Filed 12/28/21 P. v. Laster CA4/2 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E075047
v. (Super. Ct. No. CR57814)
VENTRICE LAJUAN LASTER, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. John D. Molloy, Judge.
Affirmed.
Charles R. Khoury, Jr. under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Steve Oetting and Anthony Da
Silva, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1 I.
INTRODUCTION
In 1995, a jury found defendant and appellant Ventrice Laster guilty of four counts 1 of attempted murder with premeditation and deliberation (Pen. Code, §§ 664, 187,
subd. (a)), along with other crimes. In 2019, Senate Bill No. 1437 (Reg. Sess. 2017-
2018) went into effect and now allows a defendant convicted of murder to petition a court
under section 1170.95 to have the murder conviction vacated.
The trial court denied defendant’s section 1170.95 petition because defendant was
convicted of attempted murder, not murder. Defendant appeals, arguing that he is
entitled to relief under section 1170.95. We disagree and affirm the trial court’s order.
II.
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Defendant was charged with four counts of attempted willful, deliberate, and 2 premeditated murder (§§ 187, 664). As to each count, the information alleged, among
other things, that defendant committed the offenses because of the victim’s race, color,
religion, nationality, country of origin, or ancestry, and while acting in concert with
another person (former § 422.75, subd. (b); now § 422.75, subd. (c)). The jury found
defendant guilty on all counts, found that the attempted murders were willful, deliberate,
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code. 2 We do not recount the facts of defendant’s offenses because they are not relevant to the issues on appeal.
2 and premeditated, and found the hate crime enhancements true. The trial court sentenced
defendant to four consecutive indeterminate life terms, plus 20 years.
In 2019, defendant filed a section 1170.95 petition for resentencing. The trial
court denied the petition, finding that defendant was not entitled to relief because he was
convicted of attempted murder, not murder.
III.
DISCUSSION
Defendant argues the trial court erroneously denied his petition because Senate
Bill No. 1437 applies to convictions for attempted murder. We disagree.
A. Senate Bill No. 1437
Senate Bill No. 1437, which took effect on January 1, 2019, “limit[ed] accomplice
liability under the natural and probable consequences doctrine and the felony-murder
rule.” (People v. Cruz (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 740, 755; People v. Lamoureux (2019) 42
Cal.App.5th 241, 246 (Lamoureux); People v. Munoz (2019) 39 Cal.App.5th 738, 749,
review granted Nov. 26, 2019, S258234.) Before Senate Bill No. 1437’s enactment,
under the felony murder rule “a defendant who intended to commit a specified felony
could be convicted of murder for a killing during the felony, or attempted felony, without
further examination of his or her mental state.” (Lamoureux, supra, at pp. 247-248;
People v. Chun (2009) 45 Cal.4th 1172, 1182.) “‘The felony-murder rule impute[d] the
requisite malice for a murder conviction to those who commit[ted] a homicide during the
3 perpetration of a felony inherently dangerous to human life.’” (People v. Chun, supra, at
p. 1184; Lamoureux, supra, at p. 248.)
Similarly, under the natural and probable consequences doctrine, a defendant was
“liable for murder if he or she aided and abetted the commission of a criminal act (a
target offense), and a principal in the target offense committed murder (a nontarget
offense) that, even if unintended, was a natural and probable consequence of the target
offense.” (Lamoureux, supra, 42 Cal.App.5th at p. 248; People v. Chiu (2014) 59 Cal.4th
155, 161-162.) “‘“Because the nontarget offense [was] unintended, the mens rea of the
aider and abettor with respect to that offense [was] irrelevant and culpability [was]
imposed simply because a reasonable person could have foreseen the commission of the
nontarget crime.”’” (People v. Flores (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 855, 868.)
Senate Bill No. 1437 was enacted to “amend the felony murder rule and the
natural and probable consequences doctrine, as it relates to murder, to ensure that murder
liability is not imposed on a person who is not the actual killer, did not act with the intent
to kill, or was not a major participant in the underlying felony who acted with reckless
indifference to human life.” (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 1, subd. (f).)
“Senate Bill No. 1437 achieves these goals by amending section 188 to require
that a principal act with express or implied malice and by amending section 189 to state
that a person can only be liable for felony murder if (1) the ‘person was the actual killer’;
(2) the person was an aider or abettor in the commission of murder in the first degree; or
(3) the ‘person was a major participant in the underl[y]ing felony and acted with reckless
4 indifference to human life.’” (People v. Cornelius (2020) 44 Cal.App.5th 54, 57, review 3 granted Mar. 18, 2020, S260410.)
B. The Court Properly Denied Defendant’s Section 1170.95 Petition
The overwhelming majority of appellate courts, including this court, have held
that “[b]y its plain language, section 1170.95 . . . makes resentencing relief available only
to qualifying persons convicted of murder.” (See e.g., People v. Sanchez (2020) 48
Cal.App.5th 914, 918 (Sanchez); People v. Harris (2021) 60 Cal.App.5th 557, 563
(Harris) [“[S]ection 1170.95 does not provide relief for those convicted of . . . attempted
murder.”]; People v. Larios (2019) 42 Cal.App.5th 956, 970, review granted Feb. 26,
2020, S259983 [“[T]he relief provided in section 1170.95 is limited to certain murder
convictions and excludes all other convictions, including a conviction for attempted
murder.”]; People v. Lopez (2019) 38 Cal.App.5th 1087, 1105, review granted Nov. 13,
2019, S258175 [“The plain language meaning of Senate Bill No. 1437 as excluding any
relief for individuals convicted of attempted murder is fully supported by its legislative
history.”]; People v. Munoz, supra, 39 Cal.App.5th at p. 753 [“Senate Bill No. 1437 does
not apply to attempted murder.”]; People v. Medrano (2019) 42 Cal.App.5th 1001, 1018,
review granted Mar. 11, 2020, S259948 [“[T]he relief provided in section 1170.95 is
limited to certain murder convictions and excludes all other convictions, including a
conviction for attempted murder.”]; People v. Dennis (2020) 47 Cal.App.5th 838, 841,
3 We may rely on cases pending before the Supreme Court as persuasive authority while review is pending. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(e)(1).)
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Filed 12/28/21 P. v. Laster CA4/2 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E075047
v. (Super. Ct. No. CR57814)
VENTRICE LAJUAN LASTER, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. John D. Molloy, Judge.
Affirmed.
Charles R. Khoury, Jr. under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Steve Oetting and Anthony Da
Silva, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1 I.
INTRODUCTION
In 1995, a jury found defendant and appellant Ventrice Laster guilty of four counts 1 of attempted murder with premeditation and deliberation (Pen. Code, §§ 664, 187,
subd. (a)), along with other crimes. In 2019, Senate Bill No. 1437 (Reg. Sess. 2017-
2018) went into effect and now allows a defendant convicted of murder to petition a court
under section 1170.95 to have the murder conviction vacated.
The trial court denied defendant’s section 1170.95 petition because defendant was
convicted of attempted murder, not murder. Defendant appeals, arguing that he is
entitled to relief under section 1170.95. We disagree and affirm the trial court’s order.
II.
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Defendant was charged with four counts of attempted willful, deliberate, and 2 premeditated murder (§§ 187, 664). As to each count, the information alleged, among
other things, that defendant committed the offenses because of the victim’s race, color,
religion, nationality, country of origin, or ancestry, and while acting in concert with
another person (former § 422.75, subd. (b); now § 422.75, subd. (c)). The jury found
defendant guilty on all counts, found that the attempted murders were willful, deliberate,
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code. 2 We do not recount the facts of defendant’s offenses because they are not relevant to the issues on appeal.
2 and premeditated, and found the hate crime enhancements true. The trial court sentenced
defendant to four consecutive indeterminate life terms, plus 20 years.
In 2019, defendant filed a section 1170.95 petition for resentencing. The trial
court denied the petition, finding that defendant was not entitled to relief because he was
convicted of attempted murder, not murder.
III.
DISCUSSION
Defendant argues the trial court erroneously denied his petition because Senate
Bill No. 1437 applies to convictions for attempted murder. We disagree.
A. Senate Bill No. 1437
Senate Bill No. 1437, which took effect on January 1, 2019, “limit[ed] accomplice
liability under the natural and probable consequences doctrine and the felony-murder
rule.” (People v. Cruz (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 740, 755; People v. Lamoureux (2019) 42
Cal.App.5th 241, 246 (Lamoureux); People v. Munoz (2019) 39 Cal.App.5th 738, 749,
review granted Nov. 26, 2019, S258234.) Before Senate Bill No. 1437’s enactment,
under the felony murder rule “a defendant who intended to commit a specified felony
could be convicted of murder for a killing during the felony, or attempted felony, without
further examination of his or her mental state.” (Lamoureux, supra, at pp. 247-248;
People v. Chun (2009) 45 Cal.4th 1172, 1182.) “‘The felony-murder rule impute[d] the
requisite malice for a murder conviction to those who commit[ted] a homicide during the
3 perpetration of a felony inherently dangerous to human life.’” (People v. Chun, supra, at
p. 1184; Lamoureux, supra, at p. 248.)
Similarly, under the natural and probable consequences doctrine, a defendant was
“liable for murder if he or she aided and abetted the commission of a criminal act (a
target offense), and a principal in the target offense committed murder (a nontarget
offense) that, even if unintended, was a natural and probable consequence of the target
offense.” (Lamoureux, supra, 42 Cal.App.5th at p. 248; People v. Chiu (2014) 59 Cal.4th
155, 161-162.) “‘“Because the nontarget offense [was] unintended, the mens rea of the
aider and abettor with respect to that offense [was] irrelevant and culpability [was]
imposed simply because a reasonable person could have foreseen the commission of the
nontarget crime.”’” (People v. Flores (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 855, 868.)
Senate Bill No. 1437 was enacted to “amend the felony murder rule and the
natural and probable consequences doctrine, as it relates to murder, to ensure that murder
liability is not imposed on a person who is not the actual killer, did not act with the intent
to kill, or was not a major participant in the underlying felony who acted with reckless
indifference to human life.” (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 1, subd. (f).)
“Senate Bill No. 1437 achieves these goals by amending section 188 to require
that a principal act with express or implied malice and by amending section 189 to state
that a person can only be liable for felony murder if (1) the ‘person was the actual killer’;
(2) the person was an aider or abettor in the commission of murder in the first degree; or
(3) the ‘person was a major participant in the underl[y]ing felony and acted with reckless
4 indifference to human life.’” (People v. Cornelius (2020) 44 Cal.App.5th 54, 57, review 3 granted Mar. 18, 2020, S260410.)
B. The Court Properly Denied Defendant’s Section 1170.95 Petition
The overwhelming majority of appellate courts, including this court, have held
that “[b]y its plain language, section 1170.95 . . . makes resentencing relief available only
to qualifying persons convicted of murder.” (See e.g., People v. Sanchez (2020) 48
Cal.App.5th 914, 918 (Sanchez); People v. Harris (2021) 60 Cal.App.5th 557, 563
(Harris) [“[S]ection 1170.95 does not provide relief for those convicted of . . . attempted
murder.”]; People v. Larios (2019) 42 Cal.App.5th 956, 970, review granted Feb. 26,
2020, S259983 [“[T]he relief provided in section 1170.95 is limited to certain murder
convictions and excludes all other convictions, including a conviction for attempted
murder.”]; People v. Lopez (2019) 38 Cal.App.5th 1087, 1105, review granted Nov. 13,
2019, S258175 [“The plain language meaning of Senate Bill No. 1437 as excluding any
relief for individuals convicted of attempted murder is fully supported by its legislative
history.”]; People v. Munoz, supra, 39 Cal.App.5th at p. 753 [“Senate Bill No. 1437 does
not apply to attempted murder.”]; People v. Medrano (2019) 42 Cal.App.5th 1001, 1018,
review granted Mar. 11, 2020, S259948 [“[T]he relief provided in section 1170.95 is
limited to certain murder convictions and excludes all other convictions, including a
conviction for attempted murder.”]; People v. Dennis (2020) 47 Cal.App.5th 838, 841,
3 We may rely on cases pending before the Supreme Court as persuasive authority while review is pending. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(e)(1).)
5 review granted July 29, 2020, S262184 [“Senate Bill No. 1437 . . . reaches the crime of
murder but has no application to attempted murder.”]; People v. Love (2020) 55
Cal.App.5th 273, 286, review granted Dec. 16, 2020, S265445 [“In our view, Senate Bill
No. 1437’s legislative history pretty clearly establishes that its amendments apply to the
crime of murder and to that crime alone.”]; People v. Alaybue (2020) 51 Cal.App.5th
207, 223 [“Senate Bill No. 1437 does not apply to attempted murder.”].) We agree with
the previous panels of this court in Sanchez, supra, 48 Cal.App.5th 914 and Harris,
supra, 60 Cal.App.5th 557, which held that defendants convicted of attempted murder are
not entitled to relief under section 1170.95. We therefore conclude the trial court
properly denied defendant’s section 1170.95 petition.
We disagree with defendant that interpreting the statute to disallow claims for
relief for individuals convicted of anything but the specified murder convictions leads to
an absurd result. This argument has been considered and rejected by this court, and we
reject it again here for the reasons explained in Harris and Sanchez. (Harris, supra, 60
Cal.App.5th at p. 565; Sanchez, supra, at pp. 918-919.)
We likewise reject defendant’s argument that construing section 1170.95 as
excluding attempted murder violates equal protection principles. As this court has
explained, “[g]iven that the punishment for murder is much more severe than the
punishment for . . . attempted murder, ‘the Legislature could have reasonably concluded
that the need to address sentencing reform was more appropriately directed at persons
convicted of murder as opposed to attempted murder . . . .’ [Citations.]” (Harris, supra,
6 60 Cal.App.5th at p. 570.) Because there is a rational basis to exclude defendants
convicted of attempted murder from the ambit of section 1170.95, there is no equal
protection violation. (Ibid.)
IV.
DISPOSITION
The trial court’s order denying defendant’s section 1170.95 petition is affirmed
without prejudice to a filing a new petition under Senate Bill No. 775. The remittitur is 4 to issue forthwith.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
CODRINGTON J.
We concur:
McKINSTER Acting P. J.
FIELDS J.
4 At oral argument, the parties’ counsel stipulated to an immediate issuance of the remittitur.