People v. Lighthart

• Court: Appellate Court of Illinois
• Decided: June 3, 2026
• Docket: 4-25-0505
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

NOTICE 2026 IL App (4th) 250505-U FILED This Order was filed under June 3, 2026 Supreme Court Rule 23 and is NO. 4-25-0505 Carla Bender not precedent except in the 4th District Appellate limited circumstances allowed IN THE APPELLATE COURT Court, IL under Rule 23(e)(1).

OF ILLINOIS

FOURTH DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of v. ) Winnebago County JESSICA LIGHTHART, ) No. 02CF3683 Defendant-Appellant. ) ) Honorable ) Scott Paccagnini, ) Judge Presiding.

JUSTICE DOHERTY delivered the judgment of the court Presiding Justice Steigmann and Justice Vancil concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶1 Held: Defendant received reasonable assistance of postconviction counsel, and the circuit court did not err in denying defendant’s sentencing claim at the second stage.

¶2 Defendant Jessica Lighthart appeals from the denial of her postconviction petition

following a third-stage evidentiary hearing. Defendant argues that (1) postconviction counsel

provided unreasonable assistance in alleging and arguing prejudice as it relates to plea counsel’s

failure to file a motion to withdraw the guilty plea, (2) the circuit court erred in dismissing at the

second stage the claim that plea counsel was ineffective for failing to present additional evidence

in mitigation at sentencing, and (3) postconviction counsel rendered unreasonable assistance by

failing to attach additional witness affidavits to the petition to support the claim that plea counsel

was ineffective in arguing mitigation at sentencing. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

¶3 I. BACKGROUND

¶4 Defendant was charged in a 15-count indictment with, among other things, multiple counts of first degree murder based on the shooting death of the victim by Markus Buchanan,

defendant’s paramour. The murder charges included counts for felony murder because the killing

occurred during an armed robbery and intentional murder (730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(1)(c) (West

2002)). The intentional murder and felony murder charges included an enhancement for

exceptionally brutal or heinous behavior indicative of wanton cruelty, carrying the possibility of a

life sentence. 730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.2(b)(2) (West 2002). The charges asserted that defendant killed

the victim (1) by injecting him with drain cleaner; (2) shooting him with the intent to kill; or

(3) during the commission of an armed robbery.

¶5 A. Guilty Plea

¶6 In 2004, defendant entered a partially negotiated guilty plea to one count of felony

murder premised on attempted armed robbery in exchange for the dismissal of all other charges

and a sentencing cap of 35 years’ imprisonment. At the hearing, plea counsel made explicit the

reason defendant chose to take the plea was because she “elected to not take the chance that she

would be found guilty of a count in the Bill of Indictment that could result in a natural life

sentence.” Defendant was thoroughly admonished regarding her right to proceed to trial, and the

sentencing court went to great lengths to ensure that her plea was knowing and voluntary.

“THE COURT: Do you have a clear head today, understand what you are

doing?

THE DEFENDANT: Yes.

THE COURT: Could you tell me then in your own words what you are

doing? What are the terms of this plea agreement?

THE DEFENDANT: Pleading guilty.

THE COURT: To what?

-2- THE DEFENDANT: To first degree felony murder.

THE COURT: What are the terms of the agreement? What’s going to

happen after you plead guilty?

THE DEFENDANT: I get a sentencing date.

THE COURT: That’s right. At the sentencing date what are the possibilities

that could happen?

THE DEFENDANT: I could get a sentence from 20 to 35 years.

THE COURT: That’s right. In the Departments of Corrections [(DOC)]?

THE COURT: All right. In fact, what the terms of this agreement are, is that

you would in fact plead guilty to Count 1 of the Bill of Indictment. The other counts

in this Bill of Indictment against you would be dismissed pursuant to that plea. This

case would then be set for sentencing hearing.

At the sentencing hearing the State could present evidence as well as you

and your counsels could present evidence. The Court will consider all that I must

consider and then enter a decision about this case. Without the cap of 35 years the

maximum sentence that you could have received on Count 1 alone would have been

60 years in the [DOC]. The minimum is unchanged, 20 years in the [DOC]. ***

*** The sentence range in Count 1 is 20 to 60 years. Because of the cap the

sentencing range then on Count 1 would be 20 to 35 years in the [DOC]. Do you

understand that?

***

-3- ***

THE COURT: At the sentencing hearing the State may in fact try to

introduce evidence that may go to some of the counts that were in fact dismissed.

Do you understand that?

THE COURT: Okay. Of course, you have a right to be present, the right to

present witnesses, and the right to cross examine witnesses through your counsel.

THE COURT: If at the sentencing hearing the Court gives you a sentence

that’s within this agreement, that means within the sentencing range of 20 to 35

years, then you will not be allowed to withdraw your plea of guilty simply because

you don’t like the sentence. Do you understand that?

THE COURT: Have you gone through the possible penalty range before,

without the plea agreement and with the plea agreement? Do you have any

questions regarding the sentencing range available to the Court?

THE DEFENDANT: No.

THE COURT: Have you had an opportunity to talk about this case, the other

charges, and what you would like to do with respect to these matters with your

attorneys?

-4- THE COURT: Do you need any additional time to speak to them before we

proceed here today?

THE COURT: Are you satisfied with their representation?

THE COURT: Miss Lighthart, do you understand that you have the absolute

right to plead not guilty to this charge, and to persist in your plea of not guilty? Do

you understand that?

THE COURT: You have a right to have a trial either before a Judge or jury.

You know what a jury trial is?

THE COURT: We will, however, have a separate sentence hearing. At that

sentencing hearing the State can again present evidence, witnesses against you. You

and your counsel can present evidence, witnesses in your favor, do you understand

that?

THE COURT: Have any promises been made to you in order to get you to

enter into this plea of guilty here today, to Count l of the Bill of Indictment, other

than the agreement that there would be a cap on this charge of 35 years in the

[DOC]?

THE DEFENDANT: No, ma’am.

-5- ***

THE COURT: Are you entering this plea of your own free will?

THE COURT: Do you have any questions about any aspect of this plea?

THE DEFENDANT: No.”

¶7 The factual basis for the plea was as follows. Defendant was 23 years old at the

time of the plea and was periodically in a dating relationship with both the victim and Buchanan

around the time of the offense. The victim was known to have access to large amounts of money,

and she and Buchanan intended to rob him. Defendant drove the victim to a house owned by Nicole

DiMaggio, where she knew Buchanan lay in wait. She had the victim carry a cooler into the house

so his hands would be occupied, thus restricting his ability to defend himself. Buchanan confronted

the victim with a handgun and proceeded to physically beat him while demanding money.

Eventually, Buchanan shot the victim. Before dying from the gunshot wound, defendant “either

did in fact or attempted to inject [the victim] with a solution that contained Drano.” Buchanan and

a friend of DiMaggio who was visiting at the time, Michael Lidster, went to purchase gasoline,

while defendant and DiMaggio cleaned up the blood and “patched *** bullet holes.” All four

wrapped the victim’s body and placed it in a Jeep that was driven to a rural field and set ablaze.

Defendant and Buchanan fled to the state of Georgia.

¶8 Plea counsel objected to the part of the factual basis asserting that defendant had

injected the victim with Drano, but counsel acknowledged that the State would be able to produce

witnesses to testify to that effect.

¶9 Defendant once again confirmed that she was pleading guilty of her “own free will”

and understood what she was doing. The sentencing court accepted the factual basis as well as the

-6- plea and agreed to be bound by the 35-year sentencing cap. Prior to defendant’s sentencing hearing,

Buchanan was separately tried and convicted of first degree murder at a bench trial.

¶ 10 B. Buchanan’s Bench Trial

¶ 11 We provide a brief overview of Buchanan’s trial below because the parties asked

the sentencing court to take judicial notice of the testimony and evidence provided there.

¶ 12 In return for waiving a jury trial, Buchanan received a 50-year sentencing cap. On

the day of trial, the State dismissed the intentional murder charges and proceeded on two counts

of felony murder. Relevant to this appeal, Rocco Wagner testified that he was an investigator for

the Winnebago County Sheriff’s Office and that he interviewed Buchanan after he was detained

by federal agents. Buchanan had given statements that were read into the record. Buchanan stated

that it was defendant’s idea to rob the victim. Defendant called Buchanan on the day of the offense

and told him that the victim was picking her up, and Buchanan told her he was going to be at

DiMaggio’s house. Defendant had the victim carry something into the house; he brought the item

to the kitchen, where Buchanan confronted him. Defendant had told Buchanan that the victim

carried drugs, money, and a pistol, and she suggested robbing him of his money. At some point,

the victim “rushed” Buchanan and in the process was shot twice. After that, DiMaggio injected

the victim with Drano in the arm and the neck.

¶ 13 DiMaggio testified under a cooperation agreement with the State. She stated that

defendant brought the victim to her house, where Buchanan was waiting for him. Once the victim

came into the house and put down what he was carrying, Buchanan emerged from the kitchen,

pointing a gun and demanding money and cocaine. She eventually heard a “scuffle,” followed by

three gunshots. Buchanan and defendant then forced DiMaggio and Lidster to sit in the living room

and asked for suggestions to “kill *** off” the victim. DiMaggio believed that Buchanan was going

-7- to shoot her and Lidster and suggested poison and Drano to make Buchanan think she was on his

side. After she suggested injecting the victim with Drano, Buchanan told her to “go do it.”

¶ 14 Once all the materials were collected, DiMaggio refused to fill the syringe with

Drano, but she eventually tried to do so without success. Buchanan then mixed the Drano with

water and then directed DiMaggio to fill the syringe with the solution. Defendant kept telling

DiMaggio to inject the victim. DiMaggio grabbed the victim’s right arm, and it was cold to the

touch. She inserted the needle under the skin but did not push the plunger on the syringe. DiMaggio

then pulled the syringe out, put the cap over the needle, and told Buchanan she would not inject

the victim. Defendant then grabbed the syringe off the table, pushed DiMaggio out of the way,

removed the cap, stuck the needle into the victim’s neck, and pushed down the plunger on the

syringe. Approximately 20 minutes later, the victim stopped breathing. DiMaggio never called the

police because she believed Buchanan’s threat that he would kill her if she did.

¶ 15 A forensic pathologist testified that the victim died from the gunshot wounds.

¶ 16 Buchanan was convicted on two counts of first degree felony murder and sentenced

to 50 years’ imprisonment.

¶ 17 C. Sentencing

¶ 18 The current matter proceeded to sentencing. Relevant on appeal, defendant

presented two witnesses, her mother Dawn Shoeneck and her cousin Amber Kellaney. Generally,

they testified that Buchanan had abused, stalked, and isolated defendant over the two years

preceding the murder. Plea counsel introduced a photo into evidence depicting substantial bruising

of defendant’s face following an incident of abuse from Buchanan. In addition to general facial

bruising, defendant had two black eyes, with the bruising to her left eye covering the majority of

the orbital socket.

-8- ¶ 19 Kellaney stated that there was an incident where Buchanan “pistol-whipped”

defendant, leaving injuries to her face. She also witnessed Buchanan push and hit defendant in the

face on another occasion. Moreover, Buchanan lived with defendant, Kellaney’s mother, and

Kellaney at one point in time. She knew him to carry a handgun. Buchanan threatened Kellaney

and members of her extended family with physical violence.

¶ 20 Schoeneck testified that Buchanan would stalk defendant while she was at the

house visiting with family. He would watch the house from a vehicle down the street. He would

call the house repeatedly to talk to defendant and demand that she leave. Defendant would tell

Schoeneck, “ ‘Mom, I gotta go so nothing will happen.’ ” Schoeneck saw bruising and marking

on defendant and was told it was from arguments with Buchanan. She also described how

defendant stated that she was “pistol-whipped” by Buchanan and the injuries sustained. Schoeneck

believed that at one point defendant had an order of protection against Buchanan.

¶ 21 Both Kellaney and Schoeneck identified defendant in the photograph that depicted

her with abnormal facial bruising. They stated that they had witnessed those injuries and others

during defendant’s relationship with Buchanan.

¶ 22 Plea counsel also attempted to call defendant’s minor son to the stand. The

sentencing court asked the child if he knew “the difference between telling a lie and telling the

truth,” and the child answered, “No.” The court ruled the minor would not be allowed to testify

because of his inability to distinguish between a lie and the truth.

¶ 23 When defense counsel indicated that she did not intend to call any other witnesses,

the sentencing court turned to defendant to determine whether she wished to testify. Defendant

stated that she did not. The court then admonished defendant that she had the right to testify and it

was her choice. Further, the court questioned whether defendant had been threatened or promised

-9- anything in return for not testifying and whether defense counsel had told her that she could not

testify. Defendant stated no and acknowledged she was making the decision not to testify freely

and voluntarily.

¶ 24 In a statement of facts submitted to the sentencing court by the State, it was alleged

that when DiMaggio refused to inject the victim with Drano, defendant grabbed the syringe out of

her hand, “plunged the needle into the victim’s neck,” and pushed down the plunger in the syringe,

emptying the Drano into the victim. Accompanied by DiMaggio, defendant drove the Jeep carrying

the victim’s body to a farm field where they soaked the vehicle in gasoline and set it on fire. When

defendant was eventually arrested, she provided three statements to police, detailing her

involvement in the murder. Those inculpatory statements were the subject of an abandoned motion

to suppress (and subsequently attached to a State’s motion to dismiss during postconviction

proceedings).

¶ 25 In allocution, defendant stated that “for the last two-and-a half years ,” she had been

“under the shadow of [Buchanan]” and regretted what had happened and how her fear kept her

from acting responsibly. She spent the majority of her relationship with Buchanan in “fear of [her]

own life.”

¶ 26 Plea counsel referenced the picture of defendant with a badly bruised face following

abuse from Buchanan and asked the sentencing court to take judicial notice of the testimony at

Buchanan’s bench trial. The State agreed that judicial notice was appropriate. Counsel argued that

defendant feared for her life during the incident, an assertion supported by DiMaggio’s testimony.

Counsel asked the court to consider in mitigation that defendant’s conduct was compelled by

someone else. Counsel requested that the court impose the minimum sentence.

¶ 27 The State asked for the maximum 35-year sentence, noting defendant’s significant

- 10 - criminal history. The State argued that, although defendant was in an abusive relationship, she had

opportunities to stop the series of events or to escape but never did. But for defendant’s actions,

the victim would never have been murdered. Defendant aided in covering up the crime and plunged

a syringe containing Drano into the victim’s neck. Furthermore, the evidence from Buchanan’s

trial showed that defendant was a willing participant.

¶ 28 The sentencing court took a brief recess and then issued defendant’s sentence from

the bench. The court found that this incident was a tragedy for both the victim’s family and

defendant’s. However, unlike the victim, defendant “participated in the destruction of her life.”

The court recounted defendant’s criminal history and the opportunities of which she failed to take

advantage to change her life. The court further stated that it accepted “the testimony that you’ve

been the victim of violence at [Buchanan’s] hands and that seems to be clear. However the

relationship is complex, and it’s very difficult for the Court to get a feel for all the dimensions of

this relationship.” The court further found:

“Part of the testimony that I heard was [Buchanan] was leaving to move down to

Atlanta with some other woman, and at one point in your relationship you were

having a relationship with another individual too. So while there certainly appears

to have been force as part of your relationship and a degree of violence, at some

point in time you were not in a relationship with him and started up a relationship

with [the victim].

Because it is clear, and it has been stated, but for you this never would have

happened as it did. But you bringing *** [the victim] over to the residence, he

wouldn’t have been there. It was you who brought him over to the residence that

fateful night, and it was you who brought him over to the residence for the purpose

- 11 - of conducting this robbery. It was you that made sure his hands were full of a heavy

object so that [Buchanan] could get the jump on him with the gun. *** Buchanan

wasn’t there then.

Yes, you didn’t pull the trigger, but you did set up this offense. *** And

then, after he was fatally shot, you took the syringe, when you and the others were

talking about how you could kill [the victim] off, how you could make sure he was

truly dead, you took the syringe and plunged it into his neck. You did that.

I certainly do not find that you acted under strong provocation. Even though

you have presented evidence of [Buchanan’s] violent nature, I do not find that this

violent nature was in a level of strong provocation to justify or excuse your behavior

in any way. *** In fact, according to your witnesses, you had an order of protection

at one time. Whether that’s true or not, you certainly had the capacity to put yourself

in a safe position and to put your family in a safe position without participating in

the murder of [the victim]. You chose not to take that route, and for that you’ll be

forever responsible.

I do not find that you acted under strong provocation. I do not find there are

substantial grounds tending to excuse or justify your criminal conduct although

failing to establish a defense.

I do not find that your criminal conduct was induced or facilitated by

someone other than yourself. Even though your testimony, the testimony that I’ve

heard has been, as I’ve stated, regarding the violent nature of your relationship with

- 12 - [Buchanan], I do not find that that is a factor in this particular incident. In fact, it

appears that it’s your information regarding [the victim] carrying around money

and cocaine that you relayed to [Buchanan] that that facilitated or induced this

offense.”

¶ 29 After commenting that the offense “was a pretty cold, calculated crime,” the

sentencing court imposed the maximum sentence of 35 years’ imprisonment. The court then

admonished defendant that if she wanted to appeal, she had to file a motion to withdraw her guilty

plea within 30 days and that, if such a motion was granted, the State could then reinstate all

previously dismissed charges. A failure to file the motion within the time provided would result in

the loss of her right to appeal. Defendant stated that she understood.

¶ 30 D. Postjudgment Motions

¶ 31 Defense counsel immediately filed a motion to reconsider defendant’s sentence,

arguing that imposing the maximum sentence under the agreed cap was excessive. The sentencing

court denied the motion.

¶ 32 Defendant then filed an untimely pro se motion to withdraw her guilty plea.

Following amendment, the pleading alleged ineffective assistance of plea counsel for, among other

things, failing to develop the compulsion defense based on the abuse by Buchanan. Although the

motion was untimely, the matter proceeded to a hearing. At that hearing, defendant acknowledged

that she agreed to a plea deal capped at 35 years of incarceration in lieu of facing charges that

could have carried a sentence of natural life imprisonment. Nonetheless, she wanted plea counsel

to pursue a compulsion defense because of the severe and almost daily abuse she suffered at the

hands of Buchanan. Counsel “looked into a few things” and retained an expert witness, who

interviewed defendant. However, following the interview, counsel informed her “it wasn’t going

- 13 - to do any good and that there wasn’t nothing he could do.” Essentially, defendant testified that

counsel failed to sufficiently argue the compulsion factor in mitigation at sentencing and that she

felt pressured into pleading guilty because counsel failed to pursue the compulsion defense.

Defendant stated that Buchanan used to “beat [her] severely every day nonstop and force [her] into

doing a lot of things” that she never would have done. At the time of the offenses in question,

Buchanan held a gun against her head and made her “do a lot of stuff.” When pressed on that

assertion, she clarified that it did not have anything to do with the victim but rather during the

removal of the body and cleanup of the scene “everybody was being held at gunpoint.”

¶ 33 In relation to the plea deal, defendant testified that plea counsel informed her that

although the sentencing range for the guilty plea was 20 to 35 years, defendant would receive the

minimum 20 year sentence. Defendant acknowledged her answers to the thorough admonishments

by the sentencing court during the plea hearing but maintained she answered that way because plea

counsel had told her she was going to get the minimum sentence. After receiving the maximum

sentence, defendant asked counsel, “[W]hat just happened?” and counsel stated she would talk to

her in a minute, “ ‘that was not supposed to happen.’ ”

¶ 34 Plea counsel, Kristine Peshek, testified. She and defendant had discussed a defense

of compulsion regarding the abuse from Buchanan. Peshek hired an expert witness to interview

defendant in order to corroborate the compulsion defense. However, the testimony of the expert

regarding the defense was “ambivalent.” While “[t]here were some things that could have been

helpful,” there were “other things that definitely would not have been helpful.” Had the case gone

to trial, Peshek may have opted to forgo the expert testimony and instead call witnesses who

observed domestic violence between defendant and Buchanan.

¶ 35 Peshek had discussed the compulsion defense with defendant and reviewed the

- 14 - report from the retained expert with her. Relating to plea deals, Peshek “consistently told

[defendant] it was her decision whether she wanted to go to trial or not and we would go along

with what her decision would be, but we also gave her our advice as attorneys as to what we

thought would be in her best interests.” She discussed the State’s offers with defendant, explaining

that the offer for 27 years’ imprisonment was a “definite disposition,” while the “cap” left open a

range of penalties to be imposed by the circuit court.

¶ 36 The day before the plea hearing, Peshek and another defense attorney, Shelton

Green, met with defendant at the jail for about an hour and again in her holding cell immediately

before the hearing to go over the plea details and ensure defendant understood what she was doing.

Peshek denied ever telling defendant the plea deal was for a definite term of 20 years, that she was

going to get the minimum, or that after sentencing “that was not supposed to happen.” After

defendant was sentenced, Peshek discussed filing the motion to reconsider the sentence with

defendant.

¶ 37 The circuit court summarized the issues presented as whether defendant was

compelled to plead guilty because defense counsel had failed to investigate the compulsion defense

and whether counsel promised defendant she would receive the minimum 20-year sentence. The

court did not find defendant’s testimony credible and found that counsel had investigated the

compulsion defense and discussed it with her. Moreover, counsel’s advice to defendant about the

nature of the plea was consistent with the court’s admonishments at the plea hearing. While it was

“clear [defendant] doesn’t like the sentence,” counsel was not ineffective, so defendant’s motion

to withdraw her guilty plea was denied.

¶ 38 E. Attempt at Direct Appeal

¶ 39 Defendant pursued a direct appeal, but it was dismissed for lack of jurisdiction due

- 15 - to the untimely motion to withdraw the guilty plea. People v. Lighthart, 367 Ill. App. 3d 1103

(2006) (table) (unpublished order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23); see Ill S. Ct. R. 604(d)

(eff. Dec. 13, 2005) (“No appeal shall be taken upon a negotiated plea of guilty challenging the

sentence as excessive unless the defendant, within 30 days of the imposition of sentence, files a

motion to withdraw the plea of guilty and vacate the judgment.”). No petition for leave to appeal

was filed with the Illinois Supreme Court.

¶ 40 F. Postconviction Proceedings

¶ 41 In 2007, defendant filed a pro se postconviction petition pursuant to the Post-

Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2006)). She alleged ineffective

assistance of counsel based on (1) a failure to investigate a compulsion defense grounded in the

occurrences of domestic violence, (2) a deficiency during the negotiation of her guilty plea, and

(3) the loss of her direct appeal rights.

¶ 42 The circuit court dismissed the petition at the first stage as frivolous and patently

without merit, but the appellate court found the gist of a constitutional claim had been alleged and

reversed the dismissal. People v. Lighthart, 391 Ill. App. 3d 1129 (2009) (table) (unpublished order

under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23). The matter was remanded and defendant was appointed

counsel.

¶ 43 There was then an “inexcusable and unconscionable 11½-year delay in the second

stage proceedings following that initial appointment of counsel.” People v. Lighthart, 2023 IL

128398, ¶ 23. Following the appointment of two different attorneys and defendant hiring private

counsel, in 2020, a supplement to the amended postconviction petition was filed and refined the

same arguments made in the earlier petition.

¶ 44 The State filed a motion to dismiss, arguing that the petition was untimely because

- 16 - defendant did not appeal the dismissal of her direct appeal and did not file the postconviction

petition within six months of the date to appeal the dismissal. See 725 ILCS 5/122-1(c) (West

2006). The circuit court agreed and dismissed the petition in April 2021.

¶ 45 On appeal, the appellate court affirmed the circuit court’s judgment. People v.

Lighthart, 2022 IL App (2d) 210197, ¶ 51.

¶ 46 The Illinois Supreme Court reversed. Lighthart, 2023 IL 128398, ¶ 80. The court

found that while, pursuant to section 122-1(c), defendant’s petition was untimely, “under the

unique circumstances presented in this case, [defendant] could not have been culpably negligent

in failing to file her petition within that six-month period,” and thus, the dismissal of the circuit

court was reversed and the matter was remanded with instructions that defendant be allowed to

amend the petition to plead “her lack of culpable negligence.” Id. ¶ 79.

¶ 47 1. Second-Stage Proceedings Following Remand

¶ 48 On remand, an amended supplemental petition was filed, alleging, among other

things, that plea counsel was ineffective for failing to interview and investigate available witnesses

whose testimony would have supported the compulsion defense and for failing to file the

appropriate postjudgment motion to preserve defendant’s direct appeal rights. Defendant alleged

that her lack of culpable negligence in belatedly filing the petition, and that subject is not at issue

in this appeal. Attached to the petition was the affidavit of Nicole Floyd, attesting that Buchanan

was her cousin and defendant was her best friend. She knew Buchanan to be a violent person and

witnessed bruising on defendant’s face and saw Buchanan strike her. Buchanan stalked defendant,

who was afraid Buchanan would follow through on the threats he had made against her family.

When Floyd saw Buchanan strike defendant, she tried to intervene, and Buchanan attempted to

choke her. Floyd did not believe defendant would have set up the robbery of the victim. Floyd

- 17 - spoke to police after the murder but was never contacted or interviewed by plea counsel or her

investigator, although she was available as a witness.

¶ 49 The State renewed its motion to dismiss and attached the interview reports of plea

counsel’s investigator showing that nine witnesses had been interviewed in relation to the

compulsion defense: Amy Kellaney, Sandy Kellaney, Reynold Lighthart, Brendon Lighthart, Janet

Lighthart, Lori Lighthart, Willie Lighthart, Dawn Schoeneck, and Amber Kellaney. Generally, all

the reports depict the violent nature of the relationship between defendant and Buchanan, with the

witnesses recounting bruising and incidents of violence ranging from a “pistol-whipping” to

choking and striking defendant. Lori described an incident where she drove to get defendant

because Buchanan had beaten her and locked her outside with no shoes or keys after breaking all

of her car windows. The witnesses all stated that when they attempted to get defendant to leave

Buchanan or call police, she refused based on his threats and her fear that he would follow through

on them. The motion was later supplemented with the attached statements to police from

defendant, Buchanan, DiMaggio, and Lidster.

¶ 50 2. Operative Postconviction Petition

¶ 51 Following the State’s motion to dismiss, postconviction counsel filed an amended

supplemental postconviction petition. This petition incorporated the claims made in the pro se

petition filed in 2007 and the amended petition in 2018. In total, defendant advanced seven claims

that plea counsel was ineffective in the following respects: (1) failing to investigate the use of a

compulsion defense at trial; (2) failing to investigate and interview witnesses regarding abuse

defendant suffered from Buchanan; (3) spending inadequate time with defendant reviewing case

materials prior to sentencing, (4) failing to review the presentence investigation report and

statement of facts with defendant prior to sentencing, (5) not introducing additional evidence of

- 18 - domestic abuse at sentencing, (6) advising defendant to turn down a plea deal of 27 years’

imprisonment, and (7) failing to file a motion to withdraw the guilty plea. Regarding the claim that

plea counsel should have introduced additional evidence of domestic abuse at sentencing,

defendant pointed to her own affidavit and that of Nicole Floyd as additional support for the

mitigating factor outlined in section 5-5-3.1(a)(15) of the Unified Code of Corrections (Code) (730

ILCS 5/5-5-3.1(a)(15) (West 2016)) (domestic violence). Regarding the claim that plea counsel

failed to investigate and interview witnesses to establish the compulsion defense, she attached the

affidavits of Floyd, William Lighthart, and Lori Lighthart, and she also referenced her own

affidavits. All described the abusive relationship between defendant and Buchanan.

¶ 52 3. Circuit Court’s Order—Second Stage

¶ 53 Following second-stage proceedings, the circuit court dismissed certain claims

while advancing others to a third-stage evidentiary hearing. Relevant on appeal, the court found

the claims that counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion to withdraw the guilty plea and

that counsel failed to adequately investigate and interview witnesses regarding domestic abuse

suffered by defendant were sufficient to move to the third stage. The court found that the claim

that plea counsel failed to investigate the compulsion defense was waived by the guilty plea.

¶ 54 The circuit court also dismissed the claim that plea counsel was ineffective for

failing to submit additional evidence at sentencing showing that defendant suffered domestic abuse

by Buchanan. The court reiterated statements from the sentencing court that showed it had

accepted defendant was the victim of domestic violence and that, but for her actions, the victim

would not have been lured to his death. The court found that additional evidence or testimony on

the topic of domestic violence would not have changed the outcome, so plea counsel was not

objectively unreasonable for failing to present additional witness testimony on that subject. The

- 19 - court noted that it was barred by the framework of the Act from considering the interviews attached

to the State’s motion to dismiss because they did not otherwise appear in the record. See People v.

Overton, 2023 IL App (4th) 230110, ¶ 64 (noting that the State cannot support a motion to dismiss

with material not contained in the record). However, the evidence would be considered at the third

stage.

¶ 55 4. Third-Stage Proceedings

¶ 56 The matter proceeded to the third stage, where defendant testified that she had told

plea counsel that Floyd had witnessed “a lot of the abuse” inflicted on her by Buchanan. She said

that, after she received her sentence, she immediately leaned across the table and told plea counsel

that she wanted to appeal. Defendant acknowledged her answers to the sentencing court during the

guilty plea admonishments. Defendant also acknowledged she was asked and similarly responded

to questions about her plea admonishments at the hearing on the motion to withdraw her guilty

plea. During the questioning on this topic, the following transpired.

“Q. [(ASSISTANT STATE’S ATTORNEY:)] The judge asked you if your

plea was of your own free will, correct?

A. [(DEFENDANT:)] Yes.

Q. And you responded yes.

A. Yes.

Q. And you said that the reason you responded that way was because you

were thinking you were going to get 20 years, correct?

A. Yeah.

Q. So if you’d gotten the minimum sentence, your plea would have been

freely of your own free will, correct?

- 20 - A. Yeah, I guess.”

¶ 57 Nicole Floyd testified, and her testimony was consistent with her affidavit.

¶ 58 Bradley Stallings testified that he was the defense investigator in defendant’s case

and had prepared reports that summarized interviews of, among others, Lori and William

Lighthart. He reviewed all nine interviews that had been attached to the State’s motion to dismiss

and stated that he conducted those interviews at the request of plea counsel. The content of the

interviews revolved around the relationship between defendant and Buchanan. He reviewed a

State’s witness list and noted that Floyd was listed as a witness with two possible addresses. He

noted that, at the time the trial was conducted, it was usually more difficult to find such a witness,

as multiple addresses often meant that the witness was frequently on the move and that the listed

addresses were not valid. He had no personal recollection of being asked to interview Floyd, and

approximately a year prior, he had destroyed all records from the case that would have noted

whether he was looking for Floyd. At the time of the third-stage hearing, the records would have

been over 20 years old. He had worked with plea counsel on “[d]ozens” of cases and often attended

client interviews, and he never heard her promise a specific sentence or a specific result during

any of those meetings.

¶ 59 Shelton Green previously worked as a felony trial attorney for the Winnebago

County Public Defender’s Office and worked on defendant’s case. He would never tell a defendant

that they were not permitted to take a plea deal. He did not remember plea counsel having a

conversation with defendant telling her not to take a plea deal. He also did not remember ever

telling defendant that she would receive the minimum sentence in the agreed-to range and stated

that he did not think it would ever be appropriate to tell a defendant that. When reviewing

defendant’s case file, he found a piece of paper with a list of witnesses on it that contained a note,

- 21 - “Nicole Floyd—if can find.” He was not involved in the preparation of postjudgment motions.

¶ 60 Peshek testified and identified supplemental answers to the State’s motion for

disclosure that revealed her intention to pursue a compulsion defense should the matter have

proceeded to trial. She had retained an expert witness to corroborate the affirmative defense, but

the expert’s findings were that although defendant “had been through considerable abuse in her

relationship,” she was not completely under his dominion, as “she was free to leave and go hang

out with friends or do other things.” Peshek stated the expert opinion had both good and bad

findings in relation to the compulsion defense. Peshek had also developed numerous lay witnesses

in support of the compulsion defense. Additional supplemental disclosures showed that the defense

intended to call Dr. Kirk Witherspoon as an expert witness and listed an additional 10 lay

witnesses. The lay witnesses would have all been offered to support the compulsion defense.

¶ 61 Peshek had asked Stallings to locate Floyd because it seemed that she had

information about defendant’s relationship with Buchanan and the victim. Stallings could not find

Floyd. Had Floyd testified consistently with her affidavit, the testimony would have some impact

on the compulsion defense, but the proposed testimony “was largely cumulative of what the other

witnesses would say.”

¶ 62 Peshek had discussed the strengths and weaknesses of defendant’s case with her,

including the compulsion defense and its viability. A weakness of the compulsion defense was that

it did not apply to the intentional murder charges defendant was facing and may not have applied

at all because of the active role defendant played in the victim’s death. Peshek never told defendant

she was not allowed to accept a guilty plea, and defendant later accepted a plea with a cap of 35

years. When asked whether the plea was actually an agreement that defendant would receive the

bare minimum 20-year sentence, Peshek stated, “Why would I do that? If I had [a] guarantee that

- 22 - she was going to get 20 years, I would have marched her in here in front of Judge Collins and pled

for 20 years.” Peshek never promised defendant she would get the minimum, only that she would

argue for it. Defendant and Peshek had met before the plea hearing to discuss the nature of the plea

and the questions the judge would ask at the hearing.

¶ 63 After sentencing, defendant was furious. Peshek could not recall discussing a

motion to withdraw the guilty plea with defendant. If defendant wanted to challenge the sentence

without vacating the plea, a motion to reconsider the sentence would have been appropriate. She

would not have filed the motion to reconsider the sentence unless she was asked to do so. While

Peshek could not recall postjudgment discussions regarding what motion to file, she did not see a

basis to withdraw the guilty plea because

“Judge Collins did a prolonged and detailed plea colloquy with [defendant]

where she had her explain in her own words what she thought was going to be

happening here, what she thought she was going to get, did she understand the

charges, did she understand her rights, and [defendant] agreed to each of the

questions that Judge Collins asked her. It was one of the more extended plea

colloquies I’ve ever attended in Illinois.”

¶ 64 On cross-examination, Peshek clarified that she never interviewed Floyd because

they could not locate her. She could not recall if defendant asked her to appeal the sentence but, as

a matter of course, she normally appealed “in all murder cases anyway.” When asked if she filed

the wrong postjudgment motion, Peshek stated that “the usual reason why I would file a

reconsideration motion was at the defendant’s request.”

¶ 65 During argument, postconviction counsel asserted that defendant had established

prejudice because she was deprived of her right to a direct appeal, citing People v. Thomas, 292

- 23 - Ill. App. 3d 891 (1997), and People v. Ross, 229 Ill. 2d 255 (2008). Regarding Floyd’s testimony,

counsel argued that her testimony would have carried more weight since she was not a family

member of defendant and instead was related to Buchanan.

¶ 66 5. Circuit Court Order—Third Stage

¶ 67 Following argument from counsel, the circuit court took the matter under

advisement and issued a 37-page written opinion and order denying defendant relief. The court

found that defendant had failed to make a substantial showing of a constitutional violation as it

related to counsel filing a motion to reconsider sentence instead of a motion to withdraw the guilty

plea. The court found that defendant’s claim regarding her directive to plea counsel to appeal had

“evolved over time.” The court then summarized the pleadings and testimony at the various

hearings, noting that the claim had evolved from counsel failing to file the motion to withdraw her

plea as requested, to counsel failing to inform defendant of her right to file a motion to withdraw

and file a Rule 604(d) certificate, to defendant leaning over and telling counsel immediately after

learning of her sentence that she wanted to appeal.

¶ 68 The circuit court found that defendant could not establish prejudice because she did

not allege a valid basis to withdraw her guilty plea. The court stated that this was “not surprising”

in light of (1) the meticulous plea hearing admonishments, (2) the clear evidence of defendant’s

guilt, and (3) the lack of a meritorious defense. The court concluded that the ends of justice would

not be better served by holding a trial. The court noted that the compulsion defense would not have

applied to the intentional murder charges and that, without the plea, defendant would have been at

risk of being sentenced to a term of natural life imprisonment.

¶ 69 Moreover, defendant was aware of the compulsion defense at the time of the plea,

as she and plea counsel had discussed it extensively, but she did not want to take the chance with

- 24 - a jury trial that could result in a natural life sentence. The circuit court found that “defendant clearly

is upset that she got the maximum sentence under the agreement, which is why *** Peshek filed a

motion to reconsider the defendant’s sentence.”

¶ 70 This appeal followed.

¶ 71 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 72 Defendant presents multiple contentions of error on appeal. She argues that

postconviction counsel provided unreasonable assistance for failing to make necessary

amendments to the postconviction petition to establish prejudice based on the failure of plea

counsel to file a motion to withdraw the guilty plea. Although this claim was argued at a third-

stage evidentiary hearing, defendant also seeks reversal for counsel’s failure to amend the claim

at the second stage. She also argues that the circuit court erred in dismissing, at the second stage,

her claim that plea counsel was ineffective for failing to submit additional evidence in mitigation

at sentencing related to the domestic abuse suffered at the hands of Buchanan. Alternatively,

defendant argues that postconviction counsel provided unreasonable assistance in failing to attach

the nine witness affidavits and an affidavit from an expert witness to adequately present the claim

that plea counsel was ineffective for failing to elicit additional domestic abuse testimony in

mitigation at sentencing.

¶ 73 A. The Act

¶ 74 Under the Act, a criminal defendant can allege violations of a constitutional nature

to collaterally attack a conviction. People v. Domagala, 2013 IL 113688, ¶ 32. Relevant here,

defendant alleges ineffective assistance of plea counsel in her petition, claims that are evaluated

on the merits under the familiar two-prong Strickland test. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,

686 (1984). The framework of the Act provides for three stages of review. Domagala, 2013 IL

- 25 - 113688, ¶ 32. Relevant here are the second and third stages.

¶ 75 At the second stage, counsel is appointed, and the State may answer or file a motion

to dismiss the petition. 725 ILCS 5/122-4, 122-5 (West 2022). While there is no constitutional

guarantee to effective representation during the proceedings, statute requires that counsel provide

reasonable assistance at all stages. See People v. Cotto, 2016 IL 119006, ¶¶ 29-30, 41. To ensure

reasonable representation, appointed postconviction counsel must comply with the standards set

forth in Illinois Supreme Court Rule 651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017). People v. Huff, 2024 IL 128492,

¶ 22. Pertinent here, the rule requires that counsel make “any amendments to the petitions filed

pro se that are necessary for an adequate presentation” of those claims. Ill. S. Ct. R. 651(c) (eff.

July 1, 2017). The circuit court must ultimately determine whether the petition and the

accompanying documentation establish a “ “substantial showing of a constitutional violation’ ” at

the second stage. Domagala, 2013 IL 113688, ¶ 33 (quoting People v. Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d 239,

246 (2001)).

¶ 76 At the third stage, the circuit court must determine whether the defendant

established by a preponderance of the evidence that a constitutional violation occurred and thereby

is entitled to relief. People v. Harris, 2025 IL 130351, ¶ 40.

¶ 77 B. Motion to Withdraw and the Assistance of Plea Counsel

¶ 78 1. Standard of Review

¶ 79 Initially, the parties debate the appropriate standard of review. Defendant argues

that she is challenging the reasonableness of postconviction counsel’s assistance and asserts that

de novo review is appropriate. See People v. Coons, 2024 IL App (4th) 230552, ¶ 34 (noting the

standard of review following a challenge to a circuit court’s findings at the third stage is for

manifest error, while the standard of review to assess reasonable assistance of postconviction

- 26 - counsel is de novo). The State argues that because the matter received an evidentiary hearing, the

appropriate standard of review is to determine whether manifest error occurred. Having reviewed

defendant’s arguments under this heading, it is apparent that she is contending postconviction

counsel provided unreasonable assistance in asserting prejudice, a matter reviewed de novo. Id.

¶ 80 2. Merits

¶ 81 Entering into a guilty plea is a consequential act “that is not reversible at the

defendant’s whim.” People v. Reed, 2020 IL 124940, ¶ 47. It is well established that a voluntary

guilty plea “waives all nonjurisdictional defenses or defects.” People v. Horton, 143 Ill. 2d 11, 22

(1991). Leave to withdraw a plea of guilty will not be granted where a defendant becomes

dissatisfied with the plea and is appropriate only “ ‘as required to correct a manifest injustice.’ ”

Reed, 2020 IL 124940, ¶ 47 (quoting People v. Evans, 174 Ill. 2d 320, 326 (1996)). “[A] defendant

must establish a manifest injustice under the facts involved.” People v. Burge, 2021 IL 125642,

¶ 37. A manifest injustice exists where a guilty plea was entered “through a misapprehension of

the facts or law or where there is doubt as to the guilt of the accused and justice would be better

served by conducting a trial.” Id.

¶ 82 Prejudice in a claim for ineffective assistance of plea counsel in the guilty plea

context requires that the defendant show “a reasonable probability that, absent counsel’s alleged

errors, the defendant would have pled not guilty and insisted on going to trial.” People v. Agee,

2023 IL 128413, ¶ 51. To that end, our supreme court has directed that “a guilty plea defendant’s

claim of counsel’s incompetence concerning a matter of defense strategy must be accompanied by

either a claim of innocence or the articulation of a plausible defense that could have been raised at

trial.” Id. Further, under Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59 (1985), “the question of whether

counsel’s deficient representation caused the defendant to plead guilty depends in large part on

- 27 - predicting whether the defendant likely would have been successful at trial.” Agee, 2023 IL

128413, ¶ 51.

¶ 83 Defendant’s contention of postconviction counsel’s errors under this heading is

twofold. She argues that counsel rendered unreasonable assistance at both the second and third

stages by failing to properly allege and argue the prejudice prong. More specifically, she argues

that she “suffer[ed] a manifest injustice, as there was significant doubt of her guilt (including a

meritorious defense to certain charges against her), and justice would be better served by taking

her case to trial.” She asks that in the interests of judicial economy, we find that she suffered

prejudice and grant her postconviction petition. We note that the parties argue over the application

of Rule 651(c) at the third stage, but we find that we need not address that issue to resolve the

argument presented.

¶ 84 Defendant is correct in her assertion that postconviction counsel failed to properly

allege prejudice in relation to counsel’s ineffectiveness for the failure to file a motion to withdraw

at the second stage and then failed to put forth a viable argument on the same point at the third-

stage hearing. As noted above, defendant was required to show that she would have been able to

assert grounds that had a reasonable probability of success if she had filed a motion to withdraw

her plea.

¶ 85 Defendant argues that postconviction counsel should have alleged that there was an

affirmative defense to the majority of charges that she faced and that she would have been better

served by litigating that defense at trial. She contends this argument is sufficient to establish

prejudice. However, this assertion causes this court to pause and review the legal framework under

which we review such claims.

¶ 86 Starting with the core concept that a guilty plea waives all nonjurisdictional defects

- 28 - and defenses that preceded it (see People v. Jones, 2021 IL 126432, ¶ 20), the record here is clear

that defendant was well aware of the defense of compulsion and discussed it at length with plea

counsel. Her attorney investigated the defense, submitted it to the State as an affirmative defense

to be asserted at trial, interviewed at least 10 witnesses, and retained an expert witness to

corroborate it. By entering her guilty plea, defendant waived the defense, and she is now foreclosed

from asserting it as a ground to withdraw her guilty plea.

¶ 87 Looking at Agee and a subsequent case, People v. Williams, 2025 IL 129718, our

supreme court is clear that under Hill, when a defendant articulates a plausible defense, we must

then determine whether there is a probability the defense would have been successful at trial.

¶ 88 In Hill, the Court stated that “[i]n many guilty plea cases, the ‘prejudice’ inquiry

will closely resemble the inquiry engaged in by courts reviewing ineffective-assistance challenges

to convictions obtained through a trial.” Hill, 474 U.S. at 59. Specifically, the Court then opined,

“where the alleged error of counsel is a failure to advise the defendant of a potential affirmative

defense to the crime charged, the resolution of the ‘prejudice’ inquiry will depend largely on

whether the affirmative defense likely would have succeeded at trial.” (Emphasis added.) Id. This

passage from Hill makes clear that the type of defense that is being referred to is one that was

never mentioned by counsel to the defendant or conceivably, at the minimum, a defendant received

advice about the defense that was outside the range of competence expected of criminal defense

attorneys.

¶ 89 We note that defendant does not raise on appeal the propriety of the circuit court’s

second-stage dismissal of her claim that counsel inadequately investigated the affirmative defense

of compulsion (as distinct from her separate claim, discussed below, that counsel was ineffective

for not offering additional evidence of domestic abuse at her sentencing hearing). However, even

- 29 - if a claim of inadequate investigation had advanced to the third stage, the totality of the evidence

from the proceedings in this matter shows that the defense was thoroughly pursued and articulated

to defendant before her plea. Therefore, defendant had no basis to claim plea counsel did not advise

her of the affirmative defense of compulsion or that the advice she received from counsel as to this

defense was not “ ‘within the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.’ ”

Tollett v. Henderson, 411 U.S. 258, 266 (1973) (quoting McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759,

771 (1970)).

¶ 90 Considering the facts of this case, plea counsel’s investigation of a possible

compulsion defense and defendant’s awareness of it preceded her decision to plead guilty. Having

so pleaded, the existence of a possible compulsion defense—one already known to her—simply

would not provide a basis to withdraw her plea. This is not a case in which plea counsel failed to

investigate the defense at all prior to defendant’s plea or failed to advise her of it. This is the crucial

consideration in evaluating defendant’s postconviction claim rooted in a claim of ineffectiveness.

¶ 91 Further, based on the facts of the case, it is dubious at best that the compulsion

defense would have prevented defendant’s conviction on the felony murder charges where she had

an opportunity to flee or end the scheme. See People v. Scherzer, 179 Ill. App. 3d 624, 645-46

(1989) (“The defense of compulsion is not available to one who passes up an opportunity to

withdraw from the criminal enterprise.”). Moreover, the defense could not be raised against the

intentional murder charges. The contention by defendant that these same charges against Buchanan

were dismissed before his trial have no impact on our analysis here. We also do not find that the

State’s mention of the availability of a compulsion defense for DiMaggio at Buchanan’s trial has

any bearing on the availability of that defense for defendant, as the evidence at that trial and the

record here establishes that the individual circumstances were factually distinguishable.

- 30 - Furthermore, we disagree that justice would be better served by allowing defendant to proceed to

trial where she herself decided to forgo it so that she might avoid the possibility of a natural life

sentence.

¶ 92 The parties dispute the application of People v. Rankins, 277 Ill. App. 3d 561

(1996), to this case, but we summarily dismiss this comparison. Rather than finding that

postconviction counsel provided unreasonable representation by failing to allege a viable ground

for prejudice, we find that this case is analogous to the situation in Williams.

¶ 93 In Williams, the supreme court found that the appellate court had erred in

incorrectly assuming that counsel had provided unreasonable assistance at the second stage where

there was nothing in the record to suggest there were other grounds that postconviction counsel

could have advanced. Williams, 2025 IL 129718, ¶ 46. The court opined that where “the record

shows that under the circumstances the arguments postconviction counsel raised were the best

options available, counsel cannot be said to have rendered an unreasonable level of assistance even

if the arguments lacked legal merit, were not particularly compelling, and were ultimately

unsuccessful.” Id. ¶ 49.

¶ 94 Similar to Williams, although the argument in this case that prejudice was presumed

due to the loss of defendant’s direct appeal rights lacked merit, counsel was making the best

arguments he could with the facts at hand. Defendant has not appealed the dismissal of the other

grounds advanced in her postconviction petition to invalidate her plea, and there are no grounds

apparent from the plea hearing or the rest of the record that would provide an additional basis for

its invalidation. As Peshek commented, and as fully laid out in the background above, the plea

hearing admonishments were meticulous. Defendant clearly articulated that she was aware of the

consequences of her actions and the sentencing range she faced, and she confirmed that she was

- 31 - voluntarily and knowingly pleading guilty. Even before the plea admonishments, Peshek made a

record of the fact that defendant elected not to “take the chance that she would be found guilty of

a count in the Bill of Indictment that could result in a natural life sentence.” Defendant’s

subsequent testimony supports that assertion.

¶ 95 Given our conclusion that the record does not provide a viable basis for defendant

to argue her plea was involuntary and unknowing, there was no basis to move to withdraw her

guilty plea. Therefore, postconviction counsel did not render unreasonable assistance at either the

second or third stage in alleging or arguing prejudice on this point.

¶ 96 C. Mitigating Evidence at Sentencing

¶ 97 Defendant next argues that plea counsel at sentencing “only presented minimal

evidence” of domestic abuse as a mitigating factor, and “[i]n light of the significant amount of

additional evidence that could have been presented,” the conclusion that the additional testimony

would not have changed the outcome is “illogical.” Under this heading, defendant challenges only

the circuit court’s finding that she failed to establish a substantial showing of a constitutional

violation at the second stage. “[T]he ‘substantial showing’ of a constitutional violation that must

be made at the second stage [citation] is a measure of the legal sufficiency of the petition’s well-

pled allegations of a constitutional violation, which if proven at an evidentiary hearing, would

entitle petitioner to relief.” (Emphasis omitted.) Domagala, 2013 IL 113688, ¶ 35. All well pled

facts in the petition that are not positively rebutted by the record are taken as true. Id. A dismissal

at the second stage is reviewed de novo. People v. Johnson, 2017 IL 120310, ¶ 14.

¶ 98 Defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel falls within an area

recognized as trial strategy. See People v. Cloutier, 191 Ill. 2d 392, 404-05 (2000) (decision of

which evidence to present in mitigation at capital sentencing was a matter of trial strategy); People

- 32 - v. Thompkins, 191 Ill. 2d 438, 469 (2000) (noting that generally “courts are highly deferential in

reviewing counsel’s strategic decisions whether to present certain mitigating evidence”). For a

defendant, “[t]his is a high bar to clear since matters of trial strategy are generally immune from

claims of ineffective assistance of counsel.” People v. Dupree, 2018 IL 122307, ¶ 44. Even if a

defendant can clear this “high bar,” prejudice must still be established to show that counsel was so

deficient that the representation resulted in the deprivation of a fair sentencing hearing. Id.

¶ 99 The relevant factor in mitigation is found in section 5-5-3.1(a)(15) of the Code (730

ILCS 5/5-5-3.1(a)(15) (West 2016)), which states:

“At the time of the offense, the defendant is or had been the victim of domestic

violence and the effects of the domestic violence tended to excuse or justify the

defendant’s criminal conduct. As used in this paragraph (15), ‘domestic violence’

means abuse as defined in Section 103 of the Illinois Domestic Violence Act of

1986.”

¶ 100 The obvious defect with this allegation as asserted in the petition is that defendant

was sentenced in October 2004, and the statute setting forth factors in mitigation was not amended

to specifically include domestic violence until 2016. See Pub. Act 99-384 § 5 (eff. Jan. 1, 2016)

(adding 730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.1(a)(15)).

¶ 101 This may not be fatal to defendant’s allegations. Even though domestic violence

was not specifically articulated as a mitigating factor at the time of her sentencing, the additional

evidence of Buchanan’s violence against defendant could have been considered by the sentencing

court under the scheme in force at the time. Pursuant to sections 5-5-3.1(a)(4) and (5) of the Code

(730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.1(a)(4), (a)(5) (West 2004)), the court could consider whether “[t]here were

substantial grounds tending to excuse or justify the defendant’s criminal conduct, though failing

- 33 - to establish a defense,” and whether “[t]he defendant’s criminal conduct was induced or facilitated

by someone other than the defendant.” See People v. Csaszar, 375 Ill. App. 3d 929, 948 (2007)

(noting that a sentencing court may consider nonstatutory factors in mitigation). Plea counsel

argued at the sentencing hearing that section 5-5-3.1(a)(5) applied.

¶ 102 As explained above, plea counsel developed numerous witnesses who could have

given testimony about Buchanan’s physical abuse. However, defendant spends the majority of her

opening brief reiterating portions of her own affidavit that was attached to the postconviction

petition detailing the abuse. On this point, she alleges that plea counsel was ineffective for failing

to call her to testify at the sentencing hearing. We reject this argument as the sentencing court was

exceedingly clear with defendant based on the following colloquy:

“THE COURT: Ms. Lighthart, do you, do you wish to testify in this matter?

THE COURT: You understand that you have the right to testify? It’s only

your decision to make that or decision about whether or not you wish to testify, and

nobody can promise you anything, nobody can make any threats or force against

you, it’s only your decision to make; you understand that?

THE COURT: And are you making this decision?

THE COURT: Has anybody said or done anything to you that would affect

your decision?

THE COURT: So you’re making this decision freely and voluntarily?

- 34 - THE DEFENDANT: Yes.

THE COURT: Your attorneys haven’t told you that you cannot testify?

THE COURT: And I don’t say that because I believe these attorneys say

that. It’s many times the cases are back years later and they make these allegations

against their attorneys, so I want to make sure I cover these questions now.”

¶ 103 Plea counsel cannot be deemed ineffective based on defendant’s affidavit where

defendant declined to testify at the sentencing hearing. Defendant acknowledges that she was

admonished about her right to testify, but she responds that the rules of evidence are relaxed at

sentencing hearings and that the only requirement is that the proposed evidence is reliable and

relevant; thus, she contends that plea counsel could have submitted her affidavit. See People v.

Jett, 294 Ill. App. 3d 822, 830 (1998). Whether the sentencing court would have exercised its

discretion to allow defendant to refuse to testify and instead submit an affidavit is speculative. See

People v. Hudson, 157 Ill. 2d 401, 450 (1993) (noting the admission of evidence at a sentencing

hearing “lies within the sound discretion of the sentencing judge”); People v. Johnson, 2021 IL

126291, ¶ 55 (noting prejudice cannot be based on speculation or conjecture). Given the

speculative nature of this allegation, it cannot form the basis of a substantial showing of a

constitutional violation that would entitle defendant to relief.

¶ 104 Defendant next points to Floyd’s affidavit, but Floyd’s proposed testimony is

largely cumulative of the testimony that was heard at sentencing. The sentencing court heard

testimony revealing that defendant had been beaten by Buchanan on multiple occasions. Both

witnesses who testified at sentencing recounted their knowledge of an incident where defendant

was pistol-whipped by Buchanan, and they both saw the severe injuries defendant had suffered.

- 35 - Kellaney saw Buchanan strike defendant in the face and push her to the ground. Both witnesses

identified defendant in a photograph that depicted severe bruising to defendant’s face. Both

witnesses testified that defendant was afraid of Buchanan, that he had made threats against

defendant’s family, and that Buchanan stalked and followed defendant. The additional testimony

of Floyd would not have provided further mitigation, regardless of her familial relation.

¶ 105 Defendant points to comments by the sentencing court and argues the court may

have weighed the factor in mitigation more heavily in defendant’s favor if, as it relates to the

relationship with Buchanan, the court had a “real feel for *** all of its dimensions.” However, this

comment is taken out of context when the entirety of the sentencing court’s pronouncement is

taken into consideration. The comment also falls well short of defendant’s assertion that the “court

admitted it did not receive a complete picture of the significant abuse [defendant] suffered at the

hands of Buchanan nor the deep fear [defendant] was experiencing because of Buchanan.” The

court accepted the proposition that defendant was the victim of domestic violence at the hands of

Buchanan. However, the court also recognized that defendant had the opportunity when Buchanan

was absent not to lure the victim to a situation that led to his death. This is the type of finding that

directly contradicts a compulsion defense. See Scherzer, 179 Ill. App. 3d at 645-46. Bluntly, the

court found defendant was the but-for cause of the victim’s death. The sentencing court further

articulated:

“I certainly do not find that you acted under strong provocation. Even

though you have presented evidence of [Buchanan’s] violent nature, I do not find

that this violent nature was in a level of strong provocation to justify or excuse your

behavior in any way. *** In fact, according to your witnesses, you had an order of

protection at one time. Whether that’s true or not, you certainly had the capacity to

- 36 - put yourself in a safe position and to put your family in a safe position without

participating in the murder of [the victim]. You chose not to take that route, and for

that you’ll be forever responsible.

I do not find that you acted under strong provocation. I do not find there are

substantial grounds tending to excuse or justify your criminal conduct although

I do not find that your criminal conduct was induced or facilitated by

someone other than yourself. Even though your testimony, the testimony that I’ve

heard has been, as I’ve stated, regarding the violent nature of your relationship with

[Buchanan], I do not find that that is a factor in this particular incident. In fact, it

appears that it’s your information regarding [the victim] carrying around money

and cocaine that you relayed to [Buchanan] that that facilitated or induced this

These comments from the sentencing court do not show that additional evidence in mitigation on

the topic of domestic abuse would create the probability of a different outcome.

¶ 106 Defendant’s argument on this point is analogous to a claim of ineffective assistance

of counsel for the failure to introduce additional impeachment evidence against a witness. In that

scenario, we often refuse to reverse “on the possibility, not probability, that with a little bit more

impeachment, the witness would have been found totally incredible.” People v. Douglas, 2011 IL

App (1st) 093188, ¶ 47. Similarly, here, defendant asks us to find that in the presence of additional

domestic abuse evidence, the sentencing court would possibly weigh factors in mitigation more

heavily in her favor. We decline to do so. See People v. Burton, 184 Ill. 2d 1, 34 (1998) (noting

the mere existence of mitigating evidence does not preclude imposition of the maximum sentence).

- 37 - ¶ 107 Defendant also argues in a single sentence in the opening brief—without further

elaboration in the reply brief—that plea counsel failed to “present any medical or psychological

testimony to explain how [defendant’s] history of abuse could have led to her participation in the

crime.” This claim is contradicted by the testimony of Peshek at the hearing on defendant’s motion

to withdraw her guilty plea, where she explained that she had retained an expert witness to

interview defendant, and the resulting report was “ambivalent” regarding the application of the

compulsion defense. Presumably, evidence of the same caliber would have applied in mitigation

for domestic violence as well, had that factor in mitigation existed at the time. Peshek testified

that, based on the underwhelming nature of the expert report, she had not determined whether she

would have called the expert at trial and may have proceeded only with lay witness testimony to

establish the defense. Peshek stated there were opinions in the expert testimony that would have

actually rebutted the compulsion defense. Those opinions would have also negatively impacted

the sentencing court’s weighing of the relevant mitigating factor in force at the time. In light of

plea counsel’s testimony, it is apparent she considered using the expert testimony but declined to

do so as a matter of trial strategy.

¶ 108 Accordingly, defendant failed to establish a substantial showing of a constitutional

violation at the second stage.

¶ 109 D. Reasonable Assistance in Presenting Sentencing Claim

¶ 110 Finally, defendant argues that postconviction counsel was unreasonable in failing

to properly amend defendant’s claim that plea counsel was ineffective for failing to submit

additional evidence of domestic abuse at sentencing. Defendant alleges that postconviction counsel

should have attached the nine additional witness interviews and an affidavit from an expert

witness.

- 38 - ¶ 111 As noted above, defendant is entitled to the reasonable assistance of postconviction

counsel, and counsel must comply with Rule 651(c) in order to provide the mandated level of

reasonable assistance. Huff, 2024 IL 128492, ¶ 22. The Act requires that “[t]he petition shall have

attached thereto affidavits, records, or other evidence supporting its allegations or shall state why

the same are not attached.” 725 ILCS 5/122-2 (West 2022). The filing of a Rule 651(c) certificate

creates the rebuttable presumption defendant received reasonable assistance. People v. Smith, 2022

IL 126940, ¶ 29. Whether counsel provided reasonable assistance is reviewed de novo. People v.

Frey, 2024 IL 128644, ¶ 21.

¶ 112 Attached to the petition in this case were the affidavits of defendant, Floyd, Lori

Lighthart, and William Lighthart. While counsel could have attached the other witness interviews

that the State attached to its motion to dismiss, we do not find that the failure to do so rebuts the

presumption of compliance with Rule 651(c). Counsel provided evidentiary support for the claim

in the petition. As found above, the additional evidence was cumulative to what was already

attached to the petition. That counsel could have provided additional cumulative evidence does

not render his assistance unreasonable.

¶ 113 We also find disingenuous defendant’s argument that postconviction counsel

should have attached to the petition the report summarizing the interview of defendant’s son. Plea

counsel attempted to call the son at the sentencing hearing, but before testifying the child told the

sentencing court he did not know the difference between the truth and a lie. The court exercised

its discretion in declining to accept testimony from that witness and evidence as to what his

testimony would have been does not alter the court’s ruling.

¶ 114 Defendant also argues postconviction counsel should have included an affidavit

from an expert. Defendant argues in her reply brief that the State has not “meaningfully” replied

- 39 - to this argument and thereby has forfeited any argument to the contrary. In our de novo review, we

find that the argument is sufficiently contested to avoid forfeiture.

¶ 115 “Rule 651’s mandate requiring counsel to make necessary amendments is not

limitless.” People v. Nelson, 2016 IL App (4th) 140168, ¶ 16. This court has previously

commented that “case law establishes counsel is ‘under no obligation to actively search for sources

outside the record that might support general claims raised in a post-conviction petition.’ ” Id.

(quoting People v. Johnson, 154 Ill. 2d 227, 247 (1993)). In both People v. Moore, 189 Ill. 2d 521,

542 (2000), and People v. Williams, 186 Ill. 2d 55, 61 (1999), our supreme court has made clear

that postconviction counsel is under no obligation to seek out expert testimony or engage in a

“fishing expedition” for supporting evidence. Rather, it is defendant’s responsibility to provide

postconviction counsel with such information. Moore, 189 Ill. 2d at 543; Williams, 186 Ill. 2d at

61. The record in this case does not indicate that defendant provided such information to

postconviction counsel and therefore does not rebut the presumption of reasonable assistance.

¶ 116 Further, as discussed above, domestic violence was not a stand-alone factor in

mitigation when defendant was sentenced. Peshek testified that the testimony of her retained expert

in some respects tended to rebut compulsion, a mitigation factor considered by the sentencing

court. On this record, we cannot conclude that postconviction counsel was unreasonable for not

attaching such an affidavit.

¶ 117 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 118 For the reasons stated, we affirm the circuit court’s judgment.

¶ 119 Affirmed.

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