People v. M'Fall

1 Wheel. Cr. Cas. 107

Opinion

By the Court.

“The prisoner is charged with stealing <! a number of articles, some of them of very considerable “ value.- The evidence before us has been confined to one ' “ only, to wit, the silver coffee-pot. But by the examina- “ tion of the prisoner it appears he has confessed the lar- “ ceny of all the articles mentioned in the indictment. “ The law upon the subject of examinations is that a prisoner may be convicted upon that species of proof alone. It “ is, however, at all times advisable to have other testimony ‘‘ if it can be procured. It is for the jury to say, under all “ the circumstances of the case, whether the prisoner is “ guilty of grand

* or petit larceny.”

The jury found the prisoner guilty of grand larceny.

Note.—It is of primary importance in the administration of criminal justice, that the laws be certain and defined, that as little power be - left to the discretion of the court and jury, as the nature of those laws will admit. It requires no stretch of skill to discover that in proportion to the certainty and fixed principles of a law in the same ratio will that law be respected and obeyed.

That a jury not only decide upon the law, but also determines the fact is a principle too well settled to be denied. It is however, an aggregate of power too important to be trifled with. With respect to their discretion in deciding the value of goods, on a charge of larceny, ■•whether the crime is petit or grand larceny, there can be no doubt that they are bound to those salutary rules adopted in other cases for the regulation of their judgment.

And although a feeling of tenderness and mercy may, and should exist in the minds of virtuous jurors for the fate of a criminal, yet it should never extend to the length it has been intimated it has been extended, particularly as it relates to charges of grand larceny.

Sir Samuel Romilly, in his observations ori the criminal law of England, p. 65 and 66, with great learning and accuracy, says, “ The lat- “ itude which jurors allow themselves ip estimating the value of prop- “ erty stolen, with a view to the punishment which is to be the conse- “ quence of their verdict, is an evil of very great magnitude. Noth“ing can be more pernicious, than that jurymen should think lightly “ of the important duties they are called upon to discharge, or should “ acquire a habit of trifling with the solemn oaths they take. And “ yet ever since the passing of the acts which punish with death the ■“ stealing in shops or houses, or on board ships, property of differ- “ ent values which are there mentioned, juries have, from motives of “ humanity, been in the habit of frequently finding, by their verdicts, “ that the things stolen were worth much less than was clearly prov- “ ed to be their value. It is held, indeed, by some of the judges, ■“ (whether by all of them, and upon all occasions, I am not certain,) “ that juries in favor of life may fairly, in fixing the value of the pro- “ perty, take into their consideration the depreciation of money which “ has taken place since the statute passed ; or, in the words of Mr. “ Justice Blaclcstone, may reduce the present nominal value of money •“ to its ancient standard.

lie then goes on to specify a number of cases where this system has been acted upon, as follows :

s‘ In the year 1731—2, which was onlyjhrity two years after the act of king William, and only sixteen after the act of Queen Ann, a period during “ which there had scarceely been any sensible diminution in the val-<l ue of money ; it appears from the sessions’ papers that, of thirty- “ three persons indicted at the Old Bailey, for stealing privately in “ shops, warehouses, or stables, goods to the value of five shillings- “ and upwards, only one was convicted, twelve were acquitted, and “ twenty were found guilty of theft; but the things stolen were found “ to be worth less than five shillings. Of fifty-two persons tried in “ the same year at the Old Bailey, for stealing in dwelling-houses, “ money or other property, of the value of forty shillings, only six “ were convicted, twenty-three were acquitted of the -larceny, but 11 saved from capital punishment by the jury stating the stolen prop- " erty to be of less value than forty shillings.

“ In the following years, the number do not differ very materially from “ those in the year 1731. '

Some of the causes which dccurred about this time, arc of such a kind, “ that it is difficult to imagine by what casuistry the jury could have “ been reconciled to their verdict. It may be proper to mention it “few of them. Elizabeth Hobbs was tried in September, 1732, for “ stealing in a dwelling house, one broad piece, two guineas, two “ half guineas, and forty shillings in money. She confessed the fact, “ and the jury found her guilty, but found that the money stolen was “ only worth thirty-nine shillings.

11 Mary Bradley, in May, 1732. was indicted for stealing in a dwelling “ house, lace which she had offered to sell for twelve guineas, and ll for which she had refused to take eight guineas -; the jury, howev- “ er, who found her guilty, found the lace to be worth no more than “ thirty-nine shillings.

William Sherrington, in October, 1733, was indicted for stealing private- “ ly in a shop, goods which h'e had actually sold for £1 5s. and the “ jury found that they were worth only 4s 10d.

“In the case of Michael Allon, indicted in February, 1733, for privately “ stealing in a shop, forty three dozen pairs of stocking, value x3 “ 10s.; it was proved that the prisoner had sold them for a guinea and “ a half to a witness who was produced on the trial; and yet the jury “ found him guilty of stealing what was only the value of 4s. lOd.

•“ In another case, that of George Dawson and Joseph Hitch, also indict- “ ed in February, 1773, it appeared that the two prisoners, in com- “ pany together at the same time, stole the same goods privately in a “ shop, and the jury found one guilty to the amount of 4s. lOd. and " the otllcv to the amount of 5s ; that is, that the same goods were at 11 one and the same moment of different values. This monstrous *■ proceeding is accounted for by finding that Dawson,'who was capital- “ ly, had been tried before at the same sessions for a similar offence, “ and lmd been convicted of stealing to the amount only of 4s. lOd. “ The jury seem to have thought, that having had the benefit of their “ indulgence once, he was not entitled to it a second time : or in * ° ' ’ “ other words, that having oneu had a pardon at their hands he had “ no further claims upon their mercy.”

These complaints it is feared, might be made with equal reason in New York.

The following cases among a host of others, have been selectej.

John Williams’s case, City-Elall Bee. vol. l.p. 5. Williams was indicted for grand larceny, for stealing a great coat and a pocket book containing seven or eight dollars. The jury found him guilty of petit larceny.

Thomas Smith’s case, City-Hall Reo. vol. 1. p. 52. The prisoner was indicted in March term, 1816, for a grand larceny of half a piece of Florence silk, and two shawls, the property of David Ayres and Ezekiel Halstead, notwithstanding it was a flagrant case, and the property stolen of very considerable value, he was found guilty of petit larceny only.

George Kelly’s case, City-Hall Rec. vol. 3. p. 153. Kelly was indicted for grand larceny, October term, 1818, for stealing a watch of the value of forty dollars, the property of John Wescott. This was also a flagrant case ; yet the jury found him guilty of petit larceny.