2023 IL App (2d) 210653 No. 2-21-0653 Opinion filed January 23, 2023 ______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court OF ILLINOIS, ) of Winnebago County. ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) v. ) No. 19-CF-226 ) JUAN D. MORA, ) Honorable ) Debra D. Schafer, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE HUTCHINSON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Presiding Justice McLaren and Justice Jorgensen concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Following a jury trial, defendant, Juan D. Mora, was convicted of first-degree murder and
three counts of aggravated discharge of a firearm. He appeals the trial court’s partial denial of his
motion to suppress statements made to police during a custodial interrogation. Defendant contends
that all of his statements, including his confession, should have been suppressed. He argues that
detectives used an improper “question first, warn later” technique and that his waiver of Miranda
rights (Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)) was not knowing and voluntary. For the reasons
that follow, we affirm. 2023 IL App (2d) 210653
¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 Defendant was charged with the first-degree murder of Za’Shawn Coats (720 ILCS 5/9-
1(a)(2) (West 2018)) and three counts of aggravated discharge of a firearm (id. § 24-1.2(a)(2)), at
Stefan Smith, Richie Baker, and Kenneth Palmer, respectively, on January 21, 2019. Prior to a jury
trial, defendant filed a motion to suppress statements made to detectives while in interrogative
custody on January 23, 2019. The motion alleged that defendant did not knowingly and
understandingly waive his Miranda rights, rendering any statements elicited by detectives in
violation of his constitutional rights.
¶4 On September 30, 2019, the trial court held a hearing on defendant’s motion to suppress.
Rockford police detective Michelle Bootz was first called by the State to testify. Bootz interviewed
defendant at the Rockford Police Department, District 2,on January 23, 2019. The interview was
recorded, and the video was admitted into evidence as People’s Exhibit No. 1. The interview began
after patrol officers transported defendant to District 2 after a traffic stop. At 2:42 p.m., Bootz and
Detective John Wassner began the interview by asking defendant preliminary biographical
questions about his name, date of birth, address, and employment. She noted that defendant did
not appear to be under the influence of any intoxicants. Defendant appeared mentally competent
and could speak, read, and write in English.
¶5 Several minutes into the interview, at 2:46 p.m., Wassner presented to defendant a form
containing the Miranda warnings. People’s Exhibit No. 2, the Miranda form signed by defendant,
Bootz, and Wassner, was admitted into evidence. The form indicated that it was signed at 2:47
p.m. Defendant initialed next to each of his constitutional rights, to acknowledge that he
understood them. Defendant did not ask questions concerning his Miranda rights when signing the
form.
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¶6 Bootz testified that the interview lasted well into the evening of January 23. The detectives
would periodically step out of the interview room. While alone in the room, defendant would
“sometimes just sit at the table, we’d provide him with food *** [h]e’d lay down, put his head
down, take a nap.” Defendant was allowed to use the restroom when needed and was offered food
and water. He never exhibited any signs of distress while in the room. Bootz recalled that defendant
never indicated that he did not understand the line of questioning. Defendant was told that he had
an active arrest warrant from a prior traffic offense and would be going to the Winnebago County
Jail. He did not ask to have an attorney present or tell the detectives that he wanted to stop talking
to them. Bootz did acknowledge that, at one point during the interrogation, defendant asked if he
should have a lawyer present.
¶7 On cross-examination, Bootz admitted that detectives were aware of the following
information about defendant before presenting him with the Miranda form: (1) a vehicle of the
type owned by defendant, a black Pontiac G6, was involved in the shooting and had a uniquely
identifiable pattern of snow on the rear bumper on the day of the shooting, (2) defendant worked
at NAPA Auto Parts and his vehicle was photographed there by police, (3) he was involved in
gang activity, and (4) he matched the description of the shooting suspect, described as having a
red tattoo on his cheek. Bootz acknowledged that she and Wassner asked defendant questions
related to that information before presenting him with the Miranda form.
¶8 Bootz further acknowledged that Wassner told defendant that he was not in any trouble
and the detectives just needed his help with an investigation. Wassner also told defendant that the
Miranda form was given to everyone the police speak with at the station, as a formality. Before
defendant finished reading the final line of the form, Wassner said, “If you understood, just sign
there indicating you understood, easy-peasy.” After signing the form, Wassner reiterated to
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defendant that the detectives needed his help with an investigation. Defendant ultimately confessed
to being the shooter.
¶9 After the close of evidence, the trial court acknowledged that it had viewed the video of
the interview prior to the hearing and wanted to do so again before making its ruling.
¶ 10 On November 7, 2019, the trial court denied defendant’s motion to suppress in part and
granted the motion in part. 1 Relevant here, the trial court made the following findings as to the
voluntariness of defendant’s statements:
“The detectives presented the defendant with People’s Exhibit No. 2 which is the
Miranda form. [Defendant] did read the first line out loud in English. Detective Wassner
read the remaining rights and told him to initial after each if he understood which he did
without fail and without question.
The defense has argued that it is not a knowing and voluntary waiver because the
detectives downplayed the significance of the Miranda warnings and by telling him he was
not in any trouble. It is clear that they did do those things. But from very early on once they
got into why the defendant was there, it was clear that he was there concerning an
investigation into the death of the boy in this case. Of course, we know now that the police
suspected it was him because of the red C tattoo on his face not just his car. But they were
not obligated to lay out their whole case to him in the beginning so that the defendant could
1 People’s Exhibit No. 1, the video admitted at the hearing on defendant’s motion to
suppress statements, was not included with the record on appeal. However, the trial court’s detailed
findings as to the content included therein allows this court to adequately consider the issues raised
on review related to that evidence.
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then determine whether or not he wanted to talk to them.
The defendant perhaps not realizing how much they knew in an effort to be
cooperative so as not to raise suspicion cooperated and eventually put himself at the scene.
The defendant could have demanded an attorney or refused to speak anymore once he
realized they had more information and when they confronted him that it was—they did
not believe his story about there being a different shooter *** but he did not. And, of course,
he later went on to identify himself as the shooter.
The Court does find based on the totality of the circumstances that the statements
made to Detectives Wassner and Bootz were voluntary.”
In ruling that the detectives’ pre-Miranda questions regarding defendant’s car and tattoo were
inappropriate and would be suppressed, the trial court made the following relevant findings:
“The defense had made issue with the fact of the nature of the questioning that went
on before Miranda. And I do find that some of those questions were very specific to the
case and *** were not appropriate to be asked prior to him being Mirandized. I think the
second question was about his tattoo which I can infer you’d have a better idea than I how
much information they had. I don’t know what all the witnesses were saying. The question
was is that a new tattoo and, you know, rolling over on a pillow and that sort of thing that’s
clearly not a usual question somebody would ask. But later on, in that same biographical
questioning, the officers asked if he was in a gang and the defendant mentioned the tattoo,
he pointed to it and acknowledged that he is a Latin Count ***. They also go on to ask
about what car he drives which I don’t think would be some standard question, I think,
that’s a case specific kind of question. How’s that in the snow? And whose is it? And that
sort of thing to me all the questions concerning the car are questions that should have come
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after Miranda. And so, if the State chooses to play the video or seeks to play the video or
elicits questions from the detectives concerning this interview, they will not be permitted
to ask concerning the car, the questions about the car prior to Miranda. To the extent it was
discussed later, yes, they can go into it. But the fact that it was covered prior to Miranda, I
don’t believe it was appropriate at that time. I think the fact that they discussed the tattoo
was harmless given that it comes up later, given that he mentions it himself. But I’m willing
to rule that they would have to delete the audio portion where he’s talking about is that a
new tattoo? Did it hurt rolling over on the pillow that kind of stuff? At the very beginning
if you, again, I think, it would end up being harmless because it’s all discussed later on but
after Miranda but, I think, those were too case specific and should not have gone in, been
gone into prior to Miranda.”
¶ 11 On May 4, 2021, the matter proceeded to a jury trial. The State first called Kenneth Palmer
to testify to the events of January 21, 2019. He, along with Za’Shawn Coats, Richie Barker, and
Stefan Smith had the day off from school and decided to meet up at a building owned by Barker’s
father, to hang out. The boys then began walking to Baker’s house and reached the corner of
Ferguson and Kent Streets. Palmer recalled that St. Anthony’s Church was located across the street
from where they were standing at the intersection. A black car drove up towards the curb next to
where the boys were standing. A Hispanic male with a red tattoo on his face and long hair asked
them if they were Latin Kings, to which the boys answered that they were not. Palmer then “heard
a gun cock,” followed by two shots. Palmer said that he “laid down” in the street behind an ice
block “so I had something in between me and the bullet.” The car drove off and Palmer went to
check on Coats, who was lying in the street. When Palmer tried to pick Coats up, he noticed Coats
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was bleeding from the head. Palmer said he then heard another car coming through a nearby alley
and ran away, first to the St. Anthony’s parking lot and then to his sister’s house nearby.
¶ 12 Smith was next called to testify. He testified as Palmer had to the sequence of events
leading up to the shooting on January 21, 2019. He described a gray vehicle with tinted windows
pulling up to the boys at the intersection. Smith testified that a “Latino” man in the passenger seat,
who had a red tattoo “under his eye” and long black hair, asked them if they were Latin Kings.
When they responded that they were not, Smith recalled, he heard gun shots and “jumped in the
snow.” He remembered sitting in the snow for “a good 30 seconds until I heard the car *** left.”
Smith saw Coats on the ground bleeding and ran to a nearby liquor store to call police. He told the
responding officer that the shooter had a red tattoo on his face, and Smith was asked to draw a
picture of it. Smith’s drawing was introduced as People’s Exhibit No. 27. Smith described the
tattoo to police as an “SD,” but clarified that the “S” could have been a “$.” He believed “SD”
could mean Satan’s Disciples, a street gang with a presence in that area.
¶ 13 Barker testified next and recalled a silver car pull up to the boys at the intersection. He said
a “Mexican” male in the passenger seat asked if the boys were Latin Kings. Barker testified that
he saw a handgun in the man’s hand and that he then pushed Smith out of the way and ran towards
some trees. Barker recalled hearing “three [gun shots], maybe more.” He then ran to his house with
Smith before Smith went to the liquor store to “get a phone.”
¶ 14 Officer Benjamin Johnson testified that on January 21, 2019, he was on duty when he
received a ShotSpotter notification at 3:50 p.m. that gun shots had been fired approximately two
blocks away from where he was on patrol. He responded to the intersection of Ferguson and Kent
Streets and saw a black male, later identified as Coats, lying in the road and bleeding from the
head.
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¶ 15 People’s Exhibit No. 4, a DVD of Johnson’s squad car video, was admitted into evidence.
The video depicts Johnson passing a black Pontiac on his way to the scene. He recalled the black
Pontiac “looked like it was trying to get [out] of the area quickly,” but as the vehicle “didn’t’ do
anything different than what it had been, *** [he] moved on and went to go check the area further.”
He could not see into the vehicle when passing it, because it “was too tinted.” Johnson affirmed
that the black Pontiac would later be identified as the suspect vehicle.
¶ 16 Sergeant Brad Shelton testified that he was assigned to obtain surveillance video from a
residence near the scene of the shooting. People’s Exhibit No. 5, video from three cameras at the
residence, was admitted into evidence. The video depicted a black Pontiac G6 traveling in the area,
passing by the cameras several times between 3:43 p.m. and 3:49 p.m. on January 21, 2019. One
of the cameras depicted two men running away from the area of the shooting at 3:51 p.m.
¶ 17 Detective Jonathan Deutsch testified that he was assigned to the gang unit of the Rockford
Police Department at the time of the shooting. As part of his role in that position, Deutsch created
“dummy accounts,” fake social media accounts to monitor gang activity and gather intelligence.
On January 22, 2019, Deutsch used one of his dummy accounts on Facebook to locate defendant’s
profile. The pictures of defendant on that Facebook profile depicted him with a red tattoo on his
cheek, fitting the suspect’s description.
¶ 18 Detective Scot St. Vincent, an accepted expert in street gang investigations with the
Rockford Police Department, testified that the Latin Counts were rivals of the Latin Kings at the
time of the shooting. On January 22, 2019, St. Vincent was provided details of the investigation,
notably that the suspect was described as having a tattoo on his face and that the suspect asked the
victims if they were Latin Kings. St. Vincent stated that it is very common for members of one
street gang to travel into the territory of a rival and look for individuals who could be members.
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St. Vincent confirmed that the area, including the intersection of Ferguson and Kent Streets, is
Latin Kings territory.
¶ 19 St. Vincent testified that the Latin Counts and the Satan Disciples were both bitter rivals
of the Latin Kings in January 2019. Both the Latin Counts and the Satan Disciples had a history
of traveling into Latin Kings territory and conducting “missions similar” to that described by the
victims in the present case. At the time of the shooting, the Latin Counts were the only Hispanic
gang to utilize the colors black and red. Their tattoos tend to use “Old English style font.” The
description of the shooter prompted St. Vincent to look at members of the Satan Disciples and the
Latin Counts as part of his investigation. Deutsch provided St. Vincent with defendant’s Facebook
profile depicting him with a red tattoo on his cheek. St. Vincent was familiar with defendant as a
Latin Count from St. Vincent’s previous gang-related investigations and identified him in open
court.
¶ 20 St. Vincent was aware that defendant worked at a NAPA warehouse, so he went there on
January 22, 2019, with another detective, to speak with the assistant manager. The assistant
manager informed them that defendant drove a black Pontiac G6 to work. The detectives located
a black Pontiac G6 in the employee parking lot. People’s Exhibits Nos. 13 and 14, photographs t.
Vincent took at approximately 11:30 a.m. on January 22, 2019, of the black Pontiac G6 in the
employee parking lot were admitted into evidence. The photographs showed the vehicle with snow
impacted on the rear driver’s side of the bumper to the left of the license plate.
¶ 21 On cross-examination, St. Vincent admitted that the initial report he received contained
information that the suspected shooter’s tattoo was of an “SD” and that the “S” looked like a “$.”
On redirect, St. Vincent testified that he eliminated Satan Disciple members as suspects because
their colors are yellow and black. He stated that “Satan Disciples would never put a red tattoo on
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their face.” At the time of the shooting, defendant “was the only individual member of the Latin
Counts that was a Hispanic male that we could definitively say had a red tattoo on one of his cheeks
*** that was not incarcerated or otherwise unaccounted for[.]”
¶ 22 Sergeant Brian Strawser testified that he obtained the January 21, 2019, surveillance video
from the NAPA warehouse. That video was admitted into evidence as People’s Exhibit No. 28 and
it shows defendant arriving to the warehouse at 6:05 a.m., whereupon he backed a black Pontiac
G6 into a snowbank when parking. At 2:49 p.m., defendant was seen walking out of the warehouse
and getting into the black Pontiac G6 before pulling out of the parking lot at 3:07 p.m.
¶ 23 Sally Finch, director of Trinity Day Care, testified that defendant picked up his daughter
on January 21, 2019, at 4:42 p.m. People’s Exhibit No. 25, a copy of Trinity Day Care’s sign-out
form from January 21, 2019, signed by defendant, was admitted into evidence.
¶ 24 Jason Catalani, manager of the NAPA warehouse, testified that defendant worked Monday
through Friday from 6:00 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. He did not recall observing a tattoo on defendant’s
face on the day of the shooting.
¶ 25 Detective John Wassner testified to his interrogation of defendant on January 23, 2019.
Wassner read defendant his Miranda rights and provided him with a copy of a form marked, “Your
Rights.” He believed defendant to have understood his rights as he read them. People’s Exhibit
No. 23, a copy of the Miranda rights form, was admitted into evidence. The form shows
defendant’s initials next to each line and defendant’s signature at the bottom, next to Wassner and
Bootz’s signatures.
¶ 26 Wassner testified that defendant was in the interview room at the police station for
approximately 10 hours. He and Bootz spoke with defendant for “about two hours and 12 minutes.”
Wassner stated that, when the detectives were not in the room, defendant was provided with food,
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drink, and opportunities to use the bathroom. The majority of the time that the detectives were out
of the room, defendant was sleeping. People’s Exhibit No. 24, a redacted video copy of defendant’s
interview with detectives on January 23, 2019, was admitted into evidence. 2
¶ 27 People’s Exhibit No. 24 was played for the jury and depicts as follows: the video begins at
2:48 p.m. on the day of the interview, when defendant told detectives that he left work around 3:00
p.m. on the day of the shooting and went to his father’s house. He stayed there about 45 minutes
before leaving to pick up his daughter from day care. He then went home. Detectives informed
defendant that a car matching the type he drives was seen in the area of the shooting. Defendant
denied being in that area or knowing anything about the shooting, except for what he had heard on
the news. Wassner told defendant, “Alright, cool, well let’s get some stuff put together and we can
get you out of here in a minute.” Defendant asks if he can “make a call?” Wassner responded,
“Give us a minute,” before walking out of the room at 3:01 p.m.
¶ 28 Detectives reentered the room at 4:19 p.m. and told defendant that they knew his vehicle
was in the area of the shooting. Defendant continued to maintain that he was not in that area. At
5:46 p.m., following another break in the interview, defendant told detectives that he was driving
with another Latin Count named Gunna at the time of the shooting. Defendant described Gunna
as black. Gunna told defendant to pull up next to the boys. Defendant said he told Gunna not to
shoot the boys but “to just check ‘em.” Defendant said Gunna then leaned out of the passenger
2 The redacted video depicts only the time detectives were speaking with defendant. The
portions when defendant was alone in the interview room were redacted, by agreement of the
parties.
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window and began shooting. Defendant drove away and dropped Gunna off on the west side of
Rockford. He said that he has not been able to locate Gunna since then.
¶ 29 At 10:23 p.m., detectives told defendant that they knew he was alone in the car during the
shooting. They told defendant that the witnesses saw a light-skinned man with long black hair.
Defendant was informed that the detectives had performed a search of his phone and located text
messages to a person named “Blakky” about defendant needing a new gun because he “ran up on
some Kings.” Defendant began repeating to detectives that he was “ready to go” to county jail
instead of answering further questions.
¶ 30 At 11:24 p.m., defendant asked detectives, “Aren’t I supposed to have somebody here?”
Wassner asked defendant what he meant, to which defendant responded, “Like an attorney or
somebody?” Wassner responded, “That’s not up to us.” After approximately 20 additional minutes
of questioning, defendant told detectives that he was the shooter and that it was an accident.
Defendant stated that he fired two shots at the boys to scare them but did not know he had hit
anyone until he got home and saw a Rockford Scanner report of the incident.
¶ 31 Bootz testified that a search warrant for the contents of defendant’s cell phone was obtained
during the interview on January 23, 2019. Detectives reviewed the contents extracted from the
phone during breaks in the interview. Those contents were admitted into evidence as People’s
Exhibits Nos. 32A and 32B, over defendant’s objection.
¶ 32 Detective William Donato testified that detectives located multiple Internet searches on
defendant’s phone that were conducted at approximately 4:00 p.m. on the day of the shooting.
Several searches were about whether St. Anthony’s Church, located across the street from the site
of the shooting, was equipped with surveillance cameras. A screen shot of the Rockford Scanner
website showing a news story about the shooting was also located on the phone.
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¶ 33 Donato testified that detectives reviewed the phone’s text messages and found a
conversation between defendant and “Blakky.” Defendant sent Blakky the screen shot from the
Rockford Scanner website and said, “I need to give this one up and get a new one from you.”
Blakky responded to defendant, “Ok.” Defendant replied, “LmK ASAP just caught some kkings
on the south.” Donato testified that he perceived the message to mean defendant “was looking to
exchange something.” Notes created on the phone the morning after the shooting, called “Exposing
Me Beat,” contained rap lyrics that Donato stated “perhaps could have been influenced” by the
shooting incident. Two “selfie-style photographs” taken on January 13 and January 17, 2019, show
defendant with a red tattoo under his eye.
¶ 34 After the State rested, defendant moved for a directed verdict. The trial court denied the
motion. Defendant rested and renewed his motion for a directed verdict. The trial court also denied
that motion. The jury found defendant guilty of all four counts.
¶ 35 On June 7, 2021, defendant filed a motion for a new trial. The motion argued that the trial
court erred in its partial denial of defendant’s motion to suppress statements. The trial court denied
the motion.
¶ 36 Following the trial court’s imposition of defendant’s sentence, he filed this timely appeal.
¶ 37 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 38 On appeal, defendant contends that the trial court erred in its partial denial of his motion to
suppress statements made to police. He argues that his post-Miranda statements were elicited by
the detectives through an improper “question now, warn later” interrogation strategy and should
have been suppressed. Defendant further argues that the waiver of his Miranda rights was not
knowing or voluntary.
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¶ 39 As an initial matter, we note that the State asserts that the record is incomplete because
(1) the State introduced the full 10 hours of defendant’s interview, (2) the trial court analyzed the
full 10-hour video in its ruling on the motion to suppress statements, and (3) the same 10-hour
video does not appear in the record—only the redacted interview video used at trial was submitted
with the record. Because the record is not complete, according to the State, we must affirm on that
basis. We disagree. We note that the State does not assert that the recordings contained in the
record do not accurately portray all of defendant’s interview with police. Further, the redacted
video in the record was introduced at trial, and we may consider the entire record in reviewing the
trial court’s ruling on the motion to suppress. People v. Gilliam, 172 Ill. 2d 484, 501 (1996); People
v. Alfaro, 386 Ill. App. 3d 271, 290 (2008). Accordingly, we hold that the record is sufficiently
complete with the inclusion of the redacted interview video introduced at trial, which depicts
defendant’s interview with police, and we reject the State’s contention to the contrary. We now
turn to defendant’s contentions in this appeal.
¶ 40 In determining whether a trial court has properly ruled on a motion to suppress, findings
of fact and credibility determinations made by the trial court are accorded great deference and will
be reversed only if they are against the manifest weight of the evidence. People v. Slater, 228 Ill.
2d 137, 149 (2008). We review de novo the ultimate question posed by the legal challenge to the
trial court’s ruling on a suppression motion. Id. It is proper for us to consider the testimony adduced
at trial, as well as at the suppression hearing. Id. Where a defendant challenges the admissibility
of a confession through a motion to suppress, the State bears the burden of proving by a
preponderance of the evidence that the confession was voluntary. 725 ILCS 5/114-11(d) (West
2018); Slater, 228 Ill. 2d at 149.
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¶ 41 A confession is voluntary if it is the product of free will as opposed to the product of an
“inherently coercive atmosphere of the police station.” People v. Nicholas, 218 Ill. 2d 104, 118
(2005). As a guard against self-incrimination, statements made in response to custodial
interrogation must be suppressed unless they are preceded by Miranda warnings. Miranda, 384
U.S. at 478-79. The failure to give a defendant his Miranda warnings before his initial inculpatory
statement does not necessarily require the suppression of later warned statements. People v.
Loewenstein, 378 Ill. App. 3d 984, 990 (2008); Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298, 314 (1985); People
v. Fuller, 141 Ill. App. 3d 737, 743 (1986).
¶ 42 The United States Supreme Court has held that, although “Miranda requires that the
unwarned admission must be suppressed, the admissibility of any subsequent statement should
turn in these circumstances solely on whether it is knowingly and voluntarily made.” Elstad, 470
U.S. at 309.
“[A]bsent deliberatively coercive or improper tactics in obtaining the initial statement, the
mere fact that a suspect has made an unwarned admission does not warrant a presumption
of compulsion. A subsequent administration of Miranda warnings to a suspect who has
given a voluntary but unwarned statement ordinarily should suffice to remove the
conditions that precluded admission of the earlier statement. In such circumstances, the
finder of fact may reasonably conclude that the suspect made a rational and intelligent
choice whether to waive or invoke his rights.” Id. at 314.
¶ 43 In Missouri v. Seibert, 542 U.S. 600 (2004), the Supreme Court condemned the “question
first, warn later” interrogation technique and mandated the suppression of statements that resulted
from use of that tactic. Under the “question first, warn later” technique, an officer initially
interrogates a suspect, obtains an incriminating statement, then provides the Miranda warnings,
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and repeats the question until the accused repeats the answer provided before the warnings. Id. at
611. The Court held that Miranda warnings given after eliciting a confession would be ineffective
in conveying to a defendant the nature of his rights, including the right to remain silent, and the
consequences of abandoning those rights. Id. at 613-14. In his concurrence, Justice Kennedy
advocated a narrower test, finding the plurality’s test was too broad because it applied to both
intentional and unintentional two-step interrogations. Id. at 621-22 (Kennedy, J., concurring). In
contrast, Justice Kennedy’s test applied only in the infrequent cases where police deliberately
employed a two-step interrogation in a calculated effort to undermine Miranda warnings. Id. at
622.
¶ 44 The Seibert Court recognized situations where officers do not deliberately withhold
Miranda warnings, stating that “[a]n officer may not realize that a suspect is in custody and
warnings are required. The officer may not plan to question the suspect or may be waiting for a
more appropriate time.” Id. at 620. Since Elstad and Seibert were decided, the Elstad standard has
been applied, unless it is shown that police deliberately attempted to evade the requirements of
Miranda by not offering those warnings until after a defendant has confessed. See People v. Lopez,
229 Ill. 2d 322, 360-61 (2008).
¶ 45 In Lopez, (id. at 360), our supreme court adopted Justice Kennedy’s concurrence in Seibert
as controlling authority in Illinois. Lopez reiterated that the relevant framework is to first determine
if the police deliberately engaged in a “question first, warn later” technique during their
interrogation of a defendant. Id. If there is no evidence supporting a finding of deliberate conduct,
then the Seibert analysis ends. Id. “ ‘[I]n determining whether the interrogator deliberately
withheld the Miranda warning, courts should consider whether objective evidence and any
available subjective evidence such as an officer’s testimony, support an inference that the two-step
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interrogation procedure was used to undermine the Miranda warning.’ ” Id. at 361 (quoting United
States v. Williams, 435 F.3d 1148, 1158 (9th Cir. 2006)).
¶ 46 Our supreme court acknowledged that police officers generally refuse to admit on the
record to using a “question first, warn later” interrogation technique to secure a confession. Id.
However, by considering the objective evidence in addition to any subjective evidence, such as an
officer’s testimony, the trial court may be able to determine whether the officer employed the
“question first, warn later” technique to circumvent Miranda. Id. To review the objective evidence,
our supreme court set forth the following factors as guidelines for consideration: the timing, setting
and completeness of the prewarning interrogation; the continuity of police personnel; and the
overlapping content of the unwarned and warned statements. Id. at 361-62 (citing Williams, 435
F.3d at 1159).
¶ 47 Viewing the subjective evidence presented in Lopez, our supreme court noted that a
detective involved explicitly denied using the “question first, warn later” technique. Id. at 362.
Viewing the objective evidence, the court noted that the police brought the 15-year-old defendant
into an interrogation room at the police station at approximately 1 p.m. on July 21, 1998, one week
after the murder, and told him that another person, named Jose Leal, had implicated him in the
murder. Id. After leaving the defendant for four or five hours in the interrogation room, the same
detectives reinterviewed Leal, who admitted his own involvement and again implicated the
defendant. Id. The detectives arrested Leal, returned to the police station, spoke with the defendant
at 6 p.m., and again informed him that Leal had implicated him in the murder. Id. Without
providing Miranda warnings, the detectives asked the defendant whether he was involved in the
murder. Id. The defendant responded by making an oral incriminating statement. Id. After his
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confession, detectives gave the defendant his Miranda warnings. The defendant subsequently gave
a handwritten statement, again confessing to his part in the crime. Id. at 365.
¶ 48 Viewing the evidence in its totality, the supreme court determined that the detectives
engaged in a “question first, warn later” interrogation when, after about five hours at the police
station, the same detectives who initially confronted the defendant with Leal’s statement
confronted the defendant again with Leal’s statement and obtained an oral confession without
benefit of any Miranda warnings. Id. at 362-63. Noting the testimony of one of the detectives that
defendant would not have been free to leave the police station at 6 p.m., after Leal’s incriminating
statement had been obtained, the supreme court stated it could “think of no legitimate reason why
the detectives failed to give defendant his Miranda warnings prior to the 6 p.m. confrontation,
other than a deliberate decision to circumvent Miranda in hopes of obtaining a confession, which
would ultimately lead to a handwritten statement.” Id. at 363-64.
¶ 49 Applying the Lopez analysis to the case at bar, we hold that there is no evidence, subjective
or objective, to indicate that the detectives engaged in an intentional process to prevent defendant
from asserting his Miranda rights or that they deliberately delayed the issuance of his Miranda
warnings. As to the objective evidence in this case, the pre-Miranda questions and defendant’s
responses went on for only approximately five minutes. Defendant, who was not a minor, was
given the Miranda warnings by Wassner, and then, approximately 10 hours later, confessed to the
shooting. While at the police station, defendant was offered food and water. He was allowed to
sleep.
¶ 50 As to the subjective evidence available here, the trial court did find that the questions
concerning defendant’s vehicle and tattoo were case-specific and “should have come after
[Miranda warnings].” However, the trial court also found that the issue of defendant’s tattoo was
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harmless, as it came up from defendant himself, after he was given the Miranda warnings. None
of the suppressed pre-Miranda statements were a confession by defendant. Defendant’s pre-
Miranda statements only corroborated information that the detectives were already aware of from
their investigation of the shooting.
¶ 51 This case differs from Siebert and Lopez because, in those cases, the defendants were
interrogated and provided incriminating statements before Miranda warnings were given. Here,
on the other hand, defendant did not provide an incriminating statement until after being given
Miranda warnings. The evidence here does not support a finding of deliberateness on the part of
the detectives. See Lopez, 229 Ill.2d at 360 (“If there is no evidence to support a finding of
deliberateness on the part of the detectives, our Siebert analysis ends.”). We determine that
defendant’s “question now, warn later” claim lacks merit.
¶ 52 This court is unaware of any precedent suggesting that a defendant’s pre-Miranda
statements elicited by police for the purpose of obtaining corroborative information related to a
crime would necessitate suppression of a post-Miranda confession to that crime. We do agree with
the trial court that the pre-Miranda questioning by the detectives in this case was very case-specific
and inappropriate at that stage of the interview. The questions were meant to elicit not only
information corroborative of the shooting but also inculpatory statements from defendant. The trial
court’s findings were quite thorough, and we affirm the partial denial of defendant’s motion to
suppress statements. Based on the record presented to this court, including the redacted video
interview with the detectives, any notion that defendant was not the person who shot and killed
Za’Shawn Coats strains the credulity of even the most neutral arbiter. However, we feel it
necessary to condemn the actions of the Rockford Police Department as to the detectives’
inappropriate line of questioning before informing defendant of his Miranda rights. Further, we
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caution police in general to pursue fact-specific information from suspects after having informed
them of their constitutional rights.
¶ 53 We now examine defendant’s contention that the waiver of his Miranda rights was not
knowingly and intelligently given. The relevant inquiry is whether, in fact, the entire
subsequent statements, after the Miranda warnings, were voluntarily made. Elstad, 470 U.S. at
318. Whether a statement is voluntary depends on if “the defendant made the statement freely,
voluntarily, and without compulsion or inducement of any sort, or whether the defendant’s will
was overcome at the time he or she confessed.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Slater, 228 Ill.
2d at 160. Reviewing courts look at the totality of the circumstances in order to determine whether
a defendant understood his Miranda rights and made a knowing and intelligent waiver. Id. Among
the elements considered are the accused’s age, education, intelligence, experience with the
criminal justice system, the length of detention and interrogations, whether the accused was
advised of his constitutional rights, and whether he was mistreated or abused. People v. Williams,
230 Ill. App. 3d 761, 776 (1992).
¶ 54 Defendant was 24 years old at the time of the interview with the detectives. He had
numerous interactions with police previously in his life and was no stranger to the criminal justice
system. The detectives determined that defendant could read and speak English when they went
over the Miranda form with him. He did not appear to have any cognitive impairments of any
kind. He did not appear to be under the influence of any intoxicants. He was presented with the
Miranda form and read the first line out loud in English. Wassner read the remaining rights and
told him to initial after each if he understood, and defendant did so without question. Certainly,
the detectives did not divulge to defendant that they knew as much about the facts of the shooting
as they did, but they were under no obligation to do so. At any point during the nearly 10 hours
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that defendant was in the interview room, he could have demanded an attorney. Nothing in the
record suggests that defendant was mistreated by the detectives in any way before ultimately
confessing to being the shooter. Based on the totality of the circumstances, we hold that all of
defendant’s statements were voluntarily made.
¶ 55 Because defendant’s voluntary statements were not taken in violation of Seibert or our
supreme court’s holding in Lopez, we affirm the trial court’s partial denial of defendant’s motion
to suppress statements made to police after his Miranda rights were fully expressed.
¶ 56 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 57 We affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Winnebago County.
¶ 58 Affirmed.
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People v. Mora, 2023 IL App (2d) 210653
Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Winnebago County, No. 19- CF-226; the Hon. Debra D. Schafer, Judge, presiding.
Attorneys James E. Chadd, Thomas A. Lilien, and Laura Peters, of State for Appellate Defender’s Office, of Elgin, for appellant. Appellant:
Attorneys J. Hanley, State’s Attorney, of Rockford (Patrick Delfino, for Edward R. Psenicka, and Stephanie Hoit Lee, of State’s Appellee: Attorneys Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.
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