Filed 8/13/14 P. v. Mason CA4/1 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D064346
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. SCD233960)
CRISTINA LAUREN MASON,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, David M.
Gill, Judge. Affirmed.
Stephen M. Hinkle, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General,
William M. Wood and Paige B. Hazard, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
At a joint trial, a jury convicted defendant and appellant Cristina L. Mason of two
counts of attempted furnishing of drugs to a person in custody (counts 2, 14), i.e., her codefendant and incarcerated husband Michael Mason (we refer to the two married
persons by first names for convenience). (Pen. Code, §§ 664/4573.9, subd. (a); all further
references are to this code unless noted.) Based on the same sets of facts, the jury also
convicted Cristina of two counts of conspiracy to furnish drugs to a person in custody
(counts 1, 13). (§ 182, subd. (a)(1).) In addition, Cristina was convicted of three separate
conspiracy counts to attempt accomplishing the same offenses on three other occasions
(counts 4, 7, 10). Other counts on which verdicts were not reached were dismissed
(counts 5, 8, 11). The jury did not find true any of the accompanying gang enhancement
allegations. (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(l).)
Codefendant Michael was found guilty by the same jury of two counts of
smuggling controlled substances into jail (§ 4573), as well as the same five charged
conspiracy counts. (§§ 182, subd. (a)(1); 4573.9; counts 3, 6, & 9 pertained only to
Michael.) His separate appeal is pending.
Cristina was sentenced to an aggregate term of nine years four months in prison,
with the court selecting the midterm of four years on count 1. As for each of counts 4, 7,
10 and 13, she received consecutive terms of one year four months. The sentences for
counts 2 and 14 were stayed under section 654, and probation was denied. In a related
case for which she was on felony probation at the time, she was sentenced to a concurrent
two-year prison term.
Cristina appeals, contending (1) the trial court erred by instructing on a defense of
duress only as to Michael (i.e., that he was required by enemy inmates to supply heroin to
protect himself in jail), because substantial evidence supported such a defense for her as
2 well, based on the same evidence, so that a sua sponte instructional duty arguably arose,
and (2) the trial court erred or abused its discretion by failing to investigate adequately an
allegation of juror misconduct. Cristina further contends that basic rules regarding
conspiracy require reversal of those convictions for several reasons, e.g., on counts 7 and
10, because a violation of section 4573.9 requires the participation of two parties to
accomplish the target offense and therefore a conspiracy theory and substantive
conviction are duplicative.1 (People v. Mayers (1980) 110 Cal.App.3d 809, 815
(Mayers).) Alternatively, she argues that for all the conspiracy counts, the jury was not
properly instructed, sua sponte, on whether a single or multiple conspiracies were
formed, and further, the evidence is insufficient to support any conclusion that more than
one such agreement existed. (See, e.g., People v. Jasso (2006) 142 Cal.App.4th 1213,
1220 (Jasso).)
We find no instructional or legal error, nor any abuse of discretion regarding the
investigation into the alleged jury misconduct. We affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The nature and scope of the issues presented on appeal allow us to summarize the
facts of the target smuggling offenses and conspiracy allegations in a somewhat cursory
fashion, in order to provide context for the discussion which follows. Beginning in
November 2007, Michael was held in jail pending trial on other charges. Michael had
Lincoln Park Blood gang ties and had participated in running the gang's prostitution
1 In brief, section 4573.9 makes it a felony for an unauthorized person who is not in custody to furnish a controlled substance to a person who is in custody. 3 business. He also ran a music business with Cristina, his girlfriend and wife, and she
worked for him as a prostitute. For several years, she was known by authorities to be an
associate of the Lincoln Park Blood gang, as shown by her tattoos and her use of
language in letters and on the computer, such as her e-mail addresses. Over several
years, she communicated with Michael while he was in jail, and she put money into his
bank account and into the accounts of 14 inmates at the jail. She also posted bail for
gang members when Michael told her to do so.
Michael received packages while confined at the George Bailey detention facility.
Counts 1 and 2 arose out of a package delivered in August 2010 to a prisoner lodged in
his module, Patrick Gladney, that was addressed in handwriting similar to other packages
Michael had received. It was stamped "legal mail," was intercepted and heroin
discovered inside. It had a false return address from an attorney, and Cristina's
fingerprint was found on the package. Another similar package sent to Gladney earlier
had contraband tobacco concealed in it.
Regarding count 4, another inmate in Michael's module, Ronnell Davis, received a
package in November 2010 that had bulges on the side and that was found to contain
heroin. Detective Williamson of the sheriff's department, a jail official, came to believe
that Michael, as a Lincoln Park gang member, was involved in heroin smuggling, so he
had him transferred to the Vista detention facility.
In count 7, Michael received a package in a "duck" photo mailer at the Vista
facility in December 2010. Based on a tip from Detective Williamson, it was intercepted
4 and found to contain heroin. Count 10 was based on another intercepted package sent to
Michael in December 2010, containing heroin.
Michael was transferred back to the George Bailey detention facility, where counts
13 and 14 arose. In April 2011, deputies there intercepted two packages containing
different books, addressed to Michael. The first book had a bulge in its spine, which
turned out to be heroin. A postal inspector and a detective testified that postal
surveillance video showed Cristina mailing the package. The second book also had a
bulge in its spine, which turned out to be cut-up photos of a naked woman, Cristina.
Cristina was charged separately with using a false identification card to gain
access to the jail to see Michael, and a search warrant was executed to search her home in
March 2010. Detectives found 19 unused envelopes with the return address of a local
attorney, addressed to inmates, as well as a stamp that said "Legal Mail." The attorney
had not authorized such a use of his address. Detectives also found a book with an
altered spine, containing methamphetamine, as well as other mailing envelopes that
looked like the intercepted envelopes. At her home, Cristina had an escort business card
with the name "Donna Cherry," showing her in red lingerie. The marriage license for
Cristina and Michael was found at her house.
Detectives also seized a computer from her house. A forensic examiner found on
it pictures of women, including Cristina, displaying large amounts of money. The photos
showed one tattoo, "Don D." inside Cristina's lip, and one across her abdomen, "OG Don
Diego'$." Photographs were found of men displaying hand signs of gang origin. The
examiner recovered a number of e-mail addresses used on the computer that had gang
5 references ("lovetheblood") and references to names used by Michael (Don Diego), or his
music business ("mafiamubaby" or damafiamu) and by Cristina (Donna Cherry or
bristina, using the gang custom of substituting the letter B for the letter C). Recovered e-
mail receipts from Amazon.com showed there were books sent to Michael at both
detention facilities, listing either Cristina or "Meshell Gosse" as the shipper.
Jail authorities reviewed numerous monitored telephone calls by Michael to
Cristina and others, occurring around the same time as packages were intercepted. In the
calls, Michael and other unidentified male callers appeared to be discussing with Cristina
and each other, in three-way calls, arrangements for moving contraband around among
various persons. They used apparent code words, such as album covers or the names
Judy, Ray, or Rudy Huxtable. They also discussed getting money orders from a wiring
service, buying or selling a camera or car, and getting flyers or CDs distributed for their
music business. Some of the other voices speaking on some of the calls between Cristina
and Michael had Mexican accents. There were comments in some of the phone calls
possibly referring to an inside jail employee who might be involved ("24 hour postal
place").
At times during the calls with Michael or others, Cristina expressed her
nervousness or frustration, such as when she was driving on a particular route or when
she had not received mail from Michael. At other times, she said she was happy when
she learned pictures of her had been delivered to Michael.
Another search warrant executed at Cristina's house found a money order that was
made out to a Hispanic individual, the brother of a known high-ranking inmate in the
6 Mexican Mafia at the George Bailey detention facility. Detective Williamson, as gang
expert for the prosecution, explained that such persons are shot-callers who collect taxes
from other inmates to allow them to operate illicit businesses behind bars.
Cristina, who did not testify, presented as a defense witness a business associate
and former gang member named Thomas Wilson (also known as Li'l T-Dubb), who
explained that the term "blood" means friend, rather than being a gang reference. In
Swahili, the word blood is "damu," as reflected in their music business.
In Michael's defense case, other witnesses described several alternative
explanations for apparent gang-related expressions they and their associates used in
telephone calls and in their music business.
According to Michael's gang expert, private investigator Graham McGruer, the
Mexican Mafia (or EME) is a prison gang operating to control prisoners in correctional
facilities. They exact a tax from nonmembers who are planning on conducting criminal
activity in the facility, and enforce it with death or injury. The Mexican Mafia also forces
people to bring drugs into prison.
In his own testimony, Michael described how he was falsely accused by the
Mexican Mafia of killing one of their family members, and was required to pay them
protection on a monthly basis, using Cristina as a go between. When he called her his
"bottom bitch," that meant she is his main girl, not a high-ranking prostitute. The
Mexican Mafia directed him to import drugs into the jail, and its members delivered the
drugs to Cristina and instructed her how to send them on to Michael, so he could turn
them over to the Mafia members. If the drugs were intercepted, Michael had to pay the
7 Mexican Mafia more money, and he said they often threatened him and made threats to
his wife. To protect her, he told her she was sending him chewing tobacco.
The court and counsel held numerous discussions about evidentiary disputes, such
as the admissibility of gang evidence about the Mexican Mafia. Motions in limine were
resolved and conferences about jury instructions held, to be described in the discussion
portion of this opinion. The court pre-instructed the jury according to the terms of
section 1122, about their duty to decide the case based only on the evidence presented.
Following closing arguments and additional instructions, the jury convicted
Cristina of two counts of attempting to supply drugs to a person in custody, and five
counts of conspiracy to do the same. She was sentenced, as above, and brought this
appeal.
DISCUSSION
I
SUA SPONTE INSTRUCTIONS: DEFENSE OF DURESS
At trial, codefendant Michael showed he was entitled to have the jury instructed
on his own duress defense, based on his claim he had participated in smuggling drugs
only in response to threats to his life, and "perhaps" to his wife, made by Mexican Mafia
members. On appeal, Cristina contends the trial court failed to recognize that she, too,
had presented substantial evidence in support of a defense of duress, because when she
attempted to send packages of tobacco or drugs to the jail, she did so to protect her
husband Michael and herself as well. She claims the court erred when it declined to
8 instruct the jury that she could rely on such a defense, and should have done so sua
sponte.
A. Applicable Standards
In criminal cases, " ' "even in the absence of a request, the trial court must instruct
on the general principles of law relevant to the issues raised by the evidence. [Citations.]
The general principles of law governing the case are those principles closely and openly
connected with the facts before the court, and which are necessary for the jury's
understanding of the case." ' " (People v. Breverman (1998) 19 Cal.4th 142, 154
(Breverman).)
In this context, substantial evidence means evidence from which a reasonable jury
could conclude the defendant committed an offense while under duress. To support an
instruction on a duress defense, there must be substantial evidence of " 'the immediacy
and imminency of the threatened action: each represents the situation of a present and
active aggressor threatening immediate danger; none depict a phantasmagoria of future
harm.' " (People v. Vieira (2005) 35 Cal.4th 264, 290; CALCRIM No. 3402.) A defense
of duress may be based on substantial evidence of threats toward the defendant himself or
herself, or to a family member or third party. (People v. Pena (1983) 149 Cal.App.3d
Supp. 14, 22-23.) Thus, a defendant who commits an unlawful act in an effort to prevent
imminent harm to a third party can raise a duress defense. (Id. at p. 23; see People v.
Heath (1989) 207 Cal.App.3d 892, 898, 901-902 [where a person holds a gun to the
defendant's head and threatens to kill him if he does not commit burglary, evidence of
duress has been shown].)
9 In deciding which issues were adequately raised by substantial evidence at trial to
create an entitlement to sua sponte instruction on them, the courts will not evaluate the
credibility of witnesses, as that is the jury's prerogative. (Breverman, supra, 19 Cal.4th at
p. 162.) On review in this context, we construe the evidence in the light most favorable
to the appellant. (People v. Turk (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 1361, 1368, fn. 5.)
B. Record on In Limine Motions and Instructional Matters
During the hearings on motions in limine, the court discussed the intention of both
Michael and Cristina to raise a defense of duress. The court inquired whether Cristina's
attorney anticipated that she would be admitting the charged acts and would be asserting
she did them with "a lawful justification or excuse because of the duress, the coercion."
Later, the court discussed Michael's attorney's request to present testimony from
his expert on the Mexican Mafia, regarding the pressure exerted by its members on
Michael to pay protection and to smuggle drugs. Before the defense case began, the
court explained that "up to this point I don't think there is any substantial evidence that
would raise that defense." In other words, there was no current evidence of a threat of
immediate harm of death or great bodily injury, giving rise to "not only [a] good faith
belief but an objective and reasonable belief" of imminent harm. (CALCRIM No. 3402.)
Michael's attorney called his Mexican Mafia expert to testify on how it placed people
under such duress.
In discussing the prosecution evidence, the court acknowledged that Detective
Williamson had testified about how the Mexican Mafia may charge "taxes" in jail for
conducting business there, but concluded that as to this case, "no connection had been
10 shown to establish duress or menace." The court referred to the evidence of the Cristina-
Michael jail phone calls played for the jury, as failing to raise ongoing evidence of duress
exerted over a period of many months. Also, the video evidence showing Cristina alone,
mailing a package in the post office, did not serve to demonstrate she was under
immediate pressure or danger or acting out of necessity.
After further discussion about the duress and threats that Michael had described, to
himself and his family, Cristina's attorney argued that the same evidence supported an
instruction that she had been acting under duress as well. The court inquired how that
squared with the testimony by Michael that Cristina was not told the packaged substances
were drugs, and that he told her instead that it was tobacco she was shipping. The court
said that if Michael's and Cristina's theories were that he kept the information about drugs
from her, she could not be logically heard to argue she had acted due to immediate threats
of death or serious bodily injury.
Detective Resch and others had testified that witnesses were afraid to speak out
against the Mexican Mafia, because doing so put them at risk of harm. However, to the
extent Cristina wanted to argue that she could not testify because of her fear of the
Mexican Mafia, the court was concerned that the argument would violate the terms of
CALCRIM No. 355, telling the jurors they could not speculate about why she chose not
to testify. Regarding the recorded jail phone calls, in which Cristina seemed upset or said
she was nervous, the court found that evidence did not yet support an inference of duress,
that she was under immediate fear during the phone calls or knew about threats to
Michael at the time.
11 C. Record Testimony
Michael testified that since 2009, he was required by Mexican Mafia inmates to
supply heroin and money to protect himself, because of their constant threats to him and
"perhaps" to his wife. The Mafia knew he was a successful musician who made money
in that business, and they required him to use Cristina as a go-between to supply money
to them. When the smuggled Mexican Mafia drugs were intercepted, Michael had to pay
them more protection money. Because of his own wealth, Michael said he did not need
to sell drugs in jail for his own profit.
Michael described how the Mexican Mafia members obtained the drugs, brought
them to Cristina, and showed her how to package the substance. He talked to Cristina
and others on the telephone about "Judy" and "Ray," as terms for meeting up with the
Mexican Mafia to prepare shipments of packages including drugs. However, Michael
claimed Cristina did not know she was smuggling drugs, but instead thought she was
sending chewing tobacco dropped off for her by the Mexicans, "[b]ecause I didn't want
her to know what was happening." Michael stated he could not testify about the identity
of those Mafia members because that would place him in danger.
Cristina did not testify on her own behalf, and her only defense witness did not
provide evidence that he saw her being threatened or forced into packaging and shipping
the drugs to the jail. Thus, Cristina was not allowed to claim she acted under duress,
because only speculation had been presented on the issue. Her attorney nevertheless
stated at closing argument that she had complied with Michael's instructions to protect
12 her husband, herself and her family, and she did what she was told to do because her life
and his life were being threatened.
D. Contentions and Analysis
Our inquiry is whether Cristina provided such evidence about the duress exerted upon
her by third parties, the Mexican Mafia, that would enable a reasonable jury to make a
finding that she attempted to provide drugs to a person in custody only because she was
forced, under threat, to do so. She argues that even though no direct evidence was presented
that Michael had communicated the threats to her, it can nevertheless be inferred from other
evidence about his need for protection against threats, that she was motivated to comply with
the Mexican Mafia shipping scheme, in meetings and telephone calls, because she believed
that either her own life or Michael's life were in imminent and immediate danger.
We first take note that Cristina relies entirely on Michael's testimony to give rise
to the claimed sua sponte instructional duty about her potential defense of duress. He
was in jail for several years while she was outside, communicating with him. She does
not explain whether any limitations were placed on the use of his testimony about her, or
whether the court gave the jury specific instructions about the limited purposes for which
his testimony about her role could be considered. Although there was general defense
expert testimony that the Mexican Mafia forced people to bring drugs to prison, that
witness could not provide specific information about Cristina or Michael.
As a witness, Michael testified about his own percipient knowledge of the
activities going on inside the jail over the years he was in custody, and about his
communications with people outside. He did not report that bad things happened to him
13 when some of the drug shipments were intercepted, even though he was afraid of future
harm to him if that happened. When he testified that the Mexican Mafia threatened
Cristina, he did not explain who told him that or how the threats to himself extended to
her. Even assuming she knew of some threats, she continued to participate with Mafia
representatives in the ongoing processing of packages to smuggle the substances she was
given, and went alone to the post office, all without reporting any threats to authorities.
The jury and judge heard recordings of jail calls between Cristina and Michael, and
had the opportunity to evaluate her voice and her level of participation with Michael's plans.
The court reasonably concluded that this and other evidence in the record did not support her
claim that her cooperation with the supplying and shipping activities, over a period of many
months, was based on an actual belief that her life or Michael's life were in immediate
danger throughout. It was not error for the court to decline to give an instruction on the
requested duress defense as to Cristina, nor did any substantial evidence require the court to
do so on a sua sponte basis.
Because we have found no error occurred in the instructions given, we need not reach
Cristina's arguments about the application of harmless error theory or federal constitutional
standards for evaluating such error. (People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836; Chapman
v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24.)
II
INVESTIGATION INTO POTENTIAL JUROR MISCONDUCT
Cristina contends the trial court failed to carry out an adequate investigation of
potential juror misconduct that occurred during the cross-examination of a prosecution
14 witness, Detective Cahill, when an incident occurred in which he smiled and winked at
several jury members, and some laughter followed. Shortly thereafter, while out of the
presence of the jury, counsel for Michael told the court, "Apparently while we came out for
sidebar last time, Mr. Cahill winked at Juror Nos. 1, 2, and 13 and they started laughing
together. That just needs to go on the record. I didn't see it but according to both
defendants--I haven't talked to court staff yet but apparently he's making inappropriate faces
to the jury while we're out of their presence."
The court responded, "He certainly shouldn't do that." The prosecutor spoke up, "I
question the source of that information, your Honor." The court replied, "Yeah. All right.
Well, he certainly should be cautioned not to do that."
Cristina's attorney expressed concerns about such possible communication between
Detective Cahill and the jury, and requested that the court admonish the witness or the jury.
After further inquiry by Michael's attorney on what had actually happened, the court asked
what form any such admonishment should take. Cristina's attorney requested "that there
should be no communication between this witness and the jury outside the presence of the
Court and counsel. If it occurred." Detective Cahill spoke up, "It never occurred." The
court replied to counsel, "I think he understands as a professional law enforcement officer
that this is totally impermissible. So consider him admonished."
Michael's attorney requested that the judge poll the three involved jurors, on the
basis that in the courtroom, Michael and Cristina each saw Cahill laughing with several
jurors and winking at one, at a time when counsel was going out for a conference in the
back hall. After further proceedings, both defense attorneys moved for a mistrial on that
15 ground. The court denied the motions, stating, "I don't think there's any credible
evidence to, ah, support that motion so that motion is denied."
" ' "When a trial court is aware of possible juror misconduct, the court 'must "make
whatever inquiry is reasonably necessary" ' to resolve the matter." [Citation.] Although
courts should promptly investigate allegations of juror misconduct "to nip the problem in
the bud" [citation], they have considerable discretion in determining how to conduct the
investigation.' [Citation.] ' . . . The court does not abuse its discretion simply because it
fails to investigate any and all new information obtained about a juror during trial.' "
(People v. Virgil (2011) 51 Cal.4th 1210, 1284 (Virgil); People v. Ray (1996) 13 Cal.4th
313, 343 (Ray).) The courts will not reach issues of prejudice unless jury misconduct is
found. (People v. Collins (2010) 49 Cal.4th 175, 242.)
On appeal, we examine the trial court's rulings on the issue for any abuse of
discretion. (Virgil, supra, 51 Cal.4th 1210, 1284.) In this context, the courts assess likely
prejudice under this standard by determining whether, objectively viewed, the matter was
"inherently likely to have influenced the juror." (People v. Marshall (1990) 50 Cal.3d
907, 951.) We ask whether the record shows a substantial likelihood that at least one
juror was influenced by exposure to extrinsic matter that directly related to the issues at
trial. (Ibid.) "[A] hearing is required only where the court possesses information which,
if proven to be true, would constitute 'good cause' to doubt a juror's ability to perform his
duties and would justify his removal from the case." (Ray, supra, 13 Cal.4th at p. 343.)
16 If a jury is inadvertently given and considers extraneous evidence, the incident is
not considered to be jury misconduct. (See, e.g., People v. Cooper (1991) 53 Cal.3d 771,
836 [a transcript not in evidence was mistakenly sent to the jury room].) In such a case
no presumption of prejudice arises. "Such error is reversible only if it is reasonably
probable that a result more favorable to the defendant would have been reached in the
absence of the error." (Ibid.)
In People v. Ryner (1985) 164 Cal.App.3d 1075 (Ryner), the appellate court found
the trial court erred in concluding no misconduct had occurred, when a testifying officer
had engaged in conversation with several jurors during a break outside the courtroom.
(Id. at p. 1080.) Even though no discussion of the merits of the case took place, the
conversation was deemed to be impermissible, because it might well have caused the jury
to accord the officer's testimony more credibility than otherwise appropriate. (Id. at
p. 1082.) "By engaging Officer Boyd in an amiable discussion of police work and other
topics of mutual interest, we conclude that the jury members did a disservice to
appellant's right to a fair and impartial tribunal." (Ibid.) However, neither the
misconduct nor the trial court's mistake required reversal, because the incident was
relatively trivial and the officer was not a key witness. (Id. at p. 1083.)
Although Cristina seeks to have us apply a de novo standard of review for mixed
questions of law and fact, regarding the adequacy of this investigation, it would not be
appropriate to do so. (See People v. Cromer (2001) 24 Cal.4th 889, 900 [the first inquiry is a
matter of determining the historical facts, and deferring to the trial court's factual findings;
the second "requires application of an objective, constitutionally based legal test to the
17 historical facts"].) She has not given any reasoned argument for why the usual abuse of
discretion test should not apply here. (Virgil, supra, 51 Cal.4th 1210, 1284.)
B. Jury Instructions; Investigation
The court explained to the jury panel during voir dire that the only evidence to be
considered would be "the testimony of witnesses under oath and some exhibits which
may be received." When testimony began and when the case was submitted to them, the
jurors received more instructions about their duty to decide the case based on the
evidence presented, and not on matters of "empathy, sympathy, bias, prejudice, public
opinion, public feeling." (CALCRIM Nos. 200, 222, 223, 302.)
Numerous sidebar conferences were called throughout trial to discuss objections.
After the initial discussion about Detective Cahill's behavior in front of the jury, the
prosecutor updated the court as follows: "Your Honor, if I may. I've got a lot going on.
I neglected to inform the Court, um, that during this whole alleged incident, um,
defendant [Michael] was mouthing to Cahill something to the effect, 'Motherfucker, got
you.' Like got you in a lie or something like that. Ah, Investigator Cahill looked away
and looked at this, ah, investigating officer, Williamson. Um, and they were, ah--had
some communication with each other. This was all witnessed by Deputy District
Attorney Lisa Moffatt, who was present in the courtroom. Ah, that was--I was informed
of that over the lunch hour by Miss Moffatt." At that point, the court did not deem it
necessary to investigate further.
When Michael's attorney renewed the mistrial motion, the court ruled that "it's
been decided," and "[t]here's no credible evidence that that occurred." Also, the court
18 denied a second request to poll the jurors on the issue. Later, Michael testified about how
he hated the police and he was offended when one of them laughed and winked at some
jurors during his trial.
C. Contentions and Analysis
Cristina contends the trial court did not conduct an adequate investigation into the
possible effects upon the jurors of Detective Cahill's conduct, and that her motion for
mistrial should have been granted. Initially, the court heard argument from both defense
counsel about their clients' observations about the interaction, while Detective Cahill was
present, and then it effectively admonished him by reminding him of proper courtroom
conduct.
The court also heard another explanation for what happened, when the prosecutor
reported that his colleague had seen Michael initiating communication with Detective
Cahill, possibly causing a visible response or reaction.
After hearing from all parties about the interchanges during Detective Cahill's
testimony, the court determined there was no "credible evidence" that misconduct
occurred, and denied the motion for a mistrial. The court reconsidered the matter at
Michael's attorney's request, and found that under all the circumstances, it was
unnecessary to poll the jury.
"Not every incident of potential misconduct requires further investigation."
(Virgil, supra, 51 Ca1.4th at p. 1284.) These interactions were fleeting and the concerns
raised by defense counsel were speculative in nature. On this record, the court could
have reasonably concluded that an informal method of resolving the matter was
19 appropriate, by asking for explanations, informally admonishing the witness, and making
a discretionary decision to move on with the case, as it did. (Ibid.; People v. Hayes
(1999) 21 Ca1.4th 1211, 1255.)
The court would also have been justified in concluding that even if the detective's
reported conduct did occur, such relatively innocuous activity would most probably not
have adversely affected the jurors' impartiality in performing their duties, in light of the
instructions given to them. (See People v. Avila (2006) 38 Cal.4th. 491, 604; Ryner,
supra, 164 Cal.App.3d 1075, 1083.) The jurors received instructions not to discuss the
case and not to consider matters outside of the evidence. (See People v. Sanchez (2001)
26 Cal.4th 834, 852; People v. Holt (1997) 15 Cal.4th 619, 662 [jurors are presumed to
follow the court's instructions].)
Moreover, the record shows that numerous sidebar conferences had been going on
from the outset of the case, and the court had repeatedly urged counsel to respect the
jury's time and move on with the arguments. We need not resolve the conflicting theories
in the briefs about why this detective apparently winked at jury members or why laughter
ensued, whether because of lengthy delays during trial or friction with a defendant about
testimony being given. The trial court's resolution of the investigation matter was not an
abuse of discretion, particularly in light of the extensive evidence on the merits of the
charges as presented by other witnesses, not Cahill, about Cristina's financial activities
and meetings with people at Michael's direction while he remained in jail. (People v.
Seaton (2001) 26 Cal.4th 598, 676.) Under all the circumstances, the court could
reasonably conclude that the procedural problem presented did not warrant further
20 investigation or delay. (Virgil, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 1284; Ray, supra, 13 Cal.4th at
p. 343.) It was not error to deny the defense motion for mistrial.
III
CONSPIRACY ISSUES: TARGET OFFENSE ARGUMENT (COUNTS 7 & 10)
In both of Cristina's conspiracy convictions on counts 7 and 10 (the intercepted
shipments to Vista), there was no conviction on the associated substantive claim
(§ 4573.9 [attempting to provide drugs to a person in custody]). Also, the evidence on
those particular counts did not include any evidence that any third parties were directly
involved (such as a phony addressee or a false return address/sender, or an unidentified
telephone caller giving directions to Cristina). In the other counts (1, 4 or 13, arising at
George Bailey), false addressees and third party callers were involved.
Cristina thus argues her conspiracy convictions on counts 7 and 10 are reversible.
She relies on Mayers, supra, 110 Cal.App.3d 809, 815, to argue that the evidence about these
two target offenses only involved two people, and therefore a conspiracy theory on them is
not supported. She cites to section 4573.9, identifying herself as the charged "person, other
than a person held in custody, who sells, furnishes, administers, or gives away, or offers to
sell, furnish, administer, or give away to any person held in custody . . . any controlled
substance . . . ," and then claims Michael cannot qualify as such a conspirator, since he was
"held in custody."
More generally, Cristina claims that Wharton's Rule applies to crimes that an
individual could not commit acting alone, such as bigamy or duelling, and it should forbid
21 these conspiracy theories. (People v. Johnson (2013) 57 Cal.4th 250, 265 (Johnson);
Iannelli v. United States (1975) 420 U.S. 770, 782, 786.)
In People v. Lee (2006) 136 Cal.App.4th 522 (Lee), the court defined and applied
Wharton's Rule, as providing "that where 'the cooperation of two or more persons is
necessary to the commission of the substantive crime, and there is no ingredient of an
alleged conspiracy that is not present in the substantive crime, then the persons
necessarily involved cannot be charged with conspiracy to commit the substantive
offense and also with the substantive crime itself. [Citations.] . . . The rule is considered
in modern legal thinking as an aid in construction of statutes, a presumption that the
Legislature intended the general conspiracy section be merged with the more specific
substantive offense.' " (Id. at p. 530.)
Basic definitions of the offense of conspiracy, under section 182, subdivision (a)
require " 'proof that the defendant and another person had the specific intent to agree or
conspire to commit an offense, as well as the specific intent to commit the elements of
that offense, together with proof of the commission of an overt act . . . .' [Citations.]
Conspirators must agree to the commission of a criminal act. They also have to possess
certain kinds of knowledge and criminal intent. In other words, they agree to the act
while possessing a given mens rea. It would be imprecise to say that they 'agree' to have
a certain knowledge or mental state. Instead, to satisfy the elements of traditional
conspiracy, they agree to an act, and they do so while possessing the required mental
state." (Johnson, supra, 57 Cal.4th at pp. 263-264; original italics.)
22 In Lee, supra, 136 Cal.App.4th 522, the defendant was being prosecuted for
conspiracy to send drugs to a person in custody, but was not himself in custody. The
court discussed whether any exceptions should apply in such a case to the general rule,
that " 'a defendant may be liable to prosecution for conspiracy to commit a given crime
even though he is incapable of committing the crime itself.' " (Id. at p. 529.) Such an
exception to the general rule, Wharton's Rule, "applies only where it is impossible to
have the substantive offense 'without concerted effort amounting to conspiracy . . . .' "
(Id. at p. 530l, italics omitted, citing Mayers, supra, 110 Cal.App.3d at p. 816; Iannelli v.
United States, supra, 420 U.S. at pp. 783-784.)
" 'The classic Wharton's Rule offenses--adultery, incest, bigamy, duelling--are
crimes that are characterized by the general congruence of the agreement and the
completed substantive offense. The parties to the agreement are the only persons who
participate in commission of the substantive offense, and the immediate consequences of
the crime rest on the parties themselves rather than on society at large. [Citation.]
Finally, the agreement that attends the substantive offense does not appear likely to pose
the distinct kinds of threats to society that the law of conspiracy seeks to avert. It cannot,
for example, readily be assumed that an agreement to commit an offense of this nature
will produce agreements to engage in a more general pattern of criminal conduct.' " (Lee,
supra, 136 Cal.App.4th at p. 530.)
In Lee, the court concluded, "Section 4573.9 is not the type of crime usually seen
as a classic Wharton's Rule offense. [Citation.] More importantly, it is possible to have
the substantive offense 'without concerted effort amounting to conspiracy. . . .' [Citation.]
23 For instance, one may administer a controlled substance without the consent, or against
the will, of the person to whom it is administered, and one may offer to sell or give away
a controlled substance to one who does not accept the offer. Thus, while two people may
act in concert to violate the statute, such cooperation is not necessary. [Citations.]
Moreover, while the person who buys or obtains a drug is not generally an accomplice of
the person who sells or furnishes it [citation], an exception exists where, as here, the
participants 'conspire together in a prearranged plan . . . .' " (Lee, supra, 136 Cal.App.4th
522, 530-531.)
B. Testimony and Analysis
According to Cristina, there was no need or justification for punishment for these
two conspiracy counts, when the conspiratorial group consisted of the very same two
people who committed the target crime. She claims the direct and circumstantial
evidence on counts 7 and 10 was limited to herself and Michael, including the overt acts,
so that only one related conviction for each is proper. For example, in December 2010,
Michael had only recently arrived at the Vista facility, and he did not know anyone there
that he could use as a false addressee.
The first flaw in this theory about counts 7 and 10 (two intercepted shipments to
Vista) is that logically section 4573.9 can be violated without concerted effort, such as when
a shipment of drugs is offered, but is not accepted. (Lee, supra, 136 Cal.App.4th at p. 531.)
This section and related statutory law show that the Legislature intended to take action to
prevent drugs from flowing into the prison system, and to forbid noninmates from joining in
24 agreements with inmates to introduce controlled substances into custodial facilities. (Id. at
p. 538.)
Moreover, the evidence was adequate to show not only that Cristina and Michael
reached mutual understandings to accomplish these separate acts, but they had an
unlawful design with a network of participants to accomplish the target offenses.
(Johnson, supra, 57 Cal.4th 250, 263-264, 266.) There was evidence of conspiracy and
of individualized overt acts committed with and by unidentified third parties, such as
Mexican Mafia representatives, who provided the drugs, took money from Cristina for
them, and showed her how to package them. Michael and Cristina anticipated in each
instance that the drugs being provided would be passed on to other participants to sell in
jail, as sellers or purchasers. The legislative intent of section 4573.9 is well served by
allowing these two factually supported conspiracy convictions to stand.
IV
SUPPLEMENTAL BRIEF ARGUMENTS ON CONSPIRACY (ALL 5 COUNTS)
Cristina next argues the evidence would have supported alternate findings on whether
a single conspiracy or multiple conspiracies existed for making these shipments of drugs,
because there was no direct evidence of any agreement or agreements between herself,
Michael, or any third party to smuggle drugs. She claims that jury instructions were required
to be given by the trial court, sua sponte, on whether a single or multiple (five) conspiracies
were formed. (Jasso, supra, 142 Cal.App.4th 1213, 1220-1221; People v. Vargas (2001) 91
Cal.App.4th 506, 554.)
25 Alternatively, Cristina contends the evidence only supported a conclusion that she and
Michael had a single agreement to make continuing shipments of drugs into jail, and as a
matter of law, four of the conspiracy convictions must be reversed for insufficient evidence.
(See, e.g., People v. Meneses (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 1648, 1669-1671 (Meneses).) We
address these claims in turn.
A. Sua Sponte Instructions; Analysis
On the adequacy of the conspiracy instructions, Cristina again seeks to have us apply
a de novo standard of review for mixed questions of law and fact, as described in People v.
Cromer, supra, 24 Cal.4th 889, 900 [deferring to the trial court's factual findings on the
historical facts, then applying "an objective, constitutionally based legal test to the historical
facts"].) That is not the appropriate test. Rather, we are required to decide if substantial
evidence was presented to require the trial court to instruct on general principles of law
relevant to those issues, here, the existence of one or instead, multiple conspiracies. (See
Breverman, supra, 19 Cal.4th 142, 154, 162.)
"It is well-settled that the essence of the crime of conspiracy is the agreement, and
thus it is the number of the agreements (not the number of the victims or number of statutes
violated) that determine the number of the conspiracies. As the United States Supreme Court
stated long ago: 'The gist of the crime of conspiracy . . . is the agreement or confederation of
the conspirators to commit one or more unlawful acts. . . .' [Citation.] ' "The conspiracy is
the crime and that is one, however diverse its objects." ' " (Meneses, supra, 165 Cal.App.4th
1648, 1669-1670.)
26 " 'Where two or more persons agree to commit a number of criminal acts, the test of
whether a single conspiracy has been formed is whether the acts "were tied together as stages
in the formation of a larger all-inclusive combination, all directed to achieving a single
unlawful end or result." ' [Citation.] 'Relevant factors to consider in determining this issue
include whether the crimes involved the same motives, were to occur in the same time and
place and by the same means,' and targeted a single or multiple victims." (Meneses, supra,
165 Cal.App.4th 1648, 1672, citing People v. McLead (1990) 225 Cal.App.3d 906, 920.)
As explained in Meneses, supra, 165 Cal.App.4th 1648, 1668, there is a split of
authority among California intermediate appellate courts on whether a sua sponte duty
applies, for instruction of a jury on the existence of single or multiple conspiracies, where the
evidence would support alternative findings on the number involved. (Jasso, supra,
142 Cal.App.4th at p. 1220.) There is also disagreement about whether it should be a
question of fact for the jury to decide if the evidence shows a single conspiracy or multiple
conspiracies. (Meneses, supra, at p. 1668; People v. Morocco (1987) 191 Cal.App.3d 1449,
1453; but see People v. Davis (1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 317, 322-323; People v. Liu (1996)
46 Cal.App.4th 1119, 1133.)
As we will explain, it is not necessary for us to enter into that debate on the necessity
of sua sponte instructions about the number of conspiracies demonstrated, either in the
abstract or on this record. We also need not reach the argument by the Attorney General that
Cristina has forfeited this agreement, by failing at trial to request an instruction on the
number of conspiracies proven. In any event, this record will not support potential
27 alternative findings on the question of single versus multiple conspiracies, for the following
reasons.
First, the conspiracy crime has the purpose of punishing an agreement to act
unlawfully. " 'A conviction of conspiracy requires proof that the defendant and another
person had the specific intent to agree or conspire to commit an offense, as well as the
specific intent to commit the elements of that offense, together with proof of the commission
of an overt act, "by one or more of the parties to such agreement" in furtherance of the
conspiracy.' " (Johnson, supra, 57 Cal.4th 240, 257, quoting People v. Morante (1999)
20 Cal.4th 403, 416.) A criminal conspiracy may be shown by direct or circumstantial
evidence that the parties came to a mutual understanding to accomplish an act with an
unlawful design. (Johnson, supra, at p. 264.)
The circumstantial evidence presented showed that there were several agreements
formed here between Cristina and Michael that were "distinct and disconnected, not part of a
larger all-inclusive combination directed to a single unlawful end." (Meneses, supra, 165
Cal.App.4th at p. 1672.) They used different combinations of conspirators, addressees,
messengers, packaging materials, methods of concealment, and shipments from different
locations, over different time periods. Although there was consistency among the coded
language used in the phone calls for arranging transactions ("Judy" and "Ray"), there were
different participants who gave Cristina instructions, with different results. At times she
expressed confusion or asked for clarification, and then followed through.
This was not a case in which one overall agreement among various parties existed, "to
perform various functions in order to carry out the objectives of the conspiracy." (Jasso,
28 supra, 142 Cal.App.4th 1213, 1220.) The nature of these agreements necessarily evolved
over time, in response to different circumstances such as the interception of packages and the
transfer of Michael between jail facilities. (Meneses, supra, 165 Cal.App.4th 1648, 1669-
1671.) The five shipments had many similarities but also many differences, and the jury
could reasonably have concluded that independent agreements were formed each time a
shipment was planned and executed. (Id. at p. 1669.) There was no substantial evidence in
support of the alternative finding as urged by Cristina.
In any case, jury instructions are not considered in isolation, and their adequacy is
determined by consideration of the entire charge to the jury. (People v. Holt, supra, 15
Cal.4th 619, 677.) The jury instructions as given covered the nature of the required
agreement between the codefendants, or other unknown individuals, to commit the crime of
giving a controlled substance to a person in custody. The jury was told to decide each charge
separately, and it filled out five separate verdict forms on the conspiracy charges. The
instructions thus adequately presented the issue of how many conspiracies were represented
in the evidence, without any need for an additional sua sponte instruction.
Due to the lack of error in the instructions given on conspiracy, we need not reach
Cristina's arguments about the application of harmless error theory or federal constitutional
standards for evaluating such alleged error. (People v. Watson, supra, 46 Cal.2d 818, 836;
Chapman v. California, supra, 386 U.S. 18, 24.)
B. Sufficiency of Evidence
In evaluating this claim of insufficiency of the evidence to support each of the
conspiracy convictions, this court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the
29 prosecution, and we presume, in support of the judgment, the existence of each fact that the
jury could reasonably have deduced from the evidence. (People v. Stanley (1995) 10 Cal.4th
764, 792-793.)
Cristina cites and applies the factors laid out in People v. McLead, supra, 225
Cal.App.3d 906, 920, for considering how many conspiracies were proven. She would
conclude that each of the agreements to make shipments into jail involved the same motive,
" 'were to occur in the same time and place and by the same means,' " and targeted the same
audience (inmates in the jail population). (Meneses, supra, 165 Cal.App.4th 1648, 1672.) In
particular, she contends that all the taped jail telephone calls seem to involve a prearranged
set of code words about drugs and the methods and the contact persons to be used for
smuggling, albeit on a continuing basis.
Our analysis of the evidence is different from Cristina's. The jury could
reasonably have deduced from the evidence that Cristina and Michael's many taped
conversations with each other, and Cristina's conversations with representatives of
Michael, created and adapted separate agreements to accomplish the targeted offenses,
according to the changing circumstances. While Michael was confined at the George
Bailey facility, he had local confederates who cooperated with him, and different forms
of packaging were used, including legal mail. As those packages were intercepted, other
methods were developed, such as use of duck photo mailers and shipments of books,
some with pages glued together with heroin. When Michael was located in Vista, there
were not as many phone calls involving other cooperating participants or addressees.
During the overall eight or nine month period that the shipments were going on, different
30 means were used, including different messengers, instructions and methods of packaging.
Some, but not all, of the phone calls suggested there was a jail employee who might be
involved ("24 hour postal place").
Finally, the jury did not accept Cristina's defense that she did not understand what
substances she was repeatedly shipping into the jail. Sufficient evidence supports all five
conspiracy convictions.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.
WE CONCUR:
McDONALD, J.
McINTYRE, J.