Filed 12/3/14 P. v. Pineda CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E059941
v. (Super.Ct.No. RIF1300655)
DAVID OVANDO PINEDA, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Jean P. Leonard, Judge.
Affirmed.
Robert V. Vallandigham, Jr., under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Senior Assistant Attorney General, A. Natasha Cortina, and
Ryan H. Peeck, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1 I
INTRODUCTION
On January 28, 2013, a complaint charged defendant and appellant David Ovando
Pineda with cultivating marijuana under Health and Safety Code section 11358 (count 1);
possession of marijuana for sale under Health and Safety Code section 11359 (count 2);
and theft of utilities over $950 under Penal Code section 498, subdivision (d) (count 3).
On April 30, 2013, the trial court denied defendant’s motion to suppress evidence
under Penal Code section 1538.5. Defendant filed a writ of mandamus which we
summarily denied.
On May 14, 2013, the People filed an information with the same charges as the
complaint. Defendant filed a motion to set aside the information on the same ground as
the motion to suppress. The trial court denied the motion. Defendant filed a writ of
mandamus which we denied.
On August 26, 2013, defendant pled guilty to all charges. The trial court found
that there was a factual basis for the plea. On September 23, 2013, the court sentenced
defendant to an aggregate term of two years in prison, as follows: one year and four
months (count 1); stayed concurrent term of one year and four months (count 2); and
consecutive term of eight months (count 3).
On October 30, 2013, defendant filed a timely notice of appeal, challenging the
denial of his motion to suppress. Defendant requested a certificate of probable cause,
which the court granted. For the reasons set forth below, we find that the trial court
properly denied defendant’s motion to suppress.
2 II
STATEMENT OF FACTS1
On December 13, 2012, in Perris, California, the Riverside County Sheriff’s
Department responded to a report that two subjects were breaking into a residence on
Akina Avenue. When deputies arrived, there were no suspects at the residence.
However, during a security sweep, the deputies discovered a fully operational
hydroponics marijuana grow house. Deputy Pentel executed a search warrant for the
Akina Avenue home. In a search of the home, Deputy Pentel seized “marijuana plants
and other evidence.” The deputy also discovered rental receipts for the Akina Avenue
house and a house on Bearberry Drive in Moreno Valley. The receipts were attached to
each other, and defendant’s name appeared on the Bearberry Drive receipt as the payor.
Although Deputy Pentel knew that a female named Jeanette lived at the Akina Avenue
house, he discovered male clothing in one of the closets. The discovery of the clothes, in
addition to the rental receipts, led the deputy to believe that defendant lived at both
homes.
Riverside County Sheriff’s Department Investigator Joshua Parker is a part of the
Special Investigations Bureau Marijuana Eradication Team. He has significant
experience investigating narcotics-related crimes, and is familiar with the modes of
operation of marijuana growers. He has conducted over 100 investigations involving the
1 Since defendant pled guilty, the statement of facts is derived from the evidentiary hearing on the motion to suppress, the search warrant affidavit, and the probation report.
3 indoor cultivation of marijuana. Based on his training and experience, he believes that
people who are known to operate one grow house will often also operate other grow
houses. He is also able to identify marijuana.
After learning about the rent receipts, Investigator Parker twice visited the
Bearberry Drive home. He testified that it was “a single-story tract home.” The front of
the house was unfenced and did not have a “No Trespassing” sign. The driveway of the
house was the length of a car, and ran from the garage to the sidewalk. Although there
were windows at the top of the garage door, a passerby could not see through the garage
windows from the street.
On December 18, 2012, at approximately 8:00 p.m., Investigator Parker
approached the house on foot. As soon as he stepped onto the driveway, he heard the
sound of air conditioning fans. Investigator Parker continued to walk up the driveway
until he was close enough to touch the garage door. Investigator Parker was able to stand
on the tips of his toes and see through the windows at the top of the garage door. When
he did, he saw that construction was underway on the interior walls within the garage.
While standing next to the garage door, he could also smell marijuana. The investigator
testified that it was a cold night on December 18, and that there was no need for an air
conditioner to be running. He explained that marijuana grow houses frequently run air
conditioning regardless of the outside climate because the lights used to grow marijuana
generate heat. Investigator Parker also testified that operators of grow houses will often
construct interior walls, such as those found in the Bearberry Drive home.
4 On January 11, 2013, at 5:30 a.m., Investigator Parker returned to the Bearberry
Drive home. As he neared the garage, he again heard the sound of air conditioning fans
and detected the odor of marijuana.
Investigator Parker explained that he was not attempting to make contact with
defendant on either December 18 or January 11. He never knocked on the front door.
On both occasions, he was investigating the potential grow house and did not want to
alert defendant.
Based on the constant sound of air conditioning fans, the odor of marijuana, and
that the rent receipt for the Bearberry Drive house was found in the Akina Avenue grow
house, Investigator Parker obtained a search warrant for the Bearberry house.
When the search warrant was executed, defendant was home with his seventeen-
year-old son. Investigators found 603 marijuana plants. Three bedrooms had been
converted to hydroponic grow rooms, with light hoods, ballasts, air conditioning units,
fans, and electric switch timers. Another room had been specially configured to foster
the growth of immature marijuana plants. Two other rooms had been designed to care for
mature marijuana plants. The garage was used to grow clones, and contained an electric
bypass, installed below the electric meter, to allow for theft of electricity. Southern
California Edison Revenue Protection Investigator Pat Shepherd estimated theft of
$5,400 of electricity.
Defendant, after given his rights under Miranda, admitted that the marijuana
inside the residence belonged to him and he obtained the installation of the electric
5 bypass to save money on his electric bill. He expected to sell the marijuana for $1,500
per pound.
Defendant was subsequently arrested and charged.
III
ANALYSIS
On appeal, defendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to
suppress on the ground that Investigator Parker violated his Fourth Amendment rights by
searching the grounds of his home without a warrant. We disagree.
A. The Fourth Amendment
“The Fourth Amendment provides ‘[t]he right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not
be violated . . . .’ (U.S. Const., 4th Amend.) This guarantee has been incorporated into
the Fourteenth Amendment to the federal Constitution and is applicable to the states.
[Citation.] A similar guarantee against unreasonable government searches is set forth in
the state Constitution (Cal. Const., art. I, § 13) but, since voter approval of Proposition 8
in June 1982, state and federal claims relating to exclusion of evidence on grounds of
unreasonable search and seizure are measured by the same standard. [Citations.] ‘Our
state Constitution thus forbids the courts to order the exclusion of evidence at trial as a
remedy for an unreasonable search and seizure unless that remedy is required by the
federal Constitution as interpreted by the United States Supreme Court.’” (People v.
Camacho (2000) 23 Cal.4th 824, 829-830 (Camacho).)
6 “In reviewing the trial court’s ruling on the suppression motion, we uphold any
factual finding, express or implied, that is supported by substantial evidence, but we
independently assess, as a matter of law, whether the challenged search or seizure
conforms to constitutional standards of reasonableness.” (People v. Hughes (2002) 27
Cal.4th 287, 327.)
“The ‘ultimate standard set forth in the Fourth Amendment is reasonableness’
[citation], and, after Katz v. United States (1967) 389 U.S. 347 . . . , we ask two threshold
questions. First, did the defendant exhibit a subjective expectation of privacy? Second,
is such an expectation objectively reasonable, that is, is the expectation [one that] society
is willing to recognize as reasonable?” (Camacho, supra, 23 Cal.4th at pp. 830-831.)
B. The Driveway Is Not Within the Home’s Curtilage
Defendant contends, in a conclusory fashion, that defendant’s driveway was
within the home’s curtilage, and thus, protected by the Fourth Amendment from searches.
We disagree.
Curtilage is the area “so intimately tied to the home itself that it should be placed
under the home’s ‘umbrella’ of Fourth Amendment protection.” (United States v. Dunn
(1987) 480 U.S. 294, 301 (Dunn).) In identifying the extent of the curtilage, four factors
are considered: “the proximity of the area claimed to be curtilage to the home, whether
the area is included within an enclosure surrounding the home, the nature of the uses to
which the area is put, and the steps taken by the resident to protect the area from
observation by people passing by.” (Ibid.)
7 In this case, as to the first factor, the proximity of the driveway to the home was
one car length, and abutted both the garage and the sidewalk. Although the driveway is
relatively close to the home, it is the same distance to the sidewalk – a public space. As
to the second factor, “whether the area is included within an enclosure surrounding the
home” (Dunn, supra, 480 U.S. at p. 301), we note that the driveway was not included
within an enclosure. There was no fence or anything surrounding the home. The third
factor, “the nature of the uses to which the area is put,” (Ibid.), weighs against the
driveway being considered curtilage. The driveway was put to its ordinary use. The
driveway is the path up to the home, the path which Investigator Parker, and members of
the public, walked to gain access to the home. These things are done in the public eye, in
full view of neighbors and passersby. Finally, the fourth factor to be considered, “the
steps taken by the resident to protect the area from observation by people passing by”
(Ibid.), also weighs against a finding that the driveway was curtilage. Defendant took no
steps whatsoever to protect this area from the observation of people passing by. There
was not a “No Trespassing” sign, and there was no fencing. Moreover, there were large
windows set into the garage door, exposing the activity inside the garage to those
standing on the driveway.
The court of appeal decision in People v. Lieng (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 1213, is
instructive. There, the court found that entrance onto a long driveway did not intrude
upon the curtilage of the defendant’s home. (Id. at p. 1227.) In Lieng, an officer
approached the property in question via a private driveway at 4:30 a.m. (Id. at pp. 1218-
1220.) There was no gate obstructing access to the driveway, although there may have
8 been a “Private Road No Trespassing Keep Out” sign posted near the entrance of the
driveway, which the officer did not see. (Ibid.) It took ten to fifteen minutes for the
officer to walk down the driveway to the Lieng residence, but at no time did he leave the
driveway and walk around the property. (Ibid.) Additionally, a wire fence at least
partially enclosed the Lieng property, and there was an open gate at one part of the
driveway. (Ibid.) The officer was using night vision goggles and observed smells and
sounds associated with a marijuana growing operation. (Ibid.)
Even though the Liengs’ driveway went deep into private property, had signage
warding off trespassers, and at places was fenced, the court held that the driveway was
outside the curtilage of the residence. (Lieng, supra, 190 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1223-1227.)
The court noted that it was important that the officer never left the driveway, any gate the
driveway may have had was open, and the defendant had a low expectation of privacy in
the driveway because it was accessible to the general public. (Ibid.)
Compared to Lieng, supra, 190 Cal.App.4th 1213, defendant’s driveway enjoyed
less privacy – there were no signs posted warning of privacy and there were no gates to
enclose the driveway. The short driveway was open and adjacent to a public sidewalk
and street. The investigator, while on the driveway, noticed the smell of marijuana and
heard the sound of the air conditioner – something any person who walked up the
driveway could have observed.
In sum, the driveway was not part of the curtilage, and so was not protected by the
Fourth Amendment. (See United States v. McIver (9th Cir. 1999) 186 F.3d 1119, 1123
9 [driveway in front of the garage of a residence is outside the home’s curtilage], cited in
People v. Zichwic (2001) 94 Cal.App.4th 944, 955-956.)
C. There Was No Objectively Reasonable Expectation of Privacy in the Driveway
Assuming arguendo that the driveway was curtilage, defendant’s constitutional
rights were not violated because there was no objectively reasonable expectation of
privacy in the driveway.
The presence of an officer within the curtilage of a residence does not
automatically amount to an unconstitutional invasion of privacy. It must be determined
under the facts of each case just how private the particular observation point actually is.
Police with legitimate business may enter areas of the curtilage that are impliedly open,
such as access routes to the house. In doing so, they are free to keep their eyes open. An
officer is permitted the same license to intrude as a reasonably respectful citizen. A
substantial and unreasonable departure from such an area, or a particularly intrusive
method of viewing, however, will exceed the scope of the implied invitation and intrude
upon a constitutionally protected expectation of privacy. What is reasonable cannot be
determined by a fixed formula. Rather, it must be based on the facts and circumstances
of each case. (People v. Thompson (1990) 221 Cal.App.3d 923, 943.)
The Fourth Amendment protection of the home never has been extended to require
law enforcement officers to shield their eyes when passing by a home on a public street.
Nor does the mere fact that an individual has taken measures to restrict some views of his
activities preclude an officer’s observations from a public vantage point where he has a
right to be and which renders the activities clearly visible. What a person knowingly
10 exposes to the public, even in his own home, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment
protection. (Camacho, supra, 23 Cal.4th at pp. 829-831.)
In this case, defendant’s driveway was exposed to the public. It abutted to the
public sidewalk and was the path up to the home. There was no fence around the
driveway, there were no walls, and there were no signs. The difference, according to the
investigator, between being able to hear sounds of air conditioning and not, was simply
one step off the public sidewalk. Defendant also knowingly exposed the occurrences
within the garage to the public by virtue of the windows in the garage door. From these
facts, it cannot be said that defendant had any subjective expectation of privacy in the
sights, sounds, and smells observable from his driveway. (California v. Ciraolo (1986)
476 U.S. 207, 215 [“it is unreasonable for respondent to expect that his marijuana plants
were constitutionally protected from being observed with the naked eye from an altitude
of 1,000 feet”].)
Moreover, even if defendant did have a subjective expectation of privacy, it is not
one which society is prepared to recognize as reasonable. Defendant’s driveway, like
many other suburban driveways, was easily visible and accessible to the public. Any
guest – invited or not – would have smelled marijuana or heard the air conditioning fans.
A police officer cannot be said to have been “standing upon trespassed property” where
any other member of the public would have been impliedly invited or allowed to enter.
(Lorenzana v. Superior Court (1973) 9 Cal.3d 626, 641.)
Both parties have cited extensively to a recent United States Supreme Court case,
Florida v. Jardines (2013) __ U.S. __, 133 S.Ct. 1409 (Jardines). Jardines, however, is
11 not relevant to this case. In that case, the Supreme Court considered “whether using a
drug-sniffing dog on a homeowner’s porch to investigate the contents of the home is a
‘search’ within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment.” (Id. at p. 1413.) In Jardines,
two detectives, one of whom was a trained canine handler with a drug-sniffing dog,
approached the defendant’s home. As the dog approached the defendant’s front porch,
“he apparently sensed one of the odors he had been trained to detect, and began
energetically exploring the area for the strongest point source of that odor.” (Ibid.) After
the dog actively displayed signs of detecting odors associated with drugs, he sat down at
the base of the front door, “trained behavior upon discovering the odor’s strongest point.”
(Ibid.) Based on this, the detective applied for and received a warrant to search the
defendant’s residence. After the warrant was executed, the defendant attempted to flee
and was arrested. The detectives found marijuana plants. The defendant was charged
with trafficking in cannabis. (Ibid.)
The Jardines court reaffirmed a previous United States Supreme Court holding
that “there is no doubt that the officers entered [the home’s curtilage]: The front porch is
the classic exemplar of an area adjacent to the home and ‘to which the activity of home
life extends.’” (Jardines, supra, __ U.S. __, 133 S.Ct. at p. 1415, quoting Oliver v.
United States (1984) 466 U.S. 170, 182.) Our case is distinguishable. Here, the officer
never went to the front porch of defendant’s home. The officer smelled the marijuana
and heard the air conditioning unit as he stepped onto the driveway.
Thereafter, in Jardines, the court analyzed whether the detectives violated the
defendant’s fourth amendment rights by searching on his front porch. The court
12 acknowledged that the courts “have accordingly recognized that ‘the knocker on the front
door is treated as an invitation or license to attempt an entry, justifying ingress to the
home by solicitors, hawkers and peddlers of all kinds.’ [Citation.] This implicit license
typically permits the visitor to approach the home by the front path, knock promptly, wait
briefly to be received, and then (absent invitation to linger longer) leave. Complying
with the terms of that traditional invitation does not require fine-grained legal knowledge;
it is generally managed without incident by the Nation’s Girl Scouts and trick-or-treaters.
[Footnote omitted.] Thus, a police officer not armed with a warrant may approach a
home and knock, precisely because that is ‘no more than any private citizen might do.’
[Citation.]” (Jardines, supra, __ U.S. __, 133 S.Ct. at pp. 1415-1416.) However, the
court noted that by “introducing a trained police dog to explore the area around the home
in hopes of discovering incriminating evidence is something else. There is no customary
invitation to do that.” (Id. at p. 1416.) The court concluded: “The government’s use of
trained police dogs to investigate the home and its immediate surroundings is a ‘search’
within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment.” (Id. at pp. 1417-1418.)
Again, the facts in this case are distinguishable. Here, there was no drug-sniffing
dog; Investigator Parker entered the driveway as a licensee and his use of ordinary senses
did not exceed the scope of that license. Therefore, we find Jardines, supra, __ U.S. __,
133 S.Ct. at pp. 1415-1416, to be inapplicable to the case at hand.
In summary, we agree with defendant’s appellate counsel that this case “was an
easy call that might have been an example from a first year criminal procedure class.”
However, “[w]ith all due respect to [counsel],” we find, in this “easy” analysis, that the
13 trial court properly denied defendant’s motion to suppress. Here, defendant’s driveway
was exposed to the public. He had no reasonable expectation in the sounds and smells
emanating from his home and detectable by human senses from his driveway. Therefore,
we find Investigator Parker’s actions comported with the requirements of the Fourth
Amendment.
IV
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
RICHLI J.
We concur:
HOLLENHORST Acting P. J.
KING J.