2021 IL App (1st) 190176-U No. 1-19-0176 Order filed June 1, 2021 First Division
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1). ______________________________________________________________________________ IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIRST DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________ THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County. ) v. ) No. 17 CR 5824 ) LUIS LUCERO, ) Honorable ) Joseph Michael Cataldo, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.
JUSTICE PIERCE delivered the judgment of the court. Presiding Justice Walker and Justice Coghlan concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: Defendant’s conviction for criminal sexual abuse is affirmed where the evidence was sufficient to show he used force or the threat of force in committing an act of sexual conduct.
¶2 Following a jury trial, defendant Luis Lucero was found guilty of criminal sexual abuse
and sentenced to 30 months’ imprisonment. On appeal, defendant argues his conviction should be
vacated because the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he used force or threat of
force during the act of sexual conduct. For the following reasons, we affirm. No. 1-19-0176
¶3 Defendant was charged in a 15-count indictment with offenses related to incidents between
himself and A.S. on March 23, 2017. The State proceeded on three counts of criminal sexual
assault (720 ILCS 5/11-1.20(a)(1) (West 2016)) and one count of criminal sexual abuse (720 ILCS
5/11-1.50(a)(1) (West 2016)).1 The criminal sexual assault counts alleged that defendant
knowingly committed an act of sexual penetration upon A.S. in that he inserted his finger into her
sex organ, made contact between his penis and her sex organ, and made contact between his penis
and her anus, by the use or threat of force. The criminal sexual abuse count alleged that defendant
committed an act of sexual conduct upon A.S. in that he made contact between his hand and her
breast for the purpose of sexual gratification or arousal, by the use or threat of force.
¶4 A.S., who was 26 years old at the time of trial, testified that she called defendant her uncle.
He had been married to her aunt since A.S. was a baby, but they later divorced. Defendant owned
a cleaning company where A.S. worked for several months in 2017. On March 23, 2017, A.S. and
defendant were hired to clean three houses. At the second house, which A.S. testified she had never
been to before and could not remember the address of, the homeowners were absent. As A.S.
looked at a map on the wall in the house’s “computer room,” defendant came behind her, wrapped
his arms around her so that her arms were “pinned” to her sides, and touched her breasts. A.S.
asked defendant what he was doing, covered her breasts with her arms, and jerked backwards to
push him away, shoving defendant a little bit. A.S. stepped away from defendant because she was
uncomfortable and scared. She continued to look at the map and defendant then reached from
1 The trial court granted defendant’s motion to dismiss three counts of sexual relations within families because, at the time of the offense, defendant was no longer married to A.S.’s aunt.
-2- No. 1-19-0176
behind her and touched her breasts again, this time under her shirt and bra. A.S. clasped her arms
in front of her chest. She did not know what to do and stood speechless.
¶5 Afterwards, defendant and A.S. went to the basement because he said she needed to finish
cleaning there. A.S. began dusting a basement wall when defendant grabbed her side, pulled down
her pants and underwear from behind, touched her buttocks and vagina with his hands, inserted
his fingers into her vagina, and then inserted his penis into her anus and vagina. A.S. “froze”
because she was scared. Defendant ejaculated into a rag and then asked if A.S. was hungry.
Defendant and A.S. then went to the third house, where the homeowners were present. They
cleaned the house and defendant drove A.S. home.
¶6 Once home, A.S. went to the bathroom and noticed blood in her underwear and that her
anus was bleeding. After showering, A.S. contacted two friends and asked them to come over
because she “needed someone.” When they arrived, A.S. told them she was raped and they spent
the night with her. A.S.’s boyfriend came home later that night and she told him that she was raped.
¶7 The next morning, defendant knocked on A.S.’s door but she did not answer him or go to
work that day. After defendant left, A.S. went to the police department, bringing her underwear
from the day before. From there she was sent to the hospital, where they administered a sexual
assault kit. A.S. testified that at no time on March 23, 2017, did she want defendant to touch her.
¶8 On cross-examination, A.S. testified she did not remember if she leaned back and kissed
defendant when he touched her breasts, how long the basement encounter lasted, or if she had any
bruises, scratches, or wounds following the incident. A.S. also could not remember if, when
defendant dropped her off, she invited him inside to look at stains on her carpet. Further, A.S.
-3- No. 1-19-0176
could not say if defendant actually entered her apartment that day, or if she bent over with her back
to him to show him the stains.
¶9 On redirect examination, A.S. testified that after that day she felt horrible and disgusted.
A.S.’s relationship with her boyfriend later ended because she did not want him to touch her
anymore and was scared of the incident recurring. She also testified that she did not leave her home
for a year.
¶ 10 Brittany Dunn testified that on March 23, 2017, A.S. contacted her stating that she had
been raped by her uncle, and asked her and Amanda Steffy to spend the night. When Brittany and
Amanda arrived at A.S.’s apartment, A.S. looked horrible with a red face from crying. Dunn stayed
with A.S. for two or three days.
¶ 11 A.S.’s former boyfriend, Manuel Alonso, testified that he met A.S. in high school where
she was enrolled in “special-need” classes. Alonso and A.S. lived together in March 2017. When
Alonso returned home on March 24, 2017, A.S. was crying and told him that her uncle “sexually
abused” her. Alonso took her to speak to police the next day. After March 24, 2017, A.S. changed
from social and confident to depressed, scared, and suicidal. Alonso and A.S.’s physical
relationship also changed because she would not let him touch her. On cross-examination, Alonso
clarified that, in high school, A.S. was in classes for students with mental or learning disabilities.
¶ 12 Streamwood police detective and evidence technician Tim Breslin testified that on March
24, 2017, he was assigned to a sexual assault investigation. Breslin spoke to A.S at the police
station and she gave him underwear she wore during the alleged assault. He photographed the
underwear, which had several red stains, and determined they were positive for blood.
-4- No. 1-19-0176
¶ 13 Streamwood police officer and evidence technician Homfeldt2 testified that on March 24,
2017, he was assigned to photograph a house on Foxglove Court. Homfeldt observed an office
area in the house with a United States map on the wall. On cross-examination, Homfeldt testified
that he did not observe any blood or bodily fluids in the residence.
¶ 14 Jennifer Paulek-Bieszczad, a registered nurse at St. Alexius Medical Center, testified that
she treated A.S. for sexual assault on March 24, 2017, and administered a sexual assault kit. A.S.
told Paulek-Bieszczad that while in a basement, her attacker touched her breasts under her shirt,
pulled down her pants and underwear, and then inserted his penis into her vagina and anus. A.S.’s
vaginal and anal exams came back normal. Paulek-Bieszczad explained that normal exams can be
consistent with sexual assault. Paulek-Bieszczad also collected swabs from A.S.’s vagina, anus,
and neck, but the fact that A.S. had showered could have influenced the results. Paulek-Bieszczad
recalled that she thought A.S. was “special” or “a little slow.” On cross-examination, Paulek-
Bieszczad testified that she did not notice any blood during an internal rectal swab.
¶ 15 The State entered a written stipulation that, if called, a forensic scientist would testify she
examined A.S.’s underwear and noted blood-like stains, but that no semen was indicated. A second
written stipulation provided that another forensic scientist would testify that male DNA was not
detected in the anal and vaginal swabs from A.S.’s sexual assault kit, but it was indicated in A.S.’s
neck swabs. The DNA from the neck swabs was not suitable for further testing.
¶ 16 The State entered several exhibits, including photographs of the house where the incident
occurred and the underwear A.S. gave to police.
2 Homfeldt’s first name does not appear in the report of proceedings.
-5- No. 1-19-0176
¶ 17 Defendant, who was 61 years old at the time of trial, testified through an interpreter that
while cleaning the Foxglove Court house with A.S. on March 23, 2017, A.S. called him over to
help her find Ecuador on a map. When defendant reached from behind her to point it out, A.S.
leaned back and began moving her hips against him and kissing him. Defendant testified that when
A.S. leaned on him she was “falling” so he “hugged her because [he] was surprised.” When asked
if he touched her breasts, defendant said, “I was holding her because she was going to fall maybe,
so yes.” Defendant admitted he “responded” to A.S.’s kiss.
¶ 18 Defendant asked A.S. if she wanted “to do it,” and she nodded her head in affirmation.
Defendant told her they were leaving and that he was going to turn off the lights in the basement.
Defendant denied instructing A.S. to go to the basement, but she followed him there. After turning
off the lights, defendant found A.S. by the basement stairs bent down facing the wall with her
pants halfway pulled down. Defendant pulled her pants down further, touched her, and had sex
with her. He was not sure whether he penetrated her vagina or anus because he “wasn’t paying
attention.” A.S. did not push him away, stiffen up, or verbally object. The encounter lasted less
than a minute. After he ejaculated into a rag, defendant asked A.S. if she was okay, and she said
she was.
¶ 19 On the drive home after cleaning the next house, defendant invited A.S. to eat, and she
accepted. Defendant then remembered that he had a haircut appointment. Defendant testified that
A.S. seemed bothered by him cancelling their plans to eat. When they arrived at A.S.’s home, A.S.
told defendant that her boyfriend was not home and asked defendant to come upstairs to look at
her carpet that she wanted cleaned. While showing defendant the carpet stains and a stain in her
toilet, A.S. “provok[ed]” him by facing away from him and bending over. Defendant then left. On
-6- No. 1-19-0176
cross-examination, defendant testified that A.S. was “ready” for him, “desperate” to have him, and
enjoyed having sex with him.
¶ 20 Des Plaines police officer Katherine Derfler testified that on March 24, 2017, A.S. reported
to the Des Plaines police department that her uncle “inappropriately touched her” the day before
while she cleaned a basement by approaching her from behind and rubbing her breasts. A.S.
reported that she told defendant she felt uncomfortable. Defendant then told A.S. to dust a map
and, when A.S. obeyed, he got behind her and penetrated her vagina and anus with his penis. A.S.
further reported that the incident lasted for approximately an hour, during which she stood still in
shock, and after which she told defendant she did not feel comfortable. A.S. did not tell Derfler
that defendant threatened, hit, or shoved her. After learning the incident occurred in Streamwood,
Derfler directed A.S. to the Streamwood police department. On cross-examination, Derfler
testified that A.S. told her that defendant had a “tight grip” on her and she was not able to move.
¶ 21 Streamwood police officer Steven Sachen testified that on March 24, 2017, A.S. told him
that while cleaning a house, defendant asked her to dust spider webs in front of a large map in the
basement. Defendant came behind her, grabbed her breasts under her shirt, and then pulled down
her pants and underwear. A.S. said she felt uncomfortable and “just stood there” in shock without
saying anything to defendant. A.S. did not mention that defendant inserted his fingers into her, but
she did mention that defendant inserted his penis into her anus and vagina. A.S. said that the
encounter lasted for about an hour. On cross-examination, Sachen testified that it took some time
for A.S. to find the residence where the incident occurred. On redirect examination, Sachen
testified that A.S. did not tell him that defendant threatened her.
-7- No. 1-19-0176
¶ 22 Defendant entered a stipulation that, if called, Streamwood police detective Mary Kosartes
would testify she interviewed A.S. at the St. Alexius Medical Center on March 24, 2017, and A.S.
was able to identify the Foxglove Court residence as where the incident occurred.
¶ 23 In rebuttal, the State entered a certified statement of conviction from 2015 for defendant
for driving on a revoked or suspended license.
¶ 24 The jury was instructed that in order to sustain the charge of criminal sexual abuse, the
State had to prove that (1) defendant committed an act of sexual conduct upon A.S., (2) the act of
sexual conduct was committed by force or threat of force, and (3) A.S. did not consent to the act
of sexual conduct. The jury was also instructed that “force or threat of force” means “the use of
force or violence or the threat of force or violence including but not limited to when the accused
has overcome the victim by use of superior strength and physical restraint.”
¶ 25 During deliberations, the jury submitted the following question to the trial court: “Can
force be viewed as including the power of persuasion due to hierarchal position or is force solely
a physical manifestation, akin to Bill Clinton influencing Monica Lewinsky?” By agreement of
the parties, the court responded to the jury that it had a definition of force and to follow the
instructions.
¶ 26 The jury found defendant guilty of criminal sexual abuse based on contact between
defendant’s hand and A.S.’s breast, but was unable to render a verdict on the criminal sexual
assault charges. The trial court declared a mistrial as to the criminal sexual assault charges, and
the State later nol prossed them.
¶ 27 Defendant filed a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, arguing inter alia that
A.S. gave conflicting versions of the incident to police, medical personnel, and at trial; she did not
-8- No. 1-19-0176
remember if she invited the conduct; and defendant’s unimpeached testimony showed the contact
with A.S.’s breasts was incidental and unintentional. At the hearing on the motion, defendant
argued there was little to no physical evidence of defendant’s guilt, and that A.S.’s testimony was
not credible. He specifically pointed to discrepancies between her trial testimony and prior
statements about whether she vocalized that she was uncomfortable when defendant touched her
breasts, and the 131 times during cross-examination in which she answered she did not know or
did not remember who she told, what she told, what happened, and what defendant did.
¶ 28 The trial court denied defendant’s motion, noting that although A.S. was impeached to
some degree, the inconsistencies in her story could be explained by her “difficulties
communicating.” It stated A.S. clearly had some learning difficulties, which might render her
confused and unable to understand what was happening. It was clear to the court that A.S. “shut
down” during parts of her testimony, as she had done during the offense, but overall the evidence
was sufficient for the jury to find defendant guilty of criminal sexual abuse.
¶ 29 Following a hearing, the trial court sentenced defendant to 30 months’ imprisonment.
¶ 30 On appeal, defendant argues his conviction should be vacated because the State failed to
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he used force or threat of force when he touched A.S.’s
breasts.
¶ 31 We initially note that we disagree with defendant’s contention that the facts are not in
dispute and thus the issue on appeal is subject to de novo review. See People v. Gonzalez, 2019 IL
App (1st) 152760, ¶ 33 (finding that, because the defendant challenged whether the evidence was
sufficient to establish the elements of the offenses of which he was convicted, he was “challenging
the sufficiency of the evidence at trial and the jury’s factual findings” and the issue was thus not a
-9- No. 1-19-0176
question of law subject to de novo review). Rather, when we review this challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence, we must determine whether, “ ‘after viewing the evidence in the light
most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements
of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” (Emphasis in original.) Id. ¶ 35 (quoting Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)).
¶ 32 Under the appropriate standard of review, the trier of fact is tasked with resolving conflicts
in testimony, weighing the evidence, and drawing reasonable inferences from the facts. People v.
Howery, 178 Ill. 2d 1, 38 (1997). Our function is not to retry the defendant (People v. Lloyd, 2013
IL 113510, ¶ 42), and we will not substitute our judgment for that of the trier of fact on those
evidentiary and credibility issues (People v. Siguenza-Brito, 235 Ill. 2d 213, 224-25 (2009)). We
may not reverse a conviction “unless the evidence is so improbable, unsatisfactory, or inconclusive
that it creates a reasonable doubt of defendant’s guilt.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Lloyd,
2013 IL 113510, ¶ 42.
¶ 33 To prove defendant guilty of criminal sexual abuse, the State had to prove he committed
“an act of sexual conduct by the use of force or threat of force.” 720 ILCS 5/11-1.50(a)(1) (West
2016). Here, defendant solely argues the State failed to establish that his sexual conduct of
touching A.S.’s breast was accomplished “by the use of force or threat of force.”
¶ 34 The term “force or threat of force” means the use of force or violence or the threat of force
or violence, and includes, but is not limited to, “when the accused threatens to use force or violence
on the victim ***, and the victim under the circumstances reasonably believes that the accused has
the ability to execute that threat,” or “when the accused overcomes the victim by use of superior
strength or size, physical restraint, or physical confinement.” 720 ILCS 5/11-0.1 (West 2016).
- 10 - No. 1-19-0176
There is no precise standard establishing the amount of force the State must prove, and each case
must be considered on its own facts. Gonzalez, 2019 IL App (1st) 152760, ¶ 38. However, the
force necessary for the offense requires something more than the force inherent in the sexual
conduct itself. Id. When evaluating whether there was sufficient evidence of force, “we may
consider the size and strength of the defendant and the victim as well as the place and conditions
under which the incident occurred.” Id. A conviction based on use of force cannot be sustained by
establishing only that the victim did not consent to the act of sexual conduct. People v. Alexander,
2014 IL App (1st) 112207, ¶ 52.
¶ 35 In this case, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State and taking all
inferences in favor of the State as we must, we find that a rational trier of fact could have found,
beyond a reasonable doubt, that defendant used force or the threat of force in committing the act
of sexual conduct on A.S. A.S., who has a learning disability and was perceived by a hospital
worker as “special” or “slow,” had known defendant since she was a baby and considered him to
be her uncle as well as her boss. While A.S. was working with defendant, he came behind her,
wrapped his arms around her, pinned her arms down against her sides, and then rubbed her breasts,
from which a reasonable jury could conclude he physically restrained A.S. in order to facilitate his
act of sexual conduct.
¶ 36 Then, after A.S. escaped defendant’s grasp by pushing away from him and stepping away,
defendant again reached from behind her and touched her breasts, this time under her shirt and bra,
despite her rejection of his earlier conduct. A.S.’s testimony is ample to show defendant, the man
she had known since she was a baby, overpowered her clear desire to escape him in order to commit
his act of sexual conduct. See 720 ILCS 5/11-0.1 (West 2016) (evidence of force includes when a
- 11 - No. 1-19-0176
defendant “overcomes the victim by use of superior strength or size, physical restraint, or physical
confinement”). We find the jury could reasonably conclude defendant used force during the act of
sexual conduct.
¶ 37 Defendant argues that a threat, by its very nature, must be communicated to the victim by
word or deed, and the evidence reveals defendant made or communicated no threats to A.S., that
he merely reached around A.S. from behind and touched her breasts without violence, force or
threat of same. However, the jury heard the evidence and found defendant did touch A.S.’s breasts
by use of force or threat of force. “The question of whether force or threat of force was used is best
left to the trier of fact who heard the evidence and observed the demeanor of the
witnesses.” Gonzalez, 2019 IL App (1st) 152760, ¶ 38. The jury was not required to “disregard the
natural inferences that flow normally from the evidence or search out all possible explanations
consistent with innocence and raise them to a level of reasonable doubt.” Id. ¶ 35. Here, where the
evidence shows a young woman with learning disabilities had her arms pinned to her sides by the
man she considered her uncle so that he could touch her breasts, and that man then touched them
again after she had pushed him away, the jury could reasonably infer defendant committed the acts
of sexual conduct by use of force or threat of force, and we defer to its finding.
¶ 38 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
¶ 39 Affirmed.
- 12 -