Filed 10/30/15 P. v. Lee CA4/1 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D066915
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. SCD253345)
FRANK WILLIAM LEE,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Timothy
R. Walsh, Judge. Affirmed as modified.
Alissa Bjerkhoel, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Barry Carlton and James H.
Flaherty III, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Defendant and appellant Frank William Lee used stolen credit cards to make
purchases and pled guilty to seven counts each of burglary and petty theft. The trial court sentenced defendant to two years of incarceration in county jail followed by two years of
mandatory supervision by a probation officer. Defendant claims that conditions of his
mandatory supervision requiring him to obtain approval from his probation officer
regarding residence and employment; participate in assessment programs if directed by
his probation officer; and complete a residential treatment program if directed by his
probation officer are all unconstitutionally vague and overbroad. Defendant also claims
that part of his sentence arising from his convictions for petty theft should be stayed
under Penal Code section 654, which bars multiple punishments arising out of the same
act.
Defendant's primary claims arise out of apparent drafting errors. The trial court
clearly wished to grant the probation officer the authority to enforce compliance with
programs designed to help defendant rehabilitate and to keep defendant away from
negative influences that would likely hinder his rehabilitation. However, some of the
contested conditions are so broadly worded that they could require defendant to obey
directives from his probation officer that are unrelated to defendant's rehabilitation or the
prevention of future crimes. With respect to the conditions of mandatory supervision, we
modify those conditions so that they expressly relate to the underlying conditions which
led to defendant's convictions. As modified, the conditions are constitutional. We also
modify the trial court judgment so that defendant's sentence arising out of the petty theft
charges is stayed under Penal Code section 654. As modified, we affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL OVERVIEW
Accomplices of defendant stole cash and credit cards from lockers at a spa.
2 Defendant then used the stolen credit cards to make purchases on seven separate
occasions, each time entering an establishment to make the purchase. In July 2014,
defendant pled guilty to seven counts of burglary, seven counts of misdemeanor petty
theft, and one count of receiving stolen property.1 The trial court sentenced defendant to
four years, the first two to be spent in county jail, the remaining two under mandatory
supervision.2 The trial court imposed several conditions on defendant's mandatory
supervision.
An assessment performed by the probation department found that defendant needs
help in becoming more aware of the feelings and rights of others, avoiding association
with other high risk persons, and advancing his education and vocational training.
Defendant has acknowledged having a drug addiction.
Defendant did not make any objection to the terms of mandatory supervision at the
sentencing hearing.
DISCUSSION
I
Defendant challenges three of the conditions of the mandatory supervision
imposed by the trial court: the requirement defendant's residence and employment be
1 Pen. Code, § 459 (burglary) [Counts 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13]; Pen. Code, § 484g, subd. (a) (petty theft) [Counts 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14]; Pen. Code, § 496, subd. (b) (receiving stolen property) [Count 15].
2 Count 1: two years; Count 2: time served; Count 3: eight months consecutive; Count 4: time served; Count 5: eight months consecutive; Count 6: time served; Count 7: eight months consecutive; Count 8: time served; Count 9: two years concurrent; Count 10: time served; Count 11: two years concurrent; Count 12: time served; Count 13: two years concurrent; Count 14: time served; Count 15: two years concurrent. 3 approved by his probation officer; the requirement defendant participate and comply with
any assessment program ordered by the probation officer; and the requirement defendant
complete a residential treatment program if so instructed by his probation officer. He
argues these conditions are unconstitutionally vague and overbroad.
A. Relevant Legal Background
Under the Criminal Justice Realignment Act, courts may now sentence certain
defendants convicted of felonies to serve their sentence in county jail rather than prison.
(Pen. Code, § 1170, subd. (h).) This act also allows courts to split a sentence, having the
defendant serve half in county jail and the other half under the mandatory supervision of
a probation officer. (Id., subd. (h)(5).) The standard in judging the validity and
constitutionality of mandatory supervision conditions is the same as parole or probation.
(People v. Martinez (2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 759, 762-764.)
Normally, challenges to probation conditions cannot be raised on appeal if no
objection was raised at the sentencing hearing. (People v. Welch (1993) 5 Cal.4th 228,
234-235.) An exception exists for facial challenges to the constitutionality of conditions
that can be resolved without examining the sentencing record. (In re Sheena K. (2007)
40 Cal.4th 875, 889.) Defendant contends the conditions he challenges are
unconstitutionally vague and overbroad and his claims do not rest upon any facts that are
in dispute or were not developed during the trial. Therefore, defendant's claims are
subject to our review.
Probation conditions are usually reviewed for abuse of discretion, but the facial
constitutionality of a probation condition is subject to de novo review. (People v.
Carbajal (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1114, 1121; People v. Mendez (2013) 221 Cal.App.4th 1167,
4 1172.) Though we are adjudicating a question of law rather than fact, our analyses may
take into account undisputed facts from the record. (See Hale v. Morgan (1978) 22
Cal.3d 388, 394.)
Burdening a constitutional liberty does not in and of itself render a condition
unconstitutional. "Just as other punishments for criminal convictions curtail an offender's
freedoms, a court granting probation may impose reasonable conditions that deprive the
offender of some freedoms enjoyed by law-abiding citizens." (United States v. Knights
(2001) 534 U.S. 112, 119.) Probation is a privilege and not a right, and "adult
probationers, in preference to incarceration, validly may consent to limitations upon their
constitutional rights—as, for example, when they agree to warrantless search conditions.
[Citations.]" (People v. Olguin (2008) 45 Cal.4th 375, 384 (Olguin).)
Nonetheless, when a condition burdens a constitutional right, it must be narrowly
tailored and reasonably related to state interests in rehabilitation and public safety. (In re
Luis F. (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 176, 189.) "If available alternative means exist which are
less violative of the constitutional right and are narrowly drawn so as to correlate more
closely with the purposes contemplated, those alternatives should be used." (In re White
(1979) 97 Cal.App.3d 141, 150.)
Moreover, "[a]n order must be sufficiently precise for the probationer to know
what is required of him, and for the court to determine whether the condition has been
violated." (People v. Reinertson (1986) 178 Cal.App.3d 320, 324-325.) A condition is
unconstitutional if it is "so vague that men of common intelligence must necessarily
guess at its meaning and differ as to its application." (In re Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th
at p. 890.) "[A] law that is 'void for vagueness' . . . also 'impermissibly delegates basic
5 policy matters to policemen, judges, and juries for resolution on an ad hoc and subjective
basis, with the attendant dangers of arbitrary and discriminatory application.' " (People
ex rel. Gallo v. Acuna (1997) 14 Cal.4th 1090, 1116.)
Though a court cannot delegate its judicial authority to the probation department,
probation officers do enjoy broad discretion in carrying out court orders. (In re Pedro Q.
(1989) 209 Cal.App.3d 1368, 1372-1373.) The probation department is vested with the
power to "set the time and place for administration" of court-ordered probation
conditions. (People v. Kwizera (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 1238, 1240 (Kwizera).) Our state
high court has cited with approval a probation condition which required a probationer
" ' "follow such course of conduct as the probation officer prescribes" ' as reasonable and
necessary to enable the probation department to supervise compliance with specific
conditions of probation." (Olguin, supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 381, citing Kwizera, supra, 78
Cal.App.4th at p. 1240.)
However, conditions worded so that the probation officer has "unfettered" or
"entirely open-ended" discretion to interfere with a constitutionally protected liberty will
usually be found overbroad. (People v. Leon (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 943, 953; People v.
O'Neil (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 1351, 1358-1359 (O'Neil).) For example, a condition
prohibiting a probationer from associating with anyone designated by his probation
officer was found overbroad as the condition gave the probation officer unlimited
discretion to decide with whom the probationer would be allowed to associate with.
(O'Neil, at pp. 1357-1358.) An implicit expectation that the probation officer would use
his discretion reasonably did not save the condition from being unconstitutionally
overbroad. "The court's order does not identify the class of persons with whom defendant
6 may not associate nor does it provide any guideline as to those with whom the probation
department may forbid association. Without a meaningful standard, the order is too
broad and it is not saved by permitting the probation department to provide the necessary
specificity." (Ibid.) "While the court may well have anticipated that the probation officer
would specify individuals known to be using or dealing in illicit drugs . . . 'this factor
should not be left to implication.' " (Id. at p. 1358; see Leon, at pp. 953-954.)
B. Analysis
1. Housing and Employment
We first examine the constitutionality of condition 7.g., which requires defendant
to obtain the probation officer's permission regarding housing and employment.3 The
federal and state Constitutions protect the right to interstate and intrastate travel,
including among other things the right to live where one chooses. (In re White, supra, 97
Cal.App.3d at p. 148.) Limitations on where a probationer may live also implicate other
constitutionally protected liberties, such as freedom of speech and freedom of
association. (People v. Beach (1983) 147 Cal.App.3d 612, 622, citing Kent v. Dulles
(1958) 357 U.S. 116, 126.) Although these rights may be abridged by the state in
restricting where probationers may live (see Morrissey v. Brewer (1972) 408 U.S. 471,
477; In re Schoengarth (1967) 66 Cal.2d 295, 300; In re Faucette (1967) 253 Cal.App.2d
338, 341), the ability of a court to restrict where a probationer may live is not limitless.
Under most circumstances, a court cannot issue a probation condition banishing a
3 The question of whether a probation condition requiring a probation officer's permission regarding residence and employment is constitutionally vague or overbroad is currently before our state high court. (See People v. Schaeffer (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 1, review granted Oct. 31, 2012, S205260.) 7 probationer from his home. (See Beach, at pp. 622-623.)
In People v. Bauer (1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 937, 943-945, a condition ordering that
a probationer obtain permission from his probation officer regarding his residence was
found facially unconstitutional as there was nothing to indicate the probationer's living
conditions contributed to his criminality, and the condition was broadly worded enough
to allow the probation officer to bar the probationer from his current home or other living
arrangements that would not hinder the probationer's rehabilitation. Relying on People
v. Bauer, another court found a probation condition granting a probation officer the
power to bar a probationer from associating with anyone so designated by the officer to
be unconstitutionally overbroad. (O'Neil, supra, 165 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1357-1358.)
Defendant asserts the state has no reason to restrict his place of residence because
the record does not show his home life played any role in his criminality. However,
defendant is an acknowledged drug addict and committed his crimes with the help of
accomplices. An assessment conducted by the probation department also found
defendant had a high risk of recidivism if he was in the presence of other high risk
individuals. Restricting defendant's place of residence and employment fulfills legitimate
state interests in fostering defendant's rehabilitation and protecting the public from further
criminal activity. Nevertheless, here the condition is written in such a manner that it
grants the probation officer powers that go beyond fulfilling these specific interests. The
challenged condition does not contain any language explaining the criteria the officer is
to use in deciding what residences or work places are inappropriate. As written,
defendant's probation officer could bar defendant from a living arrangement or job
opportunity for inconvenience or other reasons unrelated to defendant's rehabilitation or
8 crime prevention.
The trial court may have assumed that the probation officer would only prohibit
defendant from residing or working in places that would be detrimental to his
rehabilitation and enhance the risk of future criminal activity, but such limiting criteria
must not be left to implication if it is to save a condition from being found
unconstitutionally vague and overbroad.
The People maintain that the condition is as narrowly worded as possible to fulfill
its purpose. Yet, a condition stating that defendant is not to live in a residence or work in
a location where he knows illicit drugs are present and is not to associate with known
criminals or drug users would appear to serve the goal of preventing defendant from
associating with drugs and criminals just as well as the current condition without granting
seemingly unlimited authority to his probation officer regarding where defendant can live
and work.
The People also argue that language from our state high court's decision in Olguin,
supra, 45 Cal.4th at page 383 requires us to uphold this condition because a court-ordered
condition cannot authorize a probation officer to take actions that are arbitrary. The
People are reading this language much too broadly. In Olguin, a probationer claimed a
condition requiring him to report the presence of any pets in his home to his probation
officer was overbroad. (Id. at p. 378.) As part of his argument, the probationer claimed
the probation officer might arbitrarily seize a pet while enforcing the condition. The
court rejected that line of argument stating the "probation department's authority to
ensure compliance with terms of probation does not authorize irrational directives." (Id.
at p. 383.) In the context of Olguin, that sentence means a probation officer cannot issue
9 directives that are not reasonable in light of the authority granted to the officer by the
court. Thus, a probation officer cannot use a condition only requiring the reporting of
pets to arbitrarily seize an animal. This is easily distinguishable from the present case
where the court-ordered condition itself seems to expressly grant unlimited discretion to a
probation officer in a manner that renders the condition unconstitutionally overbroad.
We note Olguin cited Kwizera, a case concerning a condition requiring a
probationer to obey directions from his probation officer. (Olguin, supra, 45 Cal.4th at p.
383; Kwizera, supra, 78 Cal.App.4th at p. 1240.) This court found the condition simply
empowered the probation officer to enforce other specific conditions and did not grant
him the power to issue arbitrary or capricious directives that the court itself could not
order. (Kwizera, at pp. 1240-1241.) Kwizera permits a condition giving a probation
officer broad enforcement power, if the condition exists to enforce other specific
conditions that appropriately guide and restrict the officer's discretion. Such principles
do not apply here. On its face, the challenged condition would allow the probation
officer to exclude defendant from housing or employment for reasons unrelated to
criminality or rehabilitation, and no other more specific probation conditions limit this
power.
Thus, the condition that defendant obtain permission from his probation officer
regarding his residence and employment is unconstitutionally overbroad.
2. Assessment
We now examine the constitutionality of the conditions requiring defendant to
participate in assessment and residential treatment programs as directed by the probation
officer.
10 When it comes to participation in court-ordered programs, conditions leaving the
selection and scheduling of programs within the discretion of the probation officer have
been upheld. "The trial court is poorly equipped to micromanage selection of a program,
both because it lacks the ability to remain apprised of currently available programs and,
more fundamentally, because entry into a particular program may depend on mercurial
questions of timing and availability." (People v. Penoli (1996) 46 Cal.App.4th 298, 308
(Penoli); see In re Moriah T. (1994) 23 Cal.App.4th 1367.) Even if the court could be
more specific in its order, that does not necessarily render it overbroad. (Penoli, at p. 308
["Desirable as such a narrowing of the probation officer's discretion might be, however,
we are not prepared at this time to hold that its absence constitutes prejudicial error"].)
As to the question of whether the probationer had constitutionally sufficient notice
of what would be expected of him, the court in Penoli found that notice was satisfied if
the probationer's trial attorney had actual knowledge of what the program ordered by the
court would typically entail in terms of treatment and duration. (Penoli, supra, 46
Cal.App.4th at p. 309.) Such an order also does not have to be specific regarding how
compliance with the program will be assessed since it is ultimately up to the sentencing
court to determine compliance with conditions of probation, not the probation officer.
(Id. at p. 310.)
This court has previously found that a condition ordering a probationer to
participate in polygraph examinations and answer questions posed to him truthfully as
part of a sex offender treatment program was constitutionally permissible. (Brown v.
Superior Court (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 313, 320-321.) However, such a condition must
limit the questions asked to those relevant to the probationer's rehabilitation and the crime
11 of conviction. (Id. at p. 321.)
Condition 1.q. of defendant's mandatory supervision states that defendant should
"[p]articipate and comply with any assessment program if directed by the P.O."
Condition 1.q. does not specify what types of assessment programs the probation officer
can order defendant to participate in and thus appears to convey upon the probation
officer the kind of unfettered discretion that California courts have repeatedly found
unconstitutionally vague and overbroad. (See People v Bauer, supra, 211 Cal.App.3d at
pp. 943-945; O'Neil, supra, 165 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1357-1358.)
The People cite to Penoli in arguing that Condition 1.q. is not unconstitutionally
vague or overbroad, but such an argument is unavailing. Penoli did permit a fair amount
of discretion to be exercised by the probation officer in selecting a program, but the
contested condition in Penoli stated that the treatment was for drug abuse. (Penoli,
supra, 46 Cal.App.4th at pp. 301-302.) Penoli does not stand for the proposition that a
probation officer can be given the power to order participation in a program without any
guidance as to what the program is for. Furthermore, this court's own precedent from
Brown v. Superior Court, supra, 101 Cal.App.4th at pages 320-321 strongly indicates
that a court-ordered condition must expressly limit the questions asked during an
assessment to those relevant to defendant's crime of conviction or rehabilitation.
Thus, condition 1.q., in the absence of any language restricting the assessments to
the task of assessing problems related to defendant's rehabilitation or crime of conviction,
is unconstitutionally overbroad.
3. Residential Treatment
We now turn to the condition requiring defendant to participate in a residential
12 treatment program, if so instructed by his probation officer. The condition is listed under
Condition 6 "Drug Conditions" as Condition 6.a. Though Condition 6.a. does not state
that the residential treatment program is one for drug treatment, its placement under
"Drug Conditions" clearly conveys to defendant and the probation officer that the
purpose of the residential treatment program is to treat drug addiction. We find this
condition only allows the probation officer to order residential treatment for drug
addiction and not for "sex addiction," or other conditions not supported by the record as
defendant asserts in his brief.
The order seems to grant the probation officer some discretion in deciding when
defendant would participate in a residential treatment program and in program selection,
but precedent allows such discretion. (See Penoli, supra, 46 Cal.App.4th at p. 308.)
Defendant is an admitted drug addict, thus a condition permitting the probation officer to
order him to complete a residential treatment program is appropriately tailored to state
interests in rehabilitation and preventing future criminal activity. The wording of the
condition also gave defendant and his trial counsel fair warning that he could be ordered
to participate in a residential drug treatment program during his period of mandatory
Defendant argues the condition gives inadequate notice that his liberty might be
restricted by a residential treatment program. However, a significant level of control and
supervision is inherent in the concept of a residential treatment program. Use of the word
"residential treatment" is sufficient notice to defendant of the kind of confinement he
might face. Defendant maintains the condition does not sufficiently specify how long he
could be confined in a residential treatment program. As a practical matter though, the
13 court's authority to confine defendant to a residential treatment program ends at the
completion of defendant's sentence. Thus, defendant had sufficient notice that he could
potentially be confined to a residential treatment program for at most the remaining two
years of his sentence. In sum, this condition is neither unconstitutionally vague nor
overbroad.
Defendant requests that we strike the contested conditions. The People ask that
we remand this case back to the trial court for further proceedings to modify the
conditions in the event we find any of the conditions unconstitutional. Though we have
found two of the conditions unconstitutional, we will not strike the conditions in their
entirety because we find they relate to legitimate rehabilitative purposes and simply need
to be more narrowly tailored. For purposes of judicial economy, we will modify the
housing, employment and assessment conditions and, as modified, affirm the judgment.
II
Defendant purchased items using a stolen credit card on seven separate occasions
and, for these acts, pled guilty to seven counts of burglary and seven counts of petty theft.
Defendant contends his sentence for the petty theft convictions should have been stayed
because both the burglary and petty theft convictions arise from the same acts. On this
point, the People have conceded to defendant, but we will still conduct our own
independent review of defendant's claim on the merits.
Penal Code section 654 prohibits multiple punishments for offenses rising from
the same act or a series of acts constituting an indivisible course of action. (People v.
Beamon (1973) 8 Cal.3d 625, 639-640.) In this case, each conviction of burglary and
petty theft arises from the same sequence of events: defendant entering a business
14 establishment and using a stolen credit card to make purchases. All of the acts in this
sequence occur close together in proximity and facilitate the same singular criminal
objective of committing theft via a stolen credit card. Thus, defendant is correct and his
sentence arising from the seven convictions for petty theft (the lesser of the two charges)
should be stayed under Penal Code section 654.
DISPOSITION
Condition 7.g. of the order imposing probation is modified to state that defendant:
"not live in any residence or work in any location where you either know or have been
told by your probation officer that illicit drugs are present; do not without your probation
officer's permission work in any place of employment where you either know or have
been told by your probation officer that parolees, probationers, convicts under mandatory
supervision, state or federal prisoners, illicit drug users, substance abusers, or persons
engaged in criminal activity are employed or otherwise routinely present; do not without
your probation officer's permission live in a residence alongside any persons you either
know or have been told by your probation officer are parolees, probationers, convicts
under mandatory supervision, state or federal prisoners, illicit drug users, substance
abusers, or persons engaged in criminal activity; with the exception of any group
counseling, therapy, or treatment ordered under the conditions of your mandatory
supervision, do not without your probation officer's permission associate with any
persons you either know or have been told by your probation officer are parolees,
probationers, convicts under mandatory supervision, state or federal prisoners, illicit drug
users, substance abusers, or persons engaged in criminal activity; promptly inform your
15 probation officer of any other persons who you are sharing a house or apartment with."
Condition 1.q. is modified to state that defendant shall: "participate and comply with any
assessment program regarding substance abuse, anti-theft, or cognitive behavior if
directed by the P.O."
We also modify the judgment to stay defendant's sentences on the seven counts of
petty theft. The trial court is directed to correct the abstract of judgment to reflect that the
sentences on the petty theft counts have been stayed; the trial court is further directed to
transmit a certified copy of the corrected abstract of judgment to the Department of
Corrections and Rehabilitation.
As modified, the judgment of conviction is affirmed.
BENKE, J.
WE CONCUR:
McCONNELL, P. J.
O'ROURKE, J.