2020 IL App (2d) 170784-U No. 2-17-0784 Order filed May 26, 2020
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and may not be cited as precedent by any party except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1). ______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court OF ILLINOIS, ) of Du Page County. ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) v. ) No. 16-DT-305 ) LAMAR M. MEAKENS, ) Honorable ) Paul A. Marchese, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE McLAREN delivered the judgment of the court. Justices Hutchinson and Bridges concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: The State proved defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of driving while having any amount of drugs in his breath, blood, other body substance, or urine (DUID): although defendant did not undergo chemical testing because he resisted arrest, the police officers detected an overwhelming odor of burnt cannabis on his breath and from his car, defendant was the only occupant of the car, and he gave nonresponsive answers to questions.
¶2 After a jury trial, defendant, Lamar M. Meakens, was convicted of resisting or obstructing
a peace officer (720 ILCS 5/31-1(a) (West 2016)) and driving while having any amount of a drug
in his breath, blood, other body substance, or urine (DUID) (625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(6) (West
2016)). He was acquitted of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) (id. § 11-501(a)(2)) and 2020 IL App (2d) 170784-U
battery (720 ILCS 5/12-3(a)(2) (West 2016)). The trial court sentenced defendant to 12 months’
probation for resisting or obstructing a peace officer and imposed a 12-month period of supervision
for DUID. On appeal, defendant contends that he was not proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt
of DUID. We affirm.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 At trial, Donald Krause, a Du Page County sheriff’s deputy, testified on direct examination
as follows. On February 4, 2016, at 8:20 p.m., he stopped a car for speeding. Defendant was
driving and was alone. His driver’s-side window was rolled down an inch. Krause approached.
As defendant reached for his license and insurance card, Krause put his nose up to the opening in
the window and smelled a strong odor of burnt cannabis coming from inside the car. Krause could
distinguish the odors of fresh cannabis and burnt cannabis, based on his training and his
experience. Defendant turned to give Krause his license and insurance card. His eyes were
bloodshot and glassy, which indicated the influence of alcohol or drugs.
¶5 Krause testified that he told defendant that he had been speeding. Defendant pointed to his
odometer and said that he was going to get an oil change. Krause could not smell any odor of
alcohol; the odor of burnt cannabis was so overpowering that he could smell nothing else. Krause
asked defendant whether he had any cannabis in the car. Defendant said no. Krause asked
defendant whether he or anybody else had smoked in the car earlier that day. Defendant said no.
By this time, Deputy Fry had arrived and was standing behind defendant’s car. Krause went to
him and told him that he wanted to remove defendant from the car and search it for burnt cannabis.
¶6 Krause testified that he again approached defendant’s car and asked him to step out.
Defendant responded that because he had a valid license and proof of insurance, he did not have
to step out. Over the next three or four minutes, Krause and Fry asked defendant more than 20
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times to exit the car, but he refused. At one point, defendant held up his cell phone, started
videotaping, requested Krause’s name and badge number, and asked what he was under arrest for.
Krause identified himself. He told defendant that, at that point, he was not under arrest for anything
but that, by refusing to exit his car, he was committing an offense: obstructing a peace officer.
Krause then arrested defendant for that offense. Defendant did not exit but rolled up the window
slightly.
¶7 Krause testified that Deputy Fox arrived, opened defendant’s passenger-side door, and
ordered defendant out. Defendant refused, so Fry pulled him out and ordered him onto the ground.
Defendant refused. Fry and Krause tried together to force defendant to the ground, but defendant
tensed up and part of his body hit Krause in the eye. Eventually, the deputies got defendant onto
the ground. They handcuffed defendant, who immediately went limp. The officers called
paramedics, who arrived and transferred defendant to an ambulance.
¶8 Krause testified that he and Fox searched the car. Krause saw that the ashtray within reach
of the driver’s seat held an inch-long rolled object that he knew from training and experience was
a “blunt” containing cannabis. He put it up to his nose and smelled a strong odor of burnt cannabis.
Krause knew that the blunt had been used, as it had ash and it was shorter than an unlit one. Krause
packaged the blunt for evidence. He found nothing else of interest in the car. Krause drove to the
hospital, where defendant refused to undergo breath, blood, or urine testing. Defendant was
released into Krause’s custody. Defendant was taken to a second hospital, discharged, and
transported to the jail.
¶9 Krause testified on cross-examination as follows. When he followed defendant’s car, he
saw no swerving or violations other than speeding. Defendant pulled over appropriately and made
no furtive or threatening gestures. Krause never smelled alcohol on his breath. Asked whether he
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ever smelled cannabis coming from defendant’s breath, Krause testified that it was hard to tell,
because the window was barely open. Krause could say only that the odor was coming from the
car. The deputies did not call for a K9 unit to conduct a drug sniff. The sheriff’s office did not
have a drug dog on patrol or, as far as Krause knew, at all.
¶ 10 Krause testified that defendant’s car was registered to his mother. Krause had no idea when
she or anyone else had driven it before that evening. When defendant was still inside the car,
Krause did not get close to his face and could smell only burnt cannabis, not fresh cannabis. No
field sobriety tests were performed on defendant.
¶ 11 James Greengard, a paramedic, testified as follows. He had seen people who were under
the influence of alcohol and/or cannabis, and he was familiar with the smells of alcohol and
cannabis on breath. When Greengard arrived at the scene, defendant had no obvious signs of
injuries and his vital signs were within normal limits. His eyes were constricted and reactive to
light, which could have been caused by certain drugs or bright light. Greengard detected the odors
of both alcohol and cannabis on defendant’s breath. The administration of Narcan helped
defendant breathe. Narcan does not generally affect a person who is not under the influence of
drugs. Greengard’s report stated that his “primary opinion” was “possible drug overdose.” The
ambulance took defendant to the hospital.
¶ 12 Fry testified on direct examination as follows. When he approached the passenger-side
door of defendant’s car, the window was down about an inch. Fry immediately smelled a strong
odor of burnt cannabis coming from inside the car. Fry went to the driver’s side, where he and
Krause both ordered defendant out. Fry testified consistently with Krause about their effort to
remove defendant and subdue him on the ground.
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¶ 13 Fry testified that he accompanied defendant into the ambulance and that, inside, he “did
smell an odor of alcohol and an odor of cannabis coming from [defendant].” Defendant’s eyes
were constricted, which, according to Fry’s training, meant that he was under the influence of
narcotics. From his experience, Fry believed that defendant had been drinking and had been under
the influence of cannabis. He based the latter conclusion on the strong odor of cannabis coming
from defendant inside the ambulance.
¶ 14 On cross-examination, defendant asked Fry, “Now, also you testified that you smelled
cannabis on [defendant’s] breath while in the ambulance; that you smelled it, right?” Fry
responded, “Correct.” He then admitted that he had not recorded this fact in his police report. Fry
testified further that the deputies found no drugs or paraphernalia on defendant’s person. The
deputies did not use a drug dog or check whether one was available nearby. Fry testified on
redirect that the sheriff’s office did not have a drug dog.
¶ 15 The jury found defendant guilty of two counts of resisting or obstructing a peace officer
and DUID. The trial court merged the two resisting counts and sentenced defendant to 12 months’
probation. It imposed 12-months’ supervision for DUID. Defendant timely appealed.
¶ 16 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 17 On appeal, defendant challenges only the finding of guilt of DUID. We note that, although
a finding of guilt on a charge that results in a term of court supervision is not a final judgment, this
court nonetheless has jurisdiction under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 604(b) (eff. July 1, 2017).
See People v. Bozarth, 2015 IL App (5th) 130147, ¶ 12. Further, as the finding of guilt can have
collateral consequences even if defendant completes his supervision successfully, the appeal is not
moot. People v. Sheehan, 168 Ill. 2d 298, 308 (1995).
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¶ 18 Defendant argues that the State did not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he had any
amount of cannabis in his blood, breath, or urine while he was driving. He acknowledges that two
deputies testified that his car smelled strongly of burnt cannabis and its ashtray contained a
partially-consumed blunt and that a paramedic testified that his breath smelled of cannabis.
Defendant notes, however, that he never underwent chemical testing and that, although the
witnesses inferred that the odor and the blunt were linked to cannabis, no expert scientific opinion
corroborated their testimony. Further, he asserts, the remaining circumstantial evidence was
minimally probative: he had been speeding, but his driving was not erratic, and he initially
responded peacefully and coherently to the stop. Defendant concludes that the case law does not
allow a conviction of DUID under these facts.
¶ 19 In considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we ask whether, after viewing
all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, any rational fact finder could have found
the elements of the offense proved beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Ward, 154 Ill. 2d 272,
326 (1992). The fact finder is responsible for determining the witnesses’ credibility, weighing
their testimony, and deciding on the reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence. People
v. Hill, 272 Ill. App. 3d 597, 603-04 (1995). It is not our function to retry the defendant. People
v. Lamon, 346 Ill. App. 3d 1082, 1089 (2004).
¶ 20 A survey of recent decisions, however, supports affirming the conviction. In People v.
Briseno, 343 Ill. App. 3d 953 (2003), the defendant was convicted of DUID. The officer who
stopped the defendant detected the odor of cannabis on his breath and in his vehicle; the
defendant’s speech was slurred, his pupils were dilated, and his motor skills were “slower than
average”; and he told the officer that he had smoked marijuana in his vehicle just before driving
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it. The appellate court held that the evidence was sufficient, irrespective of what field sobriety
tests might have shown and without chemical analysis. Id. at 962.
¶ 21 Defendant relies primarily on People v. McPeak, 399 Ill. App. 3d 799 (2010) and People
v. Allen, 375 Ill. App. 3d 810 (2007). In Allen, an officer conducting a roadside safety check told
another officer that he smelled burnt cannabis coming from the defendant’s car. The defendant
was standing beside his vehicle. A second officer approached and noticed the smell of burnt
cannabis coming from the car. He also smelled burnt cannabis on the defendant’s breath. The
defendant told the officers that he had smoked cannabis the night before. Allen, 375 Ill. App, 3d
at 811-12.
¶ 22 The second officer, who testified at trial that his experience enabled him to recognize the
smell of burnt cannabis, arrested the defendant for DUID. He did not direct him to perform field
sobriety tests. He did not notice anything unusual about how the defendant walked or spoke, and
he found no drug residue or paraphernalia inside the car. He conceded on cross-examination that
a person’s breath cannot indicate what amount of cannabis is in the person’s blood. Asked whether
he could tell with scientific certainty “ ‘if there’s any cannabis in his breath outside of smell?,’ ”
the officer testified, “ ‘I don’t know if you can tell if there is anything in anybody’s breath.’ ”
Id. at 812-13. The trial court found the defendant guilty. Id. at 813.
¶ 23 The appellate court reversed. It held that the trial court properly admitted the second
officer’s testimony that he identified the smell of burnt cannabis on the defendant’s breath, given
that there was no chemical test and the “common knowledge” that burnt cannabis has “a distinctive
smell.” Id. at 815. However, the evidence was insufficient to prove that the defendant had driven
with cannabis in his breath, urine, or blood. The court deemed crucial the officer’s admission that
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he could not tell whether there had been any cannabis in the defendant’s blood or breath. Id. at
816.
¶ 24 In McPeak, the defendant was convicted of DUID. The officer who stopped his car smelled
burnt cannabis “ ‘about [the defendant’s] person’ ”; the defendant admitted to him that he had
“ ‘taken two hits out of a hitter box’ ” about an hour earlier; and in his car was a pipe containing a
burnt substance that smelled like cannabis and later field-tested positive for cannabis. McPeak,
399 Ill. App. 3d at 800-01.
¶ 25 This court reversed. We distinguished Briseno by noting that in McPeak, there was no
evidence that smoking “two hits” of cannabis an hour before the stop would have left any drug in
the defendant’s blood, breath, or urine, and there was no evidence that he was impaired or had a
cannabis odor on his breath (as opposed to “about his person”). Id. at 802. We followed Allen “to
the extent it holds that such circumstances are too tenuous to show that there was cannabis in the
defendant’s blood, breath, or urine.” Id. However, we noted that evidence of the odor of cannabis
on a defendant’s breath “could provide circumstantial evidence that the defendant has cannabis in
his breath.” Id.
¶ 26 In People v. Kathan, 2014 IL App (2d) 121335, we affirmed a conviction of DUID, partly
based on such circumstantial evidence. The officer observed the defendant’s car weaving in its
lane and crossing over the fog line. After he stopped her and requested identification, she
“ ‘frantically looked’ ” for her driver’s license and could not find it even though it was plainly
visible in her wallet. After the officer directed her to exit the car, he asked her about some damage
to the car’s front right bumper; she gave a vague answer. The defendant failed several field
sobriety tests. She spoke incoherently and there was an odor of alcohol, although the officer could
not determine its source. He arrested her for driving under the influence of alcohol. At the police
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station, she told the officer that she had taken prescription medication: two Xanax pills, one
recently before she started driving, and a Vicodin pill. She took a blood alcohol content test that
revealed no alcohol in her system, but she refused all other chemical testing. Id. ¶¶ 3-8.
¶ 27 In holding that the circumstantial evidence was sufficient, we cited (1) the defendant’s
admission that she had taken three prescription pills, one recently before driving; (2) her high level
of impairment, as shown by her erratic driving, inability to locate her license when it was in plain
sight, incoherent speech, inability to explain the damage to her car, and poor performance on the
field sobriety tests. Id. ¶ 21.
¶ 28 Finally, in People v. Castino, 2019 Il App (2d) 170298, we affirmed a conviction of DUID.
An officer and a detective stopped a car that was driving extremely slowly and from which the
passenger had discarded several items. The defendant, the driver, had red constricted eyes, fresh
and old track marks on his arms, and noticeable swelling in his arms and hands. There was a white
powdery substance in his right nostril and his shirt had a dry blood-like stain. Id. ¶ 3-5. The officer
testified that, based on his experience, these indicated narcotics use. Id. ¶ 6. A hypodermic needle,
which the defendant admitted was his, was in the pocket of the driver’s-side door. The defendant
admitted using drugs a few hours earlier. On his person were items that, in the officer’s experience,
were consistent with a drug kit; there were hypodermic needles in the car; and the passenger
possessed bags of what later tested positive for heroin. Id. ¶¶ 7-8. The defendant failed several
field sobriety tests. Id. ¶¶ 9-10. At the police station, he refused chemical testing. The items that
the passenger had discarded included material that the officer recognized as used to cook heroin
before use. Id. ¶ 12. The officer testified over objection that, in his opinion, the defendant had
been under the influence of heroin. Id. ¶ 11.
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¶ 29 The trial court granted the defendant a directed finding on DUI, holding that there was
insufficient evidence of impaired driving. The court found him guilty of DUID. Id. ¶ 14. We
affirmed. We noted that the DUID charge did not require expert testimony; circumstantial
evidence could be sufficient even without opinion testimony by the arresting officer. Id. ¶¶ 19-20.
We concluded that the circumstantial evidence was “ample.” Id. ¶ 22.
¶ 30 We turn to the present case. The circumstantial evidence, viewed in the light most
favorable to the prosecution, appears to be weaker than in Castino, Kathan, and Briseno but
stronger than in McPeak and Allen. We conclude that it was sufficient.
¶ 31 Defendant is correct that the State presented limited evidence that he was impaired. Aside
from speeding, which did not in itself strongly suggest recent drug use, defendant committed no
traffic infractions. Defendant disobeyed the officers’ orders, but appeared to understand what they
told him and responded intelligibly without slurring his speech. Although defendant vigorously
resisted the attempt to restrain him, there was no evidence of the impaired motor skills that were
present in Castino, Kathan and Briseno. Of course, there were no field sobriety tests here.
¶ 32 On the other hand, evidence of impairment suggesting recent drug use was not entirely
lacking. When Krause told defendant that he was being stopped for speeding, defendant said that
he was planning to get his oil changed and pointed to his odometer. As Krause noted, this response
had nothing to do with Krause’s statement. It bore some resemblance to the curious responses to
the officer by the Kathan defendant.
¶ 33 Defendant’s conduct in resisting the officers vigorously was also some evidence, albeit
indirect, that he had cannabis in his breath. The jury could infer that by refusing to exit the car,
tensing up and flailing at the officers, then going limp, defendant was fiercely resisting getting
arrested and taking a field sobriety test or even giving the officers an opportunity to observe his
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gait. The jury could infer that defendant knew that he had consumed cannabis very recently and
did not want the officers to find it out. As very recent consumption is probative of DUID, the
effort to hide evidence of the former is probative of the existence of the latter.
¶ 34 Further, during oral argument, defendant conceded that his extreme resistance to the
officers’ attempts to control him could also be taken as evidence of intoxication. As the evidence
that alcohol was the intoxicating agent was very weak, it follows that the jury could consider his
extreme measures as evidence that he was intoxicated by cannabis. That, in turn, was
circumstantial evidence that he had some amount of cannabis in his blood, breath, or urine.
¶ 35 We acknowledge that, unlike the defendants in Castino, Kathan, and Briseno, defendant
did not admit very recent drug use. He did, however, deny that anybody else had used cannabis in
his car, and he was alone. Although defendant also denied that he had used cannabis in his car,
the jury could credit the first denial as an admission against interest and discredit the second one
as self-serving.
¶ 36 Stronger than either observed impairment and admissions were the physical, visual, and
olfactory evidence. Defendant’s eyes were bloodshot and glassy (according to Krause) and
constricted (according to Greengard and Fry) and reactive to light (according to Greengard). There
was testimony that these symptoms indicated alcohol or drug use. Although some of this testimony
was ambiguous as to which condition was indicated, Fry specifically linked constricted eyes to
drug use. Moreover, Greengard testified that defendant reacted positively to Narcan, which
normally does not affect a person who is not under the influence of drugs.
¶ 37 Further, the olfactory evidence of very recent cannabis use was considerable. First,
Greengard testified that, in the ambulance, he smelled an odor of cannabis on defendant’s breath.
Fry’s testimony was more ambiguous. But even taking Greengard’s statement alone, it is stronger
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than the officer’s statement in McPeak that he merely smelled burnt cannabis “ ‘about [the
defendant’s] person.’ ” McPeak, 399 Ill. App. 3d at 801. The statute criminalizes driving with
cannabis in one’s breath, but not about one’s person. The court in McPeak did not hold that an
officer’s testimony about what he smelled on a defendant’s breath can never be probative of DUID.
¶ 38 Second, even before defendant entered the ambulance, the olfactory evidence was
considerable. Even with the driver’s-side window almost completely rolled up, both Krause and
Fry smelled burnt cannabis. Krause described the smell as overpowering. Admittedly, there was
no direct evidence of when this odor started and no testimony about how long a strong cannabis
odor takes to dissipate. However, the existence of this extremely strong odor was certainly
evidence that cannabis had been consumed very recently inside the car, and only defendant had
occupied the car when Krause pursued and stopped it.
¶ 39 Finally, the physical evidence that defendant had consumed cannabis while he was driving
(thus allowing an inference that some amount was in his blood or breath) was limited but strong.
In the ashtray placed for the driver’s use was a blunt that had been consumed, as it smelled of burnt
cannabis, contained ash on the smoker’s end, and was shorter than the unused blunts that Fry had
encountered in his experience. The most reasonable inference from this evidence was that the
blunt had been smoked during the ride that ended with the stop of the unaccompanied defendant,
and not during some previous use of the car. The jury could reject the theory that, when defendant
started driving, he knew that there was a partially-consumed cannabis cigarette within his reach
yet did not disturb it, such as by disposing of it, which would have promoted both cleanliness and
avoiding criminal liability for a previous act that had already served its pleasurable purpose. That
no drug paraphernalia was found in the car meant nothing, because no further materials were
needed for defendant to ingest cannabis.
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¶ 40 Even if no individual item of evidence was necessarily sufficient to prove defendant’s guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt, the jury could reasonably conclude that all of the evidence did so.
Therefore, the finding that defendant was guilty of DUID must stand. As defendant raises no other
challenges to the judgment, it must be affirmed.
¶ 41 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 42 For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Du Page County.
¶ 43 Affirmed.
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