People v. Nancy C.

188 Misc. 2d 383, 727 N.Y.S.2d 867
Watertown City Court·Decided May 10, 2001·Published

Opinion

OPINION OF THE COURT

James C. Harberson, J.

Nancy C. (date of birth July 10,1984) is charged under Penal Law § 215.50 (3) for leaving the Jefferson County Children’s Home, a nonsecure residential facility, on August 22, 2000 without permission. She had been placed there by an extension of placement order signed by Jefferson County Family Court Judge Richard Hunt, dated January 28, 2000 until November 30, 2000. She had been adjudicated a person in need of supervision (PINS) under article 7 of the Family Court Act by the same court on February 1, 1999.

Ryan E. (date of birth Nov. 11, 1983) was charged under Penal Law § 215.50 (3) for leaving the Jefferson County Children’s Home, a nonsecure detention facility, on April 3, 2000 without permission. He had been placed there by a Family Court order under article 3 of the Family Court Act as a person alleged to be a juvenile delinquent (JD) by order dated August 30, 1999 by Herkimer County Family Court Judge Henry LaRaia until further order of that court.

The simple issue in these cases is whether Penal Law § 215.50 (3), criminal contempt, was meant by the Legislature to apply to Family Court dispositional orders issued under articles 3 (juvenile delinquency) and 7 (persons in need of supervision) of the Family Court Act. The People argue that after age 16 any person subject to such dispositional orders can be charged under Penal Law § 215.50 (3) for any violation of its terms. The defense argues to the contrary on a number of legal grounds.

The Court of Appeals in People v Prescott (95 NY2d 655) ruled on a similar question of whether a section of the Penal Law could be applied to two chapters of the Vehicle and Traffic Law. This Court finds the reasoning of Prescott can be used to inform the Court in deciding this case.

The People argue that Penal Law § 215.50 (3) does apply to article 3 or 7 dispositional orders and a juvenile subject to one at age 16 who violates any of its terms can be charged with a crime under it.

The Court finds “[W]hile that may well be true in theory * * * the Legislature did not contemplate” (Prescott, supra, at 663) that offense was to be applied to an article 3 or 7 [385]*385dispositional order. Even though a juvenile’s disobedience, then, “could theoretically be punished under [section 215.50 (3)] of the Penal Law, this would not comport with the intent of [articles 3 and 7] of the [Family Court Act]” (Prescott, supra, at 662).

The People would agree that the following cases are in point. In Matter of Asia H. (184 Misc 2d 27), Matter of Jennifer G. (182 Misc 2d 278) and Matter of Kimberly A. P. (178 Misc 2d 180), the courts all found no reason not to use Penal Law § 215.50 (3) against a PINS before the age of 16 when a term of an article 7 dispositional order was violated so as to convert the PINS to a JD to be able to use a secure detention facility. This current effort at “bootstrapping” was specifically rejected in Matter of Freeman (103 Misc 2d 649). These cases, in any event, are distinguishable from the ones before this Court because the PINS and JD are charged not in Family Court with violating Penal Law § 215.50 (3) but rather in a local criminal court because they are 16 and as a result face a penal sanction.

In People v Prescott, the Court rejected the application of Penal Law § 110.00 (attempt to commit a crime) to Vehicle and Traffic Law articles 31 and 20. The Court said “the People are asking the courts to create an offense not contemplated by the detailed statutory scheme.” (Prescott, supra, at 661.) The Court ruled, after acknowledging while such was theoretically possible, that “in light of the distinct nature of article 31 [and article 20] of the Vehicle and Traffic Law, the statute’s exclusive penalties, and the highly integrated statutory scheme, the Legislature did not contemplate” (Prescott, supra, at 663) adding another offense arising from the proscribed conduct. The Court concluded, “[a] determination otherwise would only lead to judicial and administrative confusion” (Prescott, supra, at 663).

There can be no question that articles 3 and 7 of the Family Court Act have a “distinct nature.” In Matter of Samuel W. v Family Ct. (24 NY2d 196, 197), the Court defined family law as a “special system of law for treating young juvenile offenders”; or, as one commentator stated, “[t]he juvenile court was expected to become the center of society’s efforts to help children and families in trouble.” (See, Besharov, Practice Commentaries, McKinney’s Cons Law of NY, Book 29A, Family Ct Act § 711, at 10.)

Like Vehicle and Traffic Law articles 31 and 20, articles 3 and 7 of the Family Court Act were enacted by the Legislature [386]*386in “response” to “a dominant social issue” (Prescott, supra, at 659; see, L 1962, ch 686; L 1982, ch 920, § 3.) Articles 3 and 7 deal with the timeless “dominant” social issue found in all societies throughout history of how to deal with juveniles that were “incorrigible, ungovernable or habitually disobedient” and/or truant from school and “beyond the lawful control” of parents or guardians (art 7, § 712 [a]) as well as those juveniles whose conduct would be criminal if engaged in by an adult (art 3, § 301.2 [1]).

Articles 3 and 7 of the Family Court Act are based on an “altruistic theory” (Matter of Lavette M., 35 NY2d 136, 142) that rests on various “deterministic assumptions” (McKeiver v Pennsylvania, 403 US 528, 551), one of which is that “the juvenile respondent * * * generally lacks the mental and emotional maturity of an adult” (People ex rel. Wayburn v Schupf, 47 AD2d 79, 83, 39 NY2d 682). In Matter of Kingsley (183 Misc 727, 730), the court said while in a juvenile’s case the “commission of a crime itself often may reflect the intent to so do, Children often act thoughtlessly, without deliberation, without intent * * * [as] creatures of * * * the environment in which they have been reared.”

Thus, the theory is that “ [R] eprehensible acts by juveniles are not deemed the consequence of mature and malevolent choice [but, rather, on the ‘deterministic assumption’ such acts resulted from] environmental pressures (or lack of them) or of other forces beyond their control.” (McKeiver, supra, at 551.)

The “finding of delinquency or PINS requires a basis of a finding of a condition showing need for the attention of the court.” (Matter of Ronny, 40 Misc 2d 194, 197.) Once this “condition” has been found to exist, then “[p]robation officers, social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists, and the whole range of helping professions were to assist the juvenile court judge in diagnosing the child’s treatment needs and in providing the treatment.” (Besharov, Practice Commentaries, supra, at 10.) This “rehabilitative process [is] * * * a key feature of the juvenile system” and “the central goal of any juvenile proceeding.” (Matter of Benjamin L., 92 NY2d 660, 670.) As present Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals Judith Kaye plainly stated in Matter of Randy K. (77 NY2d 398, 409), “[u]nlike criminal prosecutions, punishment is not a purpose of ¡juvenile] proceedings.”

In order to help such children the Legislature did not provide for in articles 3 and 7 “exclusive penalties” (Prescott,

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People v. Nancy C., 188 Misc. 2d 383, 727 N.Y.S.2d 867 (N.Y. Super. Ct. 2001).

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Related

McKeiver v. Pennsylvania
403 U.S. 528 (Supreme Court, 1971)
Matter of Benjamin L.
708 N.E.2d 156 (New York Court of Appeals, 1999)
People v. Prescott
745 N.E.2d 1000 (New York Court of Appeals, 2001)
People Ex Rel. Wayburn v. Schupf
47 A.D.2d 79 (Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of New York, 1975)
People, Ex Rel. Sherwin v. . Mead
92 N.Y. 415 (New York Court of Appeals, 1883)
In re Samuel W.
247 N.E.2d 253 (New York Court of Appeals, 1969)
In re Lavette M.
316 N.E.2d 314 (New York Court of Appeals, 1974)
People ex rel. Wayburn v. Schupf
350 N.E.2d 906 (New York Court of Appeals, 1976)
In re Randy K.
570 N.E.2d 210 (New York Court of Appeals, 1991)
Anonymous v. People
20 A.D.2d 395 (Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of New York, 1964)
In re Kingsley
183 Misc. 727 (New York Family Court, 1944)
In re Ronny
40 Misc. 2d 194 (New York Family Court, 1963)
People v. Paperno
98 Misc. 2d 99 (New York Supreme Court, 1979)
In re Freeman
103 Misc. 2d 649 (NYC Family Court, 1980)
In re Lawrence D.
125 Misc. 2d 944 (NYC Family Court, 1983)
In re Kimberly A. P.
178 Misc. 2d 180 (NYC Family Court, 1998)
In re Jennifer G.
182 Misc. 2d 278 (NYC Family Court, 1999)
In re Asia H.
184 Misc. 2d 27 (NYC Family Court, 2000)