3d 935, 944, citing Shapiro
v. Thompson (1969) 394 U.S. 618, 621.) Less clear is whether the Constitution similarly
guarantees the right to intrastate travel. (Nunez, at p. 944, fn. 7 ["Other circuit courts are
split as to whether the Constitution guarantees the fundamental right [to] intrastate travel
. . . . We need not decide the issue in order to resolve this appeal, so we express no
opinion on it."]; In re A.G. (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 1454, 1470-1471 ["[I]t is unnecessary
in this case definitively to delineate the extent to which an adult's right to intrastate travel
is a 'fundamental right.' "].) Even if the right to intrastate travel is in fact constitutionally
protected, however, a probation condition may restrict that right so long as it is
" 'reasonably related to the compelling state interest in reformation and
4 rehabilitation . . . .' " (White, supra, 97 Cal.App.3d at p. 146, quoting People v. Mason
(1971) 5 Cal.3d 759, 768.)
The People assert the curfew condition is reasonably related to ensuring public
safety, preventing drug law violations, and rehabilitating Porcadilla, because he was
convicted of possession of methamphetamine, and "because drug[-]related crimes are
more likely to occur under the cover of darkness . . . ." The People emphasize that police
arrested Porcadilla for the crimes prompting the curfew condition at approximately 8:00
o'clock at night. The People further assert the curfew condition would support
Porcadilla's rehabilitation because it would prevent him from associating with drug users
and sellers.
At his probation hearing, Porcadilla explained his ultimate goals are to return to
his home state of Washington, resume his college studies, and obtain employment. The
curfew aids his rehabilitation in at least two ways: by making it easier for him to avoid
situations that might tempt him to engage in drug-related activities, and by making it
easier for his probation officer to monitor his whereabouts and, ultimately, his
compliance with the various conditions of his probation so that Porcadilla can attain his
goals. The curfew is reasonably related to reformation and rehabilitation, as it is both
related to the crime of which Porcadilla was convicted and designed to curb future
criminality.
Porcadilla contends that even if the curfew condition is reasonably related to
reformation and rehabilitation, it impermissibly delegates unlimited discretion to his
probation officer. To support his position, Porcadilla points to a case in which the
5 probation condition at issue forbade the defendant from associating with any person
named by his probation officer. (O'Neil, supra, 165 Cal.App.4th at p. 1354 ["You shall
not associate socially, nor be present at any time, at any place, public or private, with any
person, as designated by your probation officer."].) The condition did not specify even
the general class of people with whom the defendant was to have no association. (Id. at
p. 1359.) There, the court found the condition was too broad, as it "contain[ed] no . . .
standard by which the probation department [was] to be guided . . . ." (Ibid.) Porcadilla
asserts the curfew condition imposed here is similarly broad and unguided.
Although a condition cannot be entirely open-ended, a "court may leave to the
discretion of the probation officer the specification of the many details that invariably are
necessary to implement the terms of probation." (O'Neil, supra, 165 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 1358-1359.) Here, the curfew condition is not open-ended because it limits the
discretion of the probation officer to two details: (1) the type of supervision--whether to
implement the curfew option and, if so, (2) the level of supervision--for what hours. That
discretion is permissible under section 1202.8, subdivision (a), which states, "Persons
placed on probation by a court shall be under the supervision of the county probation
officer[,] who shall determine both the level and type of supervision consistent with the
court-ordered conditions of probation." (§ 1202.8, subd. (a), italics added.) The
condition is further limited by reasonableness, "[s]ince the court does not have the power
to impose unreasonable probation conditions, [and therefore] could not give that authority
to the probation officer . . . ." (People v. Kwizera (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 1238, 1240.)
6 Unlike the condition in O'Neil, the curfew condition here is not unlimited in
nature. It does not provide the probation officer "unfettered discretion . . . to determine
its scope," but rather restricts the officer's power to determining the level and type of
supervision. (People v. Leon (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 943, 953.) The curfew condition
does not impermissibly delegate unlimited discretion.
B. The Residence Condition
Porcadilla contends the residence condition, which limits him to a residence
approved by his probation officer, violates his constitutional right to travel and freedom
of association. He relies primarily on Bauer, supra, 211 Cal.App.3d 937, and asserts that
case "is directly on point."
The right to travel and freedom of association are undoubtedly "constitutional
entitlements." (Bauer, supra, 211 Cal.App.3d at p. 944.) But, as discussed, a probation
condition may restrict these rights so long as it reasonably relates to reformation and
rehabilitation. (White, supra, 97 Cal.App.3d at p. 146.) In Bauer, the reviewing court
struck a residence condition apparently designed to prevent the defendant from living
with his overprotective parents. (Bauer, supra, 211 Cal.App.3d at p. 944.) Nothing in
the record suggested the defendant's home life contributed to the crimes of which he was
convicted (false imprisonment and simple assault), or that living at home reasonably
related to future criminality. (Ibid.) The court concluded the probation condition
impinged on the defendant's right to travel and freedom of association, and was
extremely broad since it gave the probation officer the power to forbid the defendant
"from living with or near his parents―that is, the power to banish him." (Ibid.)
7 The present case is distinguishable. Unlike the condition in Bauer, the residence
condition imposed here is not a wolf in sheep's clothing; it is not designed to banish
Porcadilla or to prevent him from living where he pleases. In fact, considering
Porcadilla's goal "to move to Washington as quickly as possible," the court gave its
express approval, stating "[h]e will be permitted to reside in Washington [S]tate." The
court meant for the residence condition to "keep the probation officer informed at all
times," and not to banish Porcadilla from any geographic region. The court even went so
far as to declare there are "no travel restrictions on him."
Moreover, unlike the defendant in Bauer, Porcadilla's present convictions include
possession of methamphetamine. Where he lives will directly affect his rehabilitation.
Without supervision, for example, Porcadilla could choose to live in a residence where
drugs are used or sold. The residence condition therefore relates to the crimes of which
Porcadilla was convicted and to conduct reasonably related to future criminality. The
residence condition properly serves the state's interest in reformation and rehabilitation.
As the parties correctly observe, the constitutionality of probation conditions
requiring residence approval is presently before the California Supreme Court. (See
People v. Schaeffer (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 1, review granted Oct. 31, 2012.) In
Schaeffer, the defendant pleaded guilty to possession of methamphetamine and being
under the influence of a controlled substance. (Id. at p. 3.) The court found the residency
probation condition properly served the state's interests because "[w]here she lives will
directly affect her rehabilitation . . . ." (Id. at p. 5.) The same holds true for Porcadilla
who, unlike the defendant in Schaeffer, has the additional benefit of unrestricted travel.
8 DISPOSITION
The order granting probation, including the conditions of probation officer
imposition of curfew and residence restrictions, is affirmed.
McDONALD, J.
WE CONCUR:
HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.
McINTYRE, J.