People v. McCaughy

730 N.E.2d 127, 313 Ill. App. 3d 656, 246 Ill. Dec. 447, 2000 Ill. App. LEXIS 393
CourtAppellate Court of Illinois
DecidedMay 19, 2000
Docket3-99-0005
StatusPublished
Cited by2 cases

This text of 730 N.E.2d 127 (People v. McCaughy) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Appellate Court of Illinois primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
People v. McCaughy, 730 N.E.2d 127, 313 Ill. App. 3d 656, 246 Ill. Dec. 447, 2000 Ill. App. LEXIS 393 (Ill. Ct. App. 2000).

Opinion

JUSTICE LYTTON

delivered the opinion of the court:

A jury found defendant, Deadotto McGaughy, guilty of aggravated battery. 720 ILCS 5/12 — 4(b)(6) (1996). He appeals, contending that (1) the State improperly used its peremptory challenges, and (2) he was not proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. We affirm.

BACKGROUND

Only 1 of the 30 venirepersons summoned for defendant’s trial, Angela Hopkins, was black. The prosecutor used a peremptory challenge on Hopkins, and defendant’s attorney immediately objected. The judge noted that Hopkins was the only black person in the panel and requested a race-neutral basis for the challenge. The prosecutor said the challenge was based on Hopkins’ young age, 18 years; he explained that he struck two other venirepersons for the same reason. The judge found that age was an acceptable basis for the challenge.

At trial, police officer David Harris testified that he approached defendant’s car at approximately 3 a.m. looking for Unarice Jones. Jones was defendant’s friend and had fled from police earlier that evening. As Harris approached, in uniform, defendant put his car in reverse and started backing up. Harris identified himself as a police officer and commanded defendant to stop. Defendant said “okay” but continued backing up. Harris ran beside the car and repeated his command to stop three or four times. Defendant eventually backed around a corner and his front fender hit Harris and “tripped [his] legs.” Defendant stopped, and Harris stood in front of the car with his gun drawn because of suspicious movement inside. Defendant then shifted into drive and hit the accelerator. As Harris “rolled” out of the way, the fender struck his leg and the driver’s side mirror struck his arm. He had no doubt that defendant was trying to hit him. He sustained bruises and experienced some soreness but did not go to the hospital.

Defendant testified that he started backing up because he saw an unidentified person running toward his car with a pistol. He did not hear any commands to stop. He recognized the person as Officer Harris after backing around the corner. Nevertheless, he still shifted into drive and sped away because he felt that Harris was approaching in a threatening manner. Harris was not standing in front of the car; defendant did not know and did not believe that he had hit Harris.

The jury returned a guilty verdict, and defendant filed a motion for a new trial, which was denied.

DISCUSSION

1. Peremptory Challenges

Defendant claims that the judge erred in accepting Hopkins’ age as a race-neutral explanation for the State’s peremptory challenge against her. In Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 90 L. Ed. 2d 69, 106 S. Ct. 1712 (1986), the Supreme Court established a three-pronged analysis for determining whether peremptory challenges are racially motivated in violation of the equal protection clause. First, the defendant must establish a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination in the State’s use of its challenges. Second, if the prima facie case is established, the burden shifts to the State to articulate a race-neutral explanation for striking the potential juror. Third, the judge must determine whether the defendant has proven purposeful discrimination. Batson, 476 U.S. 79, 90 L. Ed. 2d 69, 106 S. Ct. 1712. Once a prosecutor offers a race-neutral explanation and the judge rules on the issue, the question of whether the defendant established a prima facie case becomes moot and a reviewing court focuses solely on whether the judge’s ruling was proper. People v. Smith, 258 Ill. App. 3d 1003, 630 N.E.2d 1068 (1994). We will not overturn such a ruling unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Smith, 258 Ill. App. 3d 1003, 630 N.E.2d 1068.

The State argues that defendant did not establish a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination. However, the prosecutor offered a race-neutral explanation for challenging Hopkins and the judge ruled on the discrimination issue. Thus, our sole focus is on whether the judge’s ruling was proper.

The record shows that, in addition to Hopkins, the prosecutor challenged two white venirepersons because of their young ages, 23 and 24. He also challenged the only other venireperson who was under 30 years old, although the record is silent as to why. These facts support the prosecutor’s statement that he was concerned about empaneling young jurors. Such a concern is an acceptable race-neutral explanation for exercising peremptory challenges. See, e.g., People v. Mack, 128 Ill. 2d 231, 538 N.E.2d 1107 (1989); People v. Hemphill, 230 Ill. App. 3d 453, 594 N.E.2d 1279 (1992). Accordingly, we cannot say that the judge’s ruling contravened the manifest weight of the evidence.

Defendant then claims that we should treat age as a suspect class subject to heightened scrutiny, like race, under the Batson analysis. The United States Supreme Court has not extended Batson to encompass age-based peremptory challenges, and several federal circuit courts have specifically rejected such claims. See, for example, Weber v. Strippit, Inc., 186 F.3d 907 (8th Cir. 1999); United States v. Maxwell, 160 F.3d 1071 (6th Cir. 1998). Young people are not part of a distinct group protected by the fourteenth amendment’s equal protection clause. Maxwell, 160 F.3d at 1075. Thus, age is not a suspect classification entitled to strict or even heightened scrutiny. Weber, 186 F.3d at 911. Accordingly, we decline to extend Batson in the manner urged by defendant.

Defendant also claims that the State’s use of age-based peremptory challenges violated his sixth amendment right to trial by a fair and impartial jury. A similar claim was rejected in United States v. Jackson, 983 F.2d 757 (7th Cir. 1993). Young adults do not qualify as a “distinctive group” whose exclusion from a petit jury through peremptory challenges invokes the sixth amendment. People v. Treece, 159 Ill. App. 3d 397, 411-12, 511 N.E.2d 1361, 1369-70 (1987). Thus, we find no sixth amendment violation in the instant case.

Defendant also relies on the Illinois Human Rights Act, which declares a public policy of securing individual freedom from discrimination based on age. 775 ILCS 5/1 — 102(A) (West 1998). The Act, however, does not apply to defendant’s case. First, its protections do not encompass the jury selection process.

Related

Lawler v. MacDuff
779 N.E.2d 311 (Appellate Court of Illinois, 2002)

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Bluebook (online)
730 N.E.2d 127, 313 Ill. App. 3d 656, 246 Ill. Dec. 447, 2000 Ill. App. LEXIS 393, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/people-v-mccaughy-illappct-2000.