CHIPMAN, C.—
This is an appeal from the second judgment of conviction of defendant for the crime of rape. The verdict of guilty is not called in question otherwise than through alleged errors of law occurring at the trial.
1. The court instructed the jury as follows: “Upon the trial of a defendant accused of the crime of rape the fact that the prosecutrix made prompt and early complaint of the wrong and injury committed upon her person, and to her character and chastity, is independent and original evidence
and is admissible and may be received and considered by the jury in corroboration of her other testimony given in the case.”
The objections urged aré: 1. That the court “tells the jury that it is a. fact that the prosecution made prompt and early complaint”; 2. That the court by the instruction “distinguishes between one part of her testimony and the other,” by stating that it was a fact that she made prompt and early complaint; 3. Also, that the court told the jury that her testimony was “independent and original evidence”; and 4. That the instruction points out as the fact that “her chastity and character has received a wrong and an injury. ’ ’ The instruction states a well-recognized rule of evidence in this class of cases as applicable generally “upon the trial of a defendant”; it in no sense can be held to be equivalent to saying—“the fact as testified to by the prosecutrix that she made prompt complaint,” etc., or that “it is a fact that the prosecutrix made prompt and early complaint.” The evidence is uncontradieted that she did make such complaint, but we do not "think the instruction informs the jury that the fact was as she testified. That the instruction is a correct statement of the law is held in
People
v.
Lambert,
120 Cal. 170, and
People
v.
Wilmot,
139 Cal. 103, and we can see no error in so informing the jury.
2. The court instructed the jury that it is their province to determine the weight and credibility “to be given the testimony of a female upon whom it is alleged in an information that a rape has been committed, and who testifies to the facts and circumstances of such rape as of any other witness testifying in the case. And if such testimony creates in the mind of the jury a satisfactory conviction and belief beyond a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt, it is sufficient of itself without other corroborating circumstances or evidence to justify a verdict of guilty of rape upon the trial of the case.” The objection urged is, that the court singles out the testimony of the prosecutrix and tells the jury how much weight they are to attach to it, and that under this instruction the jury might have found the defendant guilty though the prosecutrix never made complaint to any person. So far as making seasonable complaint to some relative or friend is con
cerned, it is not necessary to a legal conviction. This is but a circumstance in the case, and is received as corroborative of the testimony of the prosecutrix as to the criminal act itself. Failure to make prompt complaint might be in some cases a strong circumstance, if unexplained, contradictory of the prosecutrix, but not necessarily conclusive. The remaining objection is based upon the decision of this court in
People
v.
Johnson,
106 Cal. 294, and
People
v.
Barker,
137 Cal. 557. In those cases the instruction was as follows: “While it is the law that the testimony of the prosecutrix should be carefully scanned, still this does not mean that such evidence is never sufficient to convict; if you believe the prosecutrix, it is your duty to render a verdict accordingly. ’ ’ The chief objection to this instruction made by the court was, that it took from the jury the question of the intent with which the acts of the defendant were committed; that it might be true that defendant did all the acts testified to and not have intended to commit rape, and yet the jury were not at liberty under the instruction to so find. Both these cases, were assaults with intent to commit rape. .In the instruction now before us the jury are first told that it is within their province to determine the weight and credibility to be given the testimony of the prosecutrix who testifies to the facts as of any other witness, and in the second place that if her: testimony creates in the minds of the jury a satisfactory conviction beyond a reasonable doubt of defendant’s guilt it is sufficient without other •corroborating circumstances. This is very far from telling the jury if they believe the prosecutrix they must find the defendant guilty. The jury are told that they must be convinced of defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, while in the cases cited the jury were told to convict whether the facts constituted guilt or not. Here the jury were fully instructed as to what must be proved, and how proved, before there could be a conviction, and if defendant’s guilt was thus established beyond a reasonable doubt by the testimony of the prosecutrix, it would be sufficient. The instruction complained of is not open to the objections made to the instruction in the cases last above cited.
3. It is complained that the court refused to instruct that the jury might find the defendant guilty of rape, assault with
intent to commit rape, attempt to commit rape, battery and assault, and in fact instructed only as to the crime charged. The evidence in the case admitted of no doubt as to the sexual intercourse. If it was with the consent of the prosecutrix, there was no offense at all included in the crime charged; if it was without her consent and under the circumstances, it could have been nothing but rape. It was one thing or the other, and there was no evidence tending to reduce the offense. The court did not err.
(People
v.
Chavez,
103 Cal. 407;
People
v.
Lopez,
135 Cal. 23;
People
v.
Swist,
136 Cal. 520.)
4. Defendant’s instructions marked XI and XII were refused, and this is claimed to be error. In the first of these the court was asked to instruct the jury that the defendant was a competent witness and that the jury “are as much bound to consider the evidence given by the defendant in the case as that of any other witness, and to give it all the weight you believe it entitled to.” The instruction was indorsed— “Refused, because the defendant did not testify.” The second of these instructions was that “If, from all the testimony in the case, that of defendant included, there remains a probability of defendant’s innocence, it is sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt of his guilt and to entitle him to a verdict of not guilty.” Marked “Refused for the same reason as stated above.” The defendant testified in the case, and the court no doubt inadvertently stated the ground of its refusal as it did. It is not material for what reason the instructions were refused ; they did not go to the jury nor did the court’s reasons indorsed thereon. This court has held it not error to refuse an instruction which singled out the testimony of a particular witness for comment.
(People
v.
Patterson,
124 Cal. 102;
Thomas
v.
Gates,
126 Cal. 1;
People
v.
Arlington,
131 Cal. 231;
People
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CHIPMAN, C.—
This is an appeal from the second judgment of conviction of defendant for the crime of rape. The verdict of guilty is not called in question otherwise than through alleged errors of law occurring at the trial.
1. The court instructed the jury as follows: “Upon the trial of a defendant accused of the crime of rape the fact that the prosecutrix made prompt and early complaint of the wrong and injury committed upon her person, and to her character and chastity, is independent and original evidence
and is admissible and may be received and considered by the jury in corroboration of her other testimony given in the case.”
The objections urged aré: 1. That the court “tells the jury that it is a. fact that the prosecution made prompt and early complaint”; 2. That the court by the instruction “distinguishes between one part of her testimony and the other,” by stating that it was a fact that she made prompt and early complaint; 3. Also, that the court told the jury that her testimony was “independent and original evidence”; and 4. That the instruction points out as the fact that “her chastity and character has received a wrong and an injury. ’ ’ The instruction states a well-recognized rule of evidence in this class of cases as applicable generally “upon the trial of a defendant”; it in no sense can be held to be equivalent to saying—“the fact as testified to by the prosecutrix that she made prompt complaint,” etc., or that “it is a fact that the prosecutrix made prompt and early complaint.” The evidence is uncontradieted that she did make such complaint, but we do not "think the instruction informs the jury that the fact was as she testified. That the instruction is a correct statement of the law is held in
People
v.
Lambert,
120 Cal. 170, and
People
v.
Wilmot,
139 Cal. 103, and we can see no error in so informing the jury.
2. The court instructed the jury that it is their province to determine the weight and credibility “to be given the testimony of a female upon whom it is alleged in an information that a rape has been committed, and who testifies to the facts and circumstances of such rape as of any other witness testifying in the case. And if such testimony creates in the mind of the jury a satisfactory conviction and belief beyond a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt, it is sufficient of itself without other corroborating circumstances or evidence to justify a verdict of guilty of rape upon the trial of the case.” The objection urged is, that the court singles out the testimony of the prosecutrix and tells the jury how much weight they are to attach to it, and that under this instruction the jury might have found the defendant guilty though the prosecutrix never made complaint to any person. So far as making seasonable complaint to some relative or friend is con
cerned, it is not necessary to a legal conviction. This is but a circumstance in the case, and is received as corroborative of the testimony of the prosecutrix as to the criminal act itself. Failure to make prompt complaint might be in some cases a strong circumstance, if unexplained, contradictory of the prosecutrix, but not necessarily conclusive. The remaining objection is based upon the decision of this court in
People
v.
Johnson,
106 Cal. 294, and
People
v.
Barker,
137 Cal. 557. In those cases the instruction was as follows: “While it is the law that the testimony of the prosecutrix should be carefully scanned, still this does not mean that such evidence is never sufficient to convict; if you believe the prosecutrix, it is your duty to render a verdict accordingly. ’ ’ The chief objection to this instruction made by the court was, that it took from the jury the question of the intent with which the acts of the defendant were committed; that it might be true that defendant did all the acts testified to and not have intended to commit rape, and yet the jury were not at liberty under the instruction to so find. Both these cases, were assaults with intent to commit rape. .In the instruction now before us the jury are first told that it is within their province to determine the weight and credibility to be given the testimony of the prosecutrix who testifies to the facts as of any other witness, and in the second place that if her: testimony creates in the minds of the jury a satisfactory conviction beyond a reasonable doubt of defendant’s guilt it is sufficient without other •corroborating circumstances. This is very far from telling the jury if they believe the prosecutrix they must find the defendant guilty. The jury are told that they must be convinced of defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, while in the cases cited the jury were told to convict whether the facts constituted guilt or not. Here the jury were fully instructed as to what must be proved, and how proved, before there could be a conviction, and if defendant’s guilt was thus established beyond a reasonable doubt by the testimony of the prosecutrix, it would be sufficient. The instruction complained of is not open to the objections made to the instruction in the cases last above cited.
3. It is complained that the court refused to instruct that the jury might find the defendant guilty of rape, assault with
intent to commit rape, attempt to commit rape, battery and assault, and in fact instructed only as to the crime charged. The evidence in the case admitted of no doubt as to the sexual intercourse. If it was with the consent of the prosecutrix, there was no offense at all included in the crime charged; if it was without her consent and under the circumstances, it could have been nothing but rape. It was one thing or the other, and there was no evidence tending to reduce the offense. The court did not err.
(People
v.
Chavez,
103 Cal. 407;
People
v.
Lopez,
135 Cal. 23;
People
v.
Swist,
136 Cal. 520.)
4. Defendant’s instructions marked XI and XII were refused, and this is claimed to be error. In the first of these the court was asked to instruct the jury that the defendant was a competent witness and that the jury “are as much bound to consider the evidence given by the defendant in the case as that of any other witness, and to give it all the weight you believe it entitled to.” The instruction was indorsed— “Refused, because the defendant did not testify.” The second of these instructions was that “If, from all the testimony in the case, that of defendant included, there remains a probability of defendant’s innocence, it is sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt of his guilt and to entitle him to a verdict of not guilty.” Marked “Refused for the same reason as stated above.” The defendant testified in the case, and the court no doubt inadvertently stated the ground of its refusal as it did. It is not material for what reason the instructions were refused ; they did not go to the jury nor did the court’s reasons indorsed thereon. This court has held it not error to refuse an instruction which singled out the testimony of a particular witness for comment.
(People
v.
Patterson,
124 Cal. 102;
Thomas
v.
Gates,
126 Cal. 1;
People
v.
Arlington,
131 Cal. 231;
People
v.
Lonnen,
139 Cal. 634.) .Instruction XX was general and applied to all witnesses, including defendant, and covered the point that the jury should “give such credit to each witness as, under all the circumstances such witness seems to be entitled to.” The case of
People
v.
Cowgill,
93 Cal. 596, cited by appellant, does not sustain him. There the objectionable clause, stricken out by the court before the instruction was given, was in substance embodied in the inr
struction asked in this ease. The instruction given as to the testimony of the prosecutrix (people’s instruction, numbered XIX) first above noticed, involves an entirely different question than the one now before us, and was not amenable to the objection that it singled out a particular witness.
As to the instruction marked XII, the court instructed the jury with clearness and repeatedly to the same effect as asked by defendant, and hence defendant was not injured. That instructions given in substance need not be repeated has often been held here.
5. Error is claimed on the alleged ground that the court permitted the prosecutrix “to tell about the facts of the complaint.” The testimony complained of did not relate to the particulars of the alleged rape or of the complaint made, but related to the physical condition of the prosecutrix at the time she complained to her mother shortly after the assault, and also related to certain treatment by her mother to relieve the condition in which the prosecutrix then was. We cannot see but that she was as competent a witness upon these facts as her mother or other person cognizant of them.
6. In sustaining defendant’s objection to certain questions put to the prosecutrix by the district attorney, and referring to the decision of this court upon a point arising at the former trial the court remarked: “I don’t propose to have this case go up there and be reversed again if I can help it.” It is contended that “by this remark the court plainly told the jury that the court fully expected their verdict to be that of guilty” and “that the court wanted the defendant convicted.” If such an inference could reasonably have been drawn by the jury from the remarks, of the court, we might well presume that they were prejudicial, and therefore error; but we think counsel attribute unwarranted importance to this remark. Trial judges should always endeavor to so rule as to avoid reversal; for presumably they thus avoid error, and error is always to be avoided. A more reasonable inference to be drawn from the remarks is, that the court desired only to be right in his ruling, and meant no more than if it had said to counsel, “I wish to avoid making a mistake in my ruling, and will sustain the objection.” The remarks were
unnecessary, but we can discover no prejudicial error' in them.
It is advised that the judgment and order be affirmed.
Haynes, C., and Gray, C., concurred.
For the reasons given in the foregoing opinion the judgment and order appealed from are affirmed.
Angellotti, J., Shaw, J., Van Dyke,. J.