People v. Luna

2023 IL App (4th) 220605-U

• Court: Appellate Court of Illinois
• Decided: June 6, 2023
• Docket: 4-22-0605
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

NOTICE 2023 IL App (4th) 220605-U FILED This Order was filed under June 6, 2023 Supreme Court Rule 23 and is NO. 4-22-0605 Carla Bender not precedent except in the 4th District Appellate limited circumstances allowed Court, IL under Rule 23(e)(1). IN THE APPELLATE COURT

OF ILLINOIS

FOURTH DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of v. ) Livingston County RODOLFO LUNA, ) No. 20CF211 Defendant-Appellant. ) ) Honorable ) Jennifer H. Bauknecht, ) Judge Presiding.

JUSTICE CAVANAGH delivered the judgment of the court. Presiding Justice DeArmond and Justice Knecht concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶1 Held: Pursuant to Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967), the appellate court granted the Office of the State Appellate Defender’s motion to withdraw because no meritorious issues could be raised on appeal.

¶2 On December 20, 2021, after a bench trial, the trial court found defendant, Rodolfo

Luna, guilty of three counts: one count of predatory criminal sexual assault of a child (720 ILCS

5/11-1.40(a)(1) (West 2020)) (count I), and two counts of aggravated criminal sexual abuse (id.

§ 11-1.60(c)(1)(i)) (counts II and III). On May 9, 2022, the court sentenced defendant to 25 years’

imprisonment on count I, to run consecutively to two concurrent terms of 3 years each on counts

II and III. Defendant appealed, and this court appointed the Office of the State Appellate Defender

(OSAD) as appellate counsel. ¶3 In January 2023, OSAD filed a motion to withdraw as counsel with an

accompanying memorandum. OSAD confirmed it reviewed the record, identified potential issues,

and explained why it believed this case presented no potentially meritorious issues for review. As

required, OSAD notified defendant, providing him with a copy of the motion and memorandum.

We granted defendant 35 days to respond, and he submitted a response, claiming his innocence

and that his mental health deprived him of a fair trial. We agree with OSAD’s analysis, grant

OSAD’s motion to withdraw as counsel, and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

¶4 I. BACKGROUND

¶5 In August 2020, defendant was charged with the offenses mentioned above, which

stemmed from alleged sexually inappropriate conduct with his girlfriend’s daughter, Y.G., who

was 12 years old at the time of the offenses in July 2019.

¶6 Y.G. testified she lived with her mother and defendant. She described two incidents

in June or July 2019 when defendant came into her bedroom while she was sleeping. During the

first incident, defendant stood over her and touched her breasts and vagina. He stopped when she

jerked her body to indicate she was awake. During the second incident, he got on top of her on the

bed and touched her breasts and “down there.” He then pulled down her shorts and put his penis

in her vagina. She again jerked her body to stop him. She said she did not immediately tell anyone

about the incidents because she was scared. She said defendant was involved in an accident in

August 2019 and, despite him being out of the house and in the hospital for approximately one

month, she still did not tell anyone. One year later, after her mother and defendant ended their

relationship, and after she and her mother moved in with her aunt, she told her mother what had

happened.

-2- ¶7 After presenting the trial court with a stipulation of defendant’s date of birth, the

State rested. Defendant moved for a directed verdict, which the court denied.

¶8 Defendant testified he had raised Y.G. since she was an infant. He considered them

to have a great relationship. In fact, he said, Y.G. was the only person to give him a Christmas

present in 2020. He denied ever touching Y.G. inappropriately. He also denied ever attempting to

or having sex with Y.G.

Defendant testified he lived with his girlfriend, Y.G.’s mother, in Pontiac, Odell, Kankakee, and

Dwight. In July 2019, they lived in Dwight. He said, at that time, he was working construction in

Mendota, which was approximately one and a half hours away. He would wake up by 5:30 a.m.

and not return home until evening, sometimes as late as 11 p.m. He described the floor plan of

their home, stating his bedroom was upstairs on the right and Y.G.’s was upstairs on the left. Y.G.

often fell asleep in her bedroom watching television, sometimes with the door open. Either Y.G.’s

mother or he would turn off her television before going to bed. When asked to describe things he

and Y.G. used to do together, he said his accident, which occurred on August 19, 2019, prevented

him from remembering “a lot of things we do before.” He said he did not remember Y.G. ever

trying to avoid contact with him. He further testified he was never alone with Y.G. at night.

¶9 On December 20, 2021, based upon the evidence presented, the trial court found

defendant guilty of all three counts. On January 21, 2022, defendant filed a motion for a

mental-health examination to support his contentions he (1) was unfit and (2) could prove his

insanity at the time of the offense.

¶ 10 On January 31, 2022, the date scheduled for sentencing, defendant informed the

trial court his newly appointed public defender, who was different than his public defender at trial,

knew “nothing about [his] case.” He indicated he was looking for a new attorney. The court noted

-3- it was “not doing anything today in terms of the sentencing hearing,” allowed a continuance,

granted defendant’s motion for a mental-health examination, and appointed psychiatrist Dr. Terry

Killian to conduct the examination. According to the associated report, Dr. Killian found defendant

fit.

¶ 11 On May 9, 2022, the trial court conducted a sentencing hearing. The State presented

as its only evidence a victim impact statement. Defendant presented letters from seven individuals

as to his character. After considering the evidence, the presentence investigation report (PSI), the

recommendations of counsel, defendant’s statement in allocution, and the applicable statutory

factors, the court sentenced defendant to 25 years in prison on count I, to run consecutively to two

concurrent terms of 3 years each on counts II and III, for what the court mistakenly indicated was

a total aggregate sentence of 31 years in prison. The court noted deterrence, defendant’s position

of trust, and the fact the crime occurred in the sanctity of Y.G.’s bedroom as the primary factors

in aggravation.

¶ 12 On May 16, 2022, defendant filed a motion for a new trial, challenging, inter alia,

the sufficiency of the State’s evidence and arguing he was unable to adequately assist in his defense

due to his loss of memory. Two days later, defendant filed a motion to reconsider his 31-year

sentence, claiming it was excessive. The State pointed out the error in the calculation of the

aggregate sentence. After considering the arguments of counsel, the trial court denied defendant’s

motion for a new trial and entered a corrected sentencing judgment, still reflecting an aggregate

sentence of 31 years in prison but changing the concurrent three-year terms to six-year terms on

counts II and III.

¶ 13 This appeal followed.

¶ 14 II. ANALYSIS

-4- ¶ 15 In its memorandum, OSAD addresses several potential arguments defendant could

raise, including (1) whether the State presented sufficient evidence of guilt for each offense,

(2) whether defendant properly waived a jury trial, (3) whether any improper evidence was

admitted at trial, (4) whether trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to inquire

about defendant’s fitness before trial, (5) whether the trial court erred in failing to conduct a fitness

hearing once a bona fide doubt of defendant’s fitness was raised, (6) whether defendant should

have had the benefit of an interpreter at trial, and (7) whether any errors occurred at sentencing.

After analyzing each issue, OSAD contends any appeal in this case would be frivolous. We agree

with OSAD, grant its motion to withdraw as counsel, and affirm the court’s judgment.

¶ 16 A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

¶ 17 OSAD first contends no meritorious argument can be made to challenge the

sufficiency of the evidence to sustain defendant’s convictions for predatory criminal sexual assault

of a child and aggravated criminal sexual abuse. For predatory criminal sexual assault of a child,

the State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt defendant, who was over 17 years of

age, committed an act of sexual penetration of Y.G., who was under 13 years of age at the time.

See 720 ILCS 5/11-1.40(a)(1) (West 2020). For aggravated criminal sexual abuse, the State was

required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt defendant, who was over 17 years of age, committed

an act of sexual conduct with Y.G., who was under 13 years of age at the time. See id.

§ 11-1.60(c)(1)(i). “Sexual conduct” is defined as “any knowing touching or fondling by *** the

accused, either directly or through clothing, of *** any part of the body of a child under 13 years

of age, *** for the purpose of sexual gratification or arousal of *** the accused.” See id. § 11-0.1.

¶ 18 OSAD questions whether an appeal challenging the sufficiency of the evidence

would be nonfrivolous. When considering a defendant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the

-5- evidence, a reviewing court will not disturb the factfinder’s decision if any rational trier of fact

could have found the State proved the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt

when the evidence is viewed in a light most favorable to the State. People v. Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d

92, 114 (2007).

¶ 19 The State presented testimony from Y.G., who described two different incidents on

two separate nights when defendant entered her bedroom while she was sleeping. During the first

incident, defendant stood at the side of her bed and, with his hands, touched her “boobs and [her]

vagina.” During the second incident, defendant got on top of her and “was touching [her] on [her]

boobs” and “down there.” She said he “put his hand under” her shirt and was “[k]ind of like

grabbing and rubbing.” During this second occurrence, defendant pulled down her shorts. Y.G.

described the incident of penetration. She testified, during the touching, defendant “stuck his penis

in [her] vagina.”

¶ 20 On the other hand, defendant denied any sexual contact with Y.G., including any

penetration. He described his relationship with Y.G. as “[a]ll the time it was good, great.” He said

they used to go fishing. However, he said, due to his accident, he could not recall things in the last

three to five years. According to this testimony, defendant had difficulty remembering things that

occurred between 2016 and 2018. The incidents described by Y.G. occurred in June or July 2019.

Defendant’s accident occurred in August 2019.

¶ 21 The trial court, as the factfinder, had the responsibility to resolve conflicts in the

evidence, determine the credibility of the two opposing witnesses, and decide what weight should

be given to their testimony. See Maple v. Gustafson, 151 Ill. 2d 445, 452 (1992). Our supreme

court has noted the testimony of a single witness, if it is positive and the witness credible, is

sufficient to convict. People v. Smith, 185 Ill. 2d 532, 541 (1999). The trial court here specifically

-6- found “the victim to be a credible witness” and defendant not “particularly credible because ***

his testimony was not consistent within itself” due to reported “memory issues.”

¶ 22 We, as the reviewing court, should not engage in a credibility determination when

reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence. People v. Eubanks, 2019 IL 123525, ¶ 95. We defer to

the factfinder’s credibility determinations. Smith, 185 Ill. 2d at 542. However, the factfinder’s

determinations are not necessarily conclusive or binding. That is, we will reverse a conviction,

despite the prior credibility determination, where the evidence is so unreasonable, improbable, or

unsatisfactory as to justify a reasonable doubt of defendant’s guilt. Id. That is not the case here.

¶ 23 After determining Y.G. was more credible, the trial court found defendant guilty

on all three counts. Based on the clear and consistent testimony of the victim, and considering

defendant’s reported memory loss, we agree with OSAD’s assessment. Any appellate challenge to

the sufficiency of the evidence on any of his convictions would be frivolous, as the evidence

presented at trial could not be described as unreasonable, improbable, or unsatisfactory in terms of

raising a reasonable doubt of defendant’s guilt or justifying a reversal of his convictions. Because

we defer to the factfinder’s credibility determinations and will not disturb that determination unless

the evidence justifies it, OSAD could present no meritorious argument challenging the sufficiency

of the evidence in this case.

¶ 24 B. Waiver of Jury Trial

¶ 25 OSAD next contends no meritorious argument can be made that defendant did not

knowingly or voluntarily waive his right to a jury. Both the United States and Illinois Constitutions

afford a criminal defendant the fundamental right to a jury trial. See U.S. Const., amends. VI, XIV;

Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, §§ 8, 13. Section 103-6 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Code)

(725 ILCS 5/103-6 (West 2020)) provides a defendant can waive his right if he “understandingly”

-7- does so in open court. Although there is no specific admonition to be given by the trial court, the

determination of whether a jury waiver is valid depends on the facts and circumstances of each

particular case. People v. Bannister, 232 Ill. 2d 52, 66 (2008). Because the facts are not disputed,

the issue of whether defendant understandingly and validly waived his right to a jury is a question

of law and is reviewed de novo. Id.

¶ 26 The record makes clear defendant knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to a

jury trial. First, he filed a written waiver signed by both him and the trial court. The waiver, dated

June 16, 2021, which was a few months before his bench trial began, provides as follows: “The

undersigned defendant, having been fully advised of my right to a trial by jury in this cause, hereby

knowingly and voluntarily waive[s] said right, and I consent to a bench trial by the court.” This

waiver was presented to the court the same day it was signed. The court orally admonished

defendant regarding (1) the differences between a jury trial and a bench trial and (2) the

permanency of a waiver. The court questioned defendant about whether he was forced to waive a

jury or promised anything in return for his waiver. Defendant answered no and confirmed he spoke

with his attorney about the decision. The court found “a knowing and voluntary waiver of the right

to a jury trial.”

¶ 27 Given these circumstances, we agree with OSAD. There appears to be no basis

upon which counsel could formulate a meritorious challenge to defendant’s jury waiver.

¶ 28 C. Improper Admission of Evidence

¶ 29 OSAD next contends it considered raising the same claim defense counsel raised

in her motion for a new trial. In the motion, counsel alleged the trial court admitted inadmissible

evidence. However, she did not identify the evidence. At the hearing on the motion, counsel argued

-8- only for her “primary argument,” which addressed defendant’s memory issue. She did not mention

the improper admission of evidence.

¶ 30 The State’s evidence admitted at trial consisted only of Y.G.’s testimony and a

stipulation regarding defendant’s date of birth. Defense counsel did not object to any of Y.G.’s

testimony and agreed to the admission of the stipulation. As such, any potential error in the

admission of evidence was forfeited due to defendant’s (1) failure to properly preserve the issue

or (2) acquiescence in its admission. See People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176, 186 (1988) (holding

that to preserve an argument for appeal, the defendant must object at trial and raise the specific

issue in a posttrial motion). See also People v. Bush, 214 Ill. 2d 318, 332 (2005) (holding when a

defendant acquiesces in the admission of evidence, he cannot contest the admission on appeal).

¶ 31 D. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

¶ 32 OSAD considered raising a claim regarding defense counsel’s failure to investigate

defendant’s fitness before trial. However, after considering counsel’s conduct in relation to the

standards set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), OSAD concluded defendant

would be unable to demonstrate prejudice. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687 (holding to establish

ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant must demonstrate counsel’s performance was

deficient and that such deficiency prejudiced him).

¶ 33 Section 104-10 of the Code states a defendant is presumed fit to stand trial.

However, if “he is unable to understand the nature and purpose of the proceedings against him or

to assist in his defense” due to a mental or physical condition, he is unfit. 725 ILCS 5/104-10 (West

2020). “The due process clause of the fourteenth amendment bars prosecution of a defendant unfit

to stand trial.” People v. Holt, 2014 IL 116989, ¶ 51. The trial court has a duty to order a fitness

hearing once facts are brought to the court’s attention that raise a bona fide doubt of the defendant’s

-9- fitness to stand trial. People v. McCallister, 193 Ill. 2d 63, 110-11 (2000). “The bona fide doubt

inquiry is focused primarily on whether the defendant is able to understand the nature and purpose

of the proceedings and to assist in his defense.” Id. at 110. When assessing whether a bona fide

doubt exists, relevant factors a trial court may consider include a defendant’s irrational behavior,

his demeanor at trial, and any prior medical opinion on competence to stand trial. People v.

Stephens, 2012 IL App (1st) 110296, ¶ 91.

¶ 34 The question presented here is whether trial counsel was ineffective for not bringing

to the trial court’s attention the possibility defendant was not fit to stand trial. OSAD claims it

could make no reasonable argument to that effect, and we agree. The record does not include any

facts or circumstances which would have caused counsel to suspect defendant was unable to

understand the nature and purpose of the proceedings. As OSAD suggests, if there are such facts

and circumstances outside of the record, defendant’s claim would be better suited for collateral

proceedings. For the purpose of this direct appeal, any claim raising an

ineffective- assistance-of-counsel argument would be without merit.

¶ 35 E. Failure to Conduct a Fitness Hearing

¶ 36 OSAD next contends it considered whether the trial court erred in failing to conduct

a fitness hearing after Dr. Killian’s appointment and evaluation. The court’s order of appointment

was governed by section 104-11(b) of the Code (725 ILCS 5/104-11(b) (West 2020)), which

provides the court with discretion to appoint an expert upon defendant’s request for an examination

to determine whether a bona fide doubt as to his fitness may be raised. Pursuant to this subsection,

it applies when the court has not determined the existence or been made aware of a bona fide doubt

of a defendant’s fitness. Further proceedings are not halted pending the evaluation. Cf. 725 ILCS

5/104-11(b) (West 2020). Subsection (b) may be applied when the court is not convinced a

- 10 - bona fide doubt exists but nevertheless agrees to allow the defendant’s request to undergo an

evaluation to aid in the determination of fitness. See People v. Hanson, 212 Ill. 2d 212, 217 (2004).

If, after the examination, the court finds no bona fide doubt, no fitness hearing is necessary. Id.

¶ 37 In open court, on April 25, 2022, defense counsel advised the trial court Dr. Killian

had found defendant fit. Because, as explained above, no bona fide doubt of defendant’s fitness

was raised or evident from the record, the court did not err by not conducting a hearing on the

issue.

¶ 38 F. Need for an Interpreter

¶ 39 OSAD next questions whether the trial court erred in failing to provide defendant

with an interpreter at trial. Section 1 of the Criminal Proceeding Interpreter Act (725 ILCS 140/1

(West 2020)) requires the court to appoint an interpreter for a defendant who is incapable of either

understanding the English language or expressing himself in the English language.

¶ 40 Here, defendant insisted throughout the proceedings he did not need an interpreter.

He testified at trial without an apparent issue. He provided responsive answers indicating he

understood the questions asked. In fact, at a hearing on January 31, 2022, a new public defender

appeared on defendant’s behalf, and she presumably secured the presence of an interpreter.

Defendant stated: “I don’t need an interpreter. I can understand everybody. [The public defender]

needs one.” On this record, the trial court had no reason to believe defendant was incapable of

understanding the English language to warrant the appointment of an interpreter.

¶ 41 G. Sentencing Errors

¶ 42 Finally, OSAD contends no issues arose during defendant’s sentencing hearing that

would justify an appeal challenging any potential errors. Defendant was convicted of one Class X

felony, which had a sentencing range of 6 to 60 years in prison (720 ILCS 5/11-1.40(b)(1) (West

- 11 - 2020)), and two Class 2 felonies, which each had a sentencing range of 3 to 7 years in prison (730

ILCS 5/5-4.5-35 (West 2020)). The trial court sentenced defendant to 25 years on the Class X

conviction, to run consecutively to two concurrent terms of 3 years (later corrected to 6 years) each

on the Class 2 convictions. The court had no discretion on the consecutive nature of the terms. See

id. § 5-8-4(d)(2).

¶ 43 When imposing the sentence, the trial court indicated it had considered the “very

serious” nature of the crimes, the statutory factors in aggravation and mitigation, the PSI, the victim

impact statement, arguments of counsel, and defendant’s statement in allocution. The court noted

deterrence was “a very, very, very strong factor” in aggravation, as well as defendant’s position of

trust over Y.G. and the need to punish defendant’s conduct. Although the court accepted the fact

defendant was “a hard-working man” and “a caring person,” as indicated in the letters submitted,

those characteristics of defendant “[don’t] make it any better.” The court noted as factors in

mitigation defendant’s gainful employment and “very strong friendships.”

¶ 44 The record indicates the trial court thoughtfully weighed the appropriate

aggravating and mitigating factors and sentenced defendant to a term within the permissible

sentencing range. A sentence imposed within the permissible range, after considering and

weighing the applicable factors in aggravation and mitigation, is generally not considered an abuse

of discretion. See People v. Flores, 404 Ill. App. 3d 155, 157-58 (2010) (noting the trial court has

wide latitude in sentencing a defendant if it does not ignore mitigating factors or improperly

consider aggravating factors). Based on the record before us, it appears OSAD’s assessment is

correct: no colorable argument could be made that defendant’s sentence constituted an abuse of

discretion.

¶ 45 III. CONCLUSION

- 12 - ¶ 46 For the reasons stated, we grant OSAD’s motion to withdraw as counsel and affirm

the trial court’s judgment.

¶ 47 Affirmed.

- 13 -