2015 IL App (2d) 150341 No. 2-15-0341 Opinion filed December 23, 2015 ______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court OF ILLINOIS, ) of De Kalb County. ) Plaintiff-Appellant, ) ) v. ) Nos. 14-CM-1231 ) 14-DT-368 ) 14-TR-11424 ) BRITTANY MABERRY, ) Honorable ) Robert P. Pilmer, Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge, Presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE BIRKETT delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices McLaren and Hudson concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Defendant, Brittany Maberry, was arrested and charged with driving under the influence
of alcohol (DUI) (625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(2) (West 2014)), possession of drug paraphernalia (720
ILCS 600/3.5(a) (West 2014)), and following too closely (625 ILCS 5/11-710(a) (West 2014)).
She moved to suppress evidence, contending that the arresting officer lacked reasonable grounds
to stop her car on the basis of following too closely. The trial court granted the motion. 1 The
State appeals. For the following reasons, we reverse and remand.
1 The trial court had earlier granted defendant’s petition to rescind her summary suspension on the same grounds. 2015 IL App (2d) 150341
¶2 At the hearing on the motion to suppress, defendant testified that on September 12, 2014,
she was at Buffalo Wild Wings in Aurora. She dropped off a friend in Batavia, then headed
home. As she was driving down Annie Glidden Road (a four-lane road with two lanes in each
direction) approaching Twombly Road, where she lived, she noticed a car in front of her going
slower than the 45-mile-per-hour speed limit. She estimated that she was a car-length behind the
car before it moved to the right lane, at which time she accelerated to the speed limit. Defendant
estimated that she traveled behind the other vehicle for “[a]bout a football field maybe.” No
other cars were on the road and the weather was clear. Her driver training had taught her to
follow a car-length behind, or one to two seconds. As she turned onto Twombly, she saw lights
and pulled over.
¶3 Officer Devon Buckle testified that he was traveling at the 35-mile-per-hour speed limit
when he saw a car behind him. (The speed limit on this portion of Annie Glidden Road
increases from 30 to 35 to 45.) He estimated that the other car was five to six feet behind his.
Officer Buckle testified that the vehicle was so close that it “alarmed” him. The car followed
him at that distance for about half a block before he decided to change lanes so that he could see
more. He did not notice any other violations, but decided to pull the car over because it had been
following too closely.
¶4 During argument on the motion, the State relied on People v. Wofford, 2012 IL App (5th)
100138, for the proposition that “the statute does not prescribe any method by which law
enforcement is required to calculate a distance or time interval between vehicles.” The statute
simply states that “[t]he driver of a motor vehicle shall not follow another vehicle more closely
than is reasonable and prudent, having due regard for the speed of such vehicles and the traffic
upon and the condition of the highway.” 625 ILCS 5/11-710(a) (West 2014).
-2- 2015 IL App (2d) 150341
¶5 After hearing the parties’ arguments, the trial court found that the cars were traveling
between 30 and 35 miles per hour. It also found that defendant’s following within a car length
was reasonable under the statute. The trial court agreed with defendant that Wofford was
factually different from the instant case. Specifically, the trial court stated:
“Other than [defendant] approaching the marked squad car, there’s nothing else
noticeable or unusual about her driving.
After the squad car pulls into the right lane [defendant] proceeds forward driving
the speed limit, makes a left turn. There’s no other indication of any issues with her
driving ability or any potential violations of the traffic code.” (Emphasis added.)
¶6 The trial court then said that in light of all the testimony it could not say that “the manner
in which she drove her vehicle that night was not reasonable and prudent, that she did not have
due regard for the speed of both vehicles and the traffic upon the roadway as well as condition of
the highway.” The court then granted defendant’s motion to suppress evidence. The State filed
a certificate of impairment and a timely notice of appeal.
¶7 On appeal, the State contends that the trial court erred in granting the motion to suppress.
¶8 We initially note that defendant has not filed a brief in this court. However, as the issue
is relatively simple, we may resolve it without the benefit of an appellee’s brief. See First
Capital Mortgage Corp. v. Talandis Construction Corp., 63 Ill. 2d 128, 133 (1976).
¶9 Section 11-710 of the Illinois Vehicle Code (Code) proscribes “follow[ing] another
vehicle more closely than is reasonable and prudent, having due regard for the speed of such
vehicles and the traffic upon and the condition of the highway.” 625 ILCS 5/11-710(a) (West
2014). As the trial court noted, the statute provides no standards concerning what is “reasonable
and prudent.”
-3- 2015 IL App (2d) 150341
¶ 10 Vehicle stops are subject to the fourth amendment’s reasonableness requirement. People
v. Hackett, 2012 IL 111781, ¶ 20 (citing U.S. Const., amend. IV). A traffic stop may be justified
on something less than probable cause. Id. ¶ 28. A traffic stop is more analogous to a Terry stop
than to a formal arrest. See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968). Thus, we analyze the
reasonableness of a traffic stop under Terry principles. “A police officer may conduct a brief,
investigatory stop of a person where the officer can point to specific and articulable facts which,
taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant the intrusion.”
Hackett, 2012 IL 111781, ¶ 20 (citing People v. Close, 238 Ill. 2d 497, 505 (2010)). The
question is whether Officer Buckle had reasonable suspicion that defendant was following him at
a distance that was not “reasonable and prudent.” 625 ILCS 5/11-710(a) (West 2014).
¶ 11 When reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court’s findings of
historical fact are reviewed only for clear error, giving due weight to any inferences drawn from
these facts by the fact finder, and reversal is warranted only when those findings are against the
manifest weight of the evidence. People v. Luedemann, 222 Ill. 2d 530, 542 (2006). However, a
reviewing court may undertake its own assessment of the facts in relation to the issues and may
draw its own conclusions when deciding what relief should be granted. Id. A trial court’s legal
ruling as to whether suppression is warranted is subject to de novo review. Id.
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2015 IL App (2d) 150341 No. 2-15-0341 Opinion filed December 23, 2015 ______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court OF ILLINOIS, ) of De Kalb County. ) Plaintiff-Appellant, ) ) v. ) Nos. 14-CM-1231 ) 14-DT-368 ) 14-TR-11424 ) BRITTANY MABERRY, ) Honorable ) Robert P. Pilmer, Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge, Presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE BIRKETT delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices McLaren and Hudson concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Defendant, Brittany Maberry, was arrested and charged with driving under the influence
of alcohol (DUI) (625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(2) (West 2014)), possession of drug paraphernalia (720
ILCS 600/3.5(a) (West 2014)), and following too closely (625 ILCS 5/11-710(a) (West 2014)).
She moved to suppress evidence, contending that the arresting officer lacked reasonable grounds
to stop her car on the basis of following too closely. The trial court granted the motion. 1 The
State appeals. For the following reasons, we reverse and remand.
1 The trial court had earlier granted defendant’s petition to rescind her summary suspension on the same grounds. 2015 IL App (2d) 150341
¶2 At the hearing on the motion to suppress, defendant testified that on September 12, 2014,
she was at Buffalo Wild Wings in Aurora. She dropped off a friend in Batavia, then headed
home. As she was driving down Annie Glidden Road (a four-lane road with two lanes in each
direction) approaching Twombly Road, where she lived, she noticed a car in front of her going
slower than the 45-mile-per-hour speed limit. She estimated that she was a car-length behind the
car before it moved to the right lane, at which time she accelerated to the speed limit. Defendant
estimated that she traveled behind the other vehicle for “[a]bout a football field maybe.” No
other cars were on the road and the weather was clear. Her driver training had taught her to
follow a car-length behind, or one to two seconds. As she turned onto Twombly, she saw lights
and pulled over.
¶3 Officer Devon Buckle testified that he was traveling at the 35-mile-per-hour speed limit
when he saw a car behind him. (The speed limit on this portion of Annie Glidden Road
increases from 30 to 35 to 45.) He estimated that the other car was five to six feet behind his.
Officer Buckle testified that the vehicle was so close that it “alarmed” him. The car followed
him at that distance for about half a block before he decided to change lanes so that he could see
more. He did not notice any other violations, but decided to pull the car over because it had been
following too closely.
¶4 During argument on the motion, the State relied on People v. Wofford, 2012 IL App (5th)
100138, for the proposition that “the statute does not prescribe any method by which law
enforcement is required to calculate a distance or time interval between vehicles.” The statute
simply states that “[t]he driver of a motor vehicle shall not follow another vehicle more closely
than is reasonable and prudent, having due regard for the speed of such vehicles and the traffic
upon and the condition of the highway.” 625 ILCS 5/11-710(a) (West 2014).
-2- 2015 IL App (2d) 150341
¶5 After hearing the parties’ arguments, the trial court found that the cars were traveling
between 30 and 35 miles per hour. It also found that defendant’s following within a car length
was reasonable under the statute. The trial court agreed with defendant that Wofford was
factually different from the instant case. Specifically, the trial court stated:
“Other than [defendant] approaching the marked squad car, there’s nothing else
noticeable or unusual about her driving.
After the squad car pulls into the right lane [defendant] proceeds forward driving
the speed limit, makes a left turn. There’s no other indication of any issues with her
driving ability or any potential violations of the traffic code.” (Emphasis added.)
¶6 The trial court then said that in light of all the testimony it could not say that “the manner
in which she drove her vehicle that night was not reasonable and prudent, that she did not have
due regard for the speed of both vehicles and the traffic upon the roadway as well as condition of
the highway.” The court then granted defendant’s motion to suppress evidence. The State filed
a certificate of impairment and a timely notice of appeal.
¶7 On appeal, the State contends that the trial court erred in granting the motion to suppress.
¶8 We initially note that defendant has not filed a brief in this court. However, as the issue
is relatively simple, we may resolve it without the benefit of an appellee’s brief. See First
Capital Mortgage Corp. v. Talandis Construction Corp., 63 Ill. 2d 128, 133 (1976).
¶9 Section 11-710 of the Illinois Vehicle Code (Code) proscribes “follow[ing] another
vehicle more closely than is reasonable and prudent, having due regard for the speed of such
vehicles and the traffic upon and the condition of the highway.” 625 ILCS 5/11-710(a) (West
2014). As the trial court noted, the statute provides no standards concerning what is “reasonable
and prudent.”
-3- 2015 IL App (2d) 150341
¶ 10 Vehicle stops are subject to the fourth amendment’s reasonableness requirement. People
v. Hackett, 2012 IL 111781, ¶ 20 (citing U.S. Const., amend. IV). A traffic stop may be justified
on something less than probable cause. Id. ¶ 28. A traffic stop is more analogous to a Terry stop
than to a formal arrest. See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968). Thus, we analyze the
reasonableness of a traffic stop under Terry principles. “A police officer may conduct a brief,
investigatory stop of a person where the officer can point to specific and articulable facts which,
taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant the intrusion.”
Hackett, 2012 IL 111781, ¶ 20 (citing People v. Close, 238 Ill. 2d 497, 505 (2010)). The
question is whether Officer Buckle had reasonable suspicion that defendant was following him at
a distance that was not “reasonable and prudent.” 625 ILCS 5/11-710(a) (West 2014).
¶ 11 When reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court’s findings of
historical fact are reviewed only for clear error, giving due weight to any inferences drawn from
these facts by the fact finder, and reversal is warranted only when those findings are against the
manifest weight of the evidence. People v. Luedemann, 222 Ill. 2d 530, 542 (2006). However, a
reviewing court may undertake its own assessment of the facts in relation to the issues and may
draw its own conclusions when deciding what relief should be granted. Id. A trial court’s legal
ruling as to whether suppression is warranted is subject to de novo review. Id.
¶ 12 In Wofford, the stop was made by a state trooper who “used a method of counting the
dotted lines on the roadway to determine the time interval between the vehicles, based on the
guidelines set forth in the Illinois Rules of the Road.” Wofford, 2012 IL App (5th) 100138, ¶ 25.
The appellate court in Wofford held that it was objectively reasonable for the trooper to rely on
the Rules of the Road guideline that a driver follows another vehicle too closely when there is
less than a two-second interval between the vehicles. Id. ¶ 26. Whether a vehicle is following
-4- 2015 IL App (2d) 150341
another vehicle too closely is a proper subject of lay opinion testimony under Illinois Rule of
Evidence 701 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011), provided that there is a reasonable opportunity to observe the
vehicle in question. Rule 701 provides:
“If the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness’ testimony in the form of
opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences which are (a) rationally
based on the perception of the witness, and (b) helpful to a clear understanding of the
witness’ testimony or the determination of a fact in issue, and (c) not based on scientific,
technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule 702.” Id.
¶ 13 Here, the State argues that if a motorist were traveling at 30 to 35 miles per hour and
there were a vehicle one car-length or less behind the motorist, when the motorist needed to
brake, the other vehicle would not have enough time to stop to avoid an accident. The State also
argues that “[i]mplicit in the reasonableness of an interval between two cars is the duty of a
driver to maintain an interval between his car and the car in front of him sufficient to allow him
to stop safely if the driver of the car ahead must stop suddenly.” Burgdorff v. International
Business Machines, 35 Ill. App. 3d 192, 195 (1975). The State contends that the uncontested
testimony shows that, while defendant followed Officer Buckle’s car for the length of a football
field at a distance of one car-length behind, she could not have stopped safely.
¶ 14 The fact that defendant followed Officer Buckle’s squad car at an interval of a car-length
or less for the distance of a football field while at a speed of 30 to 35 miles per hour was
uncontested. Officer Buckle stopped defendant’s vehicle based on his observation and opinion
that defendant was following him at an unsafe distance. We hold that Officer Buckle’s
observation justified an investigatory traffic stop. “In judging a police officer’s conduct, we
apply an objective standard, considering whether the facts available to the officer at the moment
-5- 2015 IL App (2d) 150341
of the seizure justify the action taken.” Hackett, 2012 IL 111781, ¶ 29. The trial court was
mistaken in believing that the State was required to show some “other indication” of issues with
defendant’s driving ability in addition to following too closely in violation of section 11-710 of
the Code. 625 ILCS 5/11-710(a) (West 2014).
¶ 15 Accordingly, the judgment of the circuit court of De Kalb County is reversed and this
cause is remanded for further proceedings.
¶ 16 Reversed and remanded.
-6-