Filed 4/22/15 P. v. Jordan CA4/1 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D064998
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. SCD234145)
LAQUAN JORDAN,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Charles G.
Rogers, Judge. Affirmed as to the conviction; reversed as to the sentence and remanded
for resentencing.
Susan K. Shaler, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Peter Quon, Jr. and Randall D.
Einhorn, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent. Laquan Jordan appeals from a judgment convicting him of assault with a
semiautomatic firearm with true findings on personal gun use and gang benefit
enhancements. He argues: (1) his due process rights were violated because he was
denied a bench trial; (2) there is insufficient evidence to support that he had the mental
state for assault; and (3) the trial court erred in refusing to instruct on accident and
defense of another. We reject these contentions.
As to sentencing, defendant asserts the trial court erred in imposing a sentence
enhancement for both (1) personal use of a firearm (Pen. Code,1 § 12022.5, subd. (a))
and (2) acting to benefit his gang in committing the serious felony of assault with a
semiautomatic firearm (§§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(B), 1192.7, subd. (c)(31)). We agree the
trial court imposed two enhancements based on firearm use, and this violated the
statutory mandate in section 1170.1, subdivision (f) that only the greatest firearm use
enhancement be imposed. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment as to the sentence and
remand for resentencing.
For guidance on remand, we reject defendant's contention that the trial court
abused its discretion when selecting upper term sentences.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Overview
The events giving rise to defendant's assault conviction occurred in the early
morning hours of October 2, 2010, while defendant and three other males (Darius Peete,
1 Subsequent unspecified statutory references are to the Penal Code. 2 Michael Dunbar, and Deandre Grey) were at an apartment complex. Defendant and his
three companions are all members of the Skyline Piru gang.
There were two acts of violence that occurred at the apartment complex: (1) the
murder of Aaron Robinson in his apartment on the first floor, and (2) the shooting of
Angela Traylor in a corridor on the third floor. The authorities identified defendant,
Dunbar, Grey, and Peete as the perpetrators of the violence based on a surveillance video
at the apartment complex and other evidence gathered during their investigation.
The murder occurred when Peete fatally shot Robinson during an encounter
involving Robinson's attempt to sell marijuana to Peete. Both Peete and defendant were
charged with Robinson's murder, and during the prosecution's case-in-chief Peete pled
guilty to the murder charge. After the prosecutor and defendant's counsel concluded their
evidentiary presentations, the trial court granted defendant's motion for acquittal on the
murder charge. Because of defendant's acquittal on this charge, we need not delineate the
facts concerning Robinson's murder.
The Traylor shooting occurred when defendant fired a gun in response to a fight
between Dunbar and Grey and several other individuals, and the bullet hit Traylor in the
thigh. Based on this latter incident, the jury convicted defendant of assault with a
semiautomatic firearm with personal firearm use and gang benefit enhancements.
The Shooting of Traylor by Defendant
The same night that Robinson was shot, a group of people were at Jasmine
Sutton's third-floor apartment having a late-night party. One of the attendees, Lawrence
Gigetts, testified that when he arrived at Sutton's apartment complex to attend the party,
3 there were several people outside in the front of the complex. When Gigetts was
knocking on the front door of Sutton's third-floor apartment, he noticed that three males
who had been in front of the complex had followed him. The males told him that they
knew Sutton, but when he called Sutton on her phone to ask her to open the door, the
three men left the area. When Gigetts described the three men to Sutton, she said she did
not know them.
The Traylor shooting occurred as Traylor was leaving Sutton's apartment shortly
before 3:49 a.m. Traylor and her boyfriend (Jamel Yancy) were walking down a narrow
third-floor hallway that led to the stairwell. Jamel's sister (Joselyn Yancy) and Joselyn's
boyfriend (James Calimee) were about 18 feet behind them.2 Two males (later identified
as Grey and Dunbar) approached Jamel and Traylor, and one of them said, " 'What's up,
P?' " to Traylor, which apparently was a reference to prostitute. Traylor told the male she
did not do this anymore; Jamel defended her; and "words were exchanged." One of the
males used profanity, said something about fighting, and made a gang reference to
" 'Piru' " and " 'blood.' " Jamel cursed back at the males, and said if they wanted to fight
it was " 'nothing' " and he would not back down.
Grey and Dunbar (the assailants) then starting "jumping Jamel." Jamel was bent
over and the two assailants were "kind of on his back," hitting him with their fists.
Traylor, Joselyn, and Calimee (the victim group) tried to intervene and momentarily
stopped the fight, but then the assailants called Traylor a "bitch" and told Joselyn "she
2 Because they share the same last name, we refer to Jamel Yancy and Joselyn Yancy by their first names. 4 could get it too" and swung at her.3 Everyone started fighting; the assailants were
pulling Jamel towards the stairwell banister in an attempt to throw him over the edge; and
the victim group was trying to separate the two assailants from Jamel. Both groups were
throwing blows and there was a lot of yelling and screaming, including Traylor yelling
" '[b]reak it up. Stop' " and Joselyn yelling " 'get the fuck off my brother.' " During the
fight (which lasted about five minutes) Joselyn hit one of the assailants over the head
with an unopened can of beer.
The victim group managed to separate Jamel from the assailants and stop the fight
before any portion of Jamel's body was over the banister railing. Both groups had fallen
to the ground during the fight and the "tug of war" over Jamel, and then they all stood up.
At this point, a male (later identified as defendant) came up from downstairs; pointed a
gun in the direction of the victim group; and "shot at" them.4 When the gun was fired,
defendant was in an area by the stairs; the two assailants were to the side of the victim
group; and the victim group was in the corridor about 15 feet away from defendant.
Joselyn and Calimee testified that at the time of the gunshot, the fight was over.5
According to Joselyn, the two groups were backing away from each other, and although
3 Our reference to victim group will at times also include Jamel.
4 When asked whether defendant aimed or pointed the gun at the victim group, Calimee testified, "I mean, he pulled a gun out. And you aim to shoot. Yes, he was taking aim. [¶] . . . [¶] [He pointed the gun] [a]t our direction, yes. [¶] . . . [¶] [He] pulled the gun out and [he] aimed and [he] shot."
5 At trial, the incident was described primarily by Joselyn and Calimee, as Jamel and Traylor claimed not to remember most of what occurred. 5 there were still words being exchanged and some attempts at lunging, the fighting had
stopped and they were too far away from each other (about eight feet) to make physical
contact. Calimee recalled the gunshot occurring "kind of fast" after the two groups stood
up from their fall to the floor, and he was not sure if they were backing away when the
gun was fired.
As the victim group ran away to Sutton's apartment, they realized that Traylor had
been shot. Traylor was screaming that she had been shot; they applied presure to stop the
bleeding on her thigh; and they summoned the authorities. Apart from Traylor's gunshot
wound (which required surgery), the victim group did not sustain any injuries other than
soreness.
The corridor where the fight and the shooting occurred was a narrow, fairly
confined area, with a cement floor and stucco walls. Crime scene specialists observed a
bullet strike mark on a northern wall, and a bullet hole on an adjacent western wall. The
strike mark was about two feet, seven inches from the floor, and the bullet hole was about
two feet from the floor. Because the strike mark was about seven inches higher than the
bullet hole, a prosecution crime scene specialist acknowledged this pattern was
"[c]onsistent with a shot that was fired down towards the floor."
The authorities found bullets and cartridge casings associated with the Robinson
murder and the Traylor shooting, including a bullet in the wall where Traylor was shot.
A forensic examination of these casings and bullets showed the same semiautomatic gun
was used in both the Robinson murder and the Traylor shooting.
6 Gang Evidence
A prosecution gang expert testified that if a Skyline Piru gang member approached
someone and in the course of an argument mentioned the gang's name " 'Piru,' " this
would tell the person the "gang is doing this" and would be a way of intimidating the
person. Also, possession of a gun by gang members is a way of showing that they have
power and they are willing to use the gun. It is common for gang members to know
which gang members have a gun, and a particular gang member's possession of a gun
increases the respect for that gang member within the gang.
The gang expert described numerous personal contacts, field interview reports,
and arrest reports that showed the strong allegiance to their gang demonstrated by
defendant and the three other gang members involved in the charged offenses. Defendant
and his three gang cohorts had repeated gang-related contacts with the police for several
years; their gang monikers were known to the police; they had been observed in photos
and/or in person wearing distinctive red-colored gang clothing and paraphernalia and
"throwing up" gang hand signs; and they had admitted their gang allegiance to the police.
Dunbar and Grey were known to associate with each other, and defendant was known to
associate with Dunbar. Defendant's gang moniker is "Baby LK Mad." LK stands for
"Lincoln Killer"; and Lincoln is Skyline Piru's number one rival. Defendant had 31
gang-related contacts with the police from 2005 to 2011; he has been contacted in person
and depicted in photos wearing Skyline Piru gang clothing and paraphernalia; and on
several occasions he admitted gang membership to the authorities.
7 Defense Case
Peete (who had earlier pled guilty to the Robinson murder) and defendant testified
during the defense case. Peete stated he shot Robinson and defendant was not with him
when this occurred. Peete denied he gave his gun to defendant after he shot Robinson,
but rather claimed he left the apartment complex with the gun and later threw it in the
ocean.
Defendant testified he went to the apartment complex because he heard there was
a party there; when he arrived at the complex he recognized Dunbar and Grey; and he
met Peete for the first time that night. He and his three companions were not allowed
into the party on the third floor, and they went back downstairs to the front of the
complex. Thereafter, Dunbar and Grey went back upstairs; Peete walked away with
Robinson; and defendant went to the front area of the complex and remained there talking
to a female.
When Peete returned to the front area, he showed defendant a firearm, saying
" 'Check this out.' " While defendant and Peete were talking, defendant heard the sound
of a fight coming from upstairs. Knowing Dunbar and Grey were upstairs, defendant
grabbed the gun and ran upstairs. Defendant testified, "When I got upstairs, I just seen a
lot of people fighting, like a melee, and I fired a shot hoping to cease the fight, to end the
fight from the two people I know that was involved in the fight. [¶] . . . [¶] . . . From the
looks of it, it was like 12-5, or I don't know the exact number, seeing bottles flying and
stuff of that nature. I know it wasn't the right thing to do, but from like—I seen that
happen before to where people was fighting and people hear a shot and everything kind
8 of ceased, so I thought that was what was going to happen." He stated he fired to the
right and "[t]owards the ground," and he was not trying to hit anyone. After firing the
gun, he stayed only a few seconds and it appeared the people had stopped fighting. He
turned around, ran back downstairs, and left. He testified he did not know he had shot
someone, and he threw the gun away because he had "no use for it." Defendant admitted
he had associated with the Skyline Piru gang, but denied he was a gang member.
Jury Verdict and Sentence
The jury convicted defendant of assault with a semiautomatic firearm, with true
findings that he personally used a firearm and committed the offense for the benefit of his
gang. The court sentenced him to 24 years in prison.
DISCUSSION
I. Denial of Request for Bench Trial
Defendant argues the trial court violated his due process rights because it denied
his request for a bench trial.
A. Background
After the jury had been selected and on the morning testimony was set to
commence in defendant and Peete's joint trial, defendant (through his counsel and
personally) requested that he be given a bench trial rather than a jury trial. Defense
counsel told the court there were evidentiary items likely to be admissible on a broader
scope in a bench trial, including evidence of codefendant Peete's conviction for attempted
murder and assault with a firearm for an incident that occurred about one month after the
9 current charged murder of Robinson. Peete declined to waive his jury trial right, and the
prosecutor stated it would not agree to waive a jury unless Peete agreed to do so.
The court denied defendant's request for a bench trial, stating that both the
defendant and the prosecutor had to agree to waive a jury. The court commented that the
bench trial request could alternatively be viewed as the equivalent of a midtrial severance
motion, but there was a legislative preference for a joint trial of the same offense absent a
strong showing of inconsistent defenses and prejudice. The court stated that if
defendant's counsel thought it appropriate, he could file a midtrial severance motion with
supporting affidavits to support the motion.6
Thereafter, defense counsel did not file a severance motion, and defense counsel
made no further requests for a bench trial, including when codefendant Peete pled guilty
during the prosecution's case-in-chief.7
6 Contrary to defendant's claim on appeal, the trial court did not in effect treat his request for a bench trial as a severance motion, but rather invited defense counsel to file a severance motion if he chose to do so.
7 At the conclusion of the prosecution's case-in-chief, defense counsel moved for a mistrial based on Peete's guilty plea. The court denied the motion because there was no showing of prejudice to defendant. When presenting the mistrial motion to the court, defense counsel noted the previous request for a bench trial, but did not ask the court to change the case to a bench trial given that Peete was no longer part of the proceedings. Likewise, during a Marsden hearing at the conclusion of the prosecution's case-in-chief, defendant told the court that he was not told he had the option of a bench trial until the time of jury selection, but he did not ask the court to give him a bench trial at this juncture. 10 B. Analysis
On appeal, defendant contends that a defendant's constitutional right to a trial by a
jury also extends to a right to decline a trial by a jury. He also posits that a defendant's
due process rights are violated if the prosecution is allowed to block the granting of a
bench trial request when there are compelling reasons why a jury trial might be
prejudicial to the defendant.
Contrary to defendant's claim, it is well established that there is no right to a bench
trial under the federal or California Constitutions. As defendant recognizes, the United
States Supreme Court has found no such right under the federal Constitution. (Singer v.
United States (1965) 380 U.S. 24, 34-36 (Singer).) Consistent with this, the California
Constitution explicitly permits waiver of the jury trial right only upon agreement of both
parties. (Cal. Const., art. I, § 16 ["A jury may be waived in a criminal cause by the
consent of both parties expressed in open court by the defendant and the defendant's
counsel."]; People v. Washington (1969) 71 Cal.2d 1061, 1086-1087 [rejecting argument
that prosecutor's refusal to consent to bench trial violated defendant's constitutional
rights]; People v. Partner (1986) 180 Cal.App.3d 178, 182-183 [same]; see People v.
Memro (1995) 11 Cal.4th 786, 875.) As explained in Singer, "The ability to waive a
constitutional right does not ordinarily carry with it the right to insist upon the opposite of
that right. [¶] . . . [¶] . . . A defendant's only constitutional right concerning the method
of trial is to an impartial trial by jury. We find no constitutional impediment to
conditioning a waiver of this right on the consent of the prosecuting attorney and the trial
judge when, if either refuses to consent, the result is simply that the defendant is subject
11 to an impartial trial by jury—the very thing that the Constitution guarantees him."
(Singer, supra, at pp. 34-36.)
Moreover, assuming there may on occasion be compelling reasons to grant a
defense request for a bench trial over prosecutorial objection so as to ensure a fair trial
(see Singer, supra, 380 U.S. at p. 37; United States v. Clark (7th Cir. 1991) 943 F.2d 775,
784; People v. Sims (1982) 32 Cal.3d 468, 483, fn. 13), defendant has not shown any
such circumstances here. Defendant has not cited to anything showing that a jury could
not fairly resolve his case, nor that he was prevented from introducing evidence because
the case was tried by a jury rather than the court. Indeed, even after codefendant Peete
was no longer part of the case because he pled guilty—thus removing the prosecutor's
reason for declining to agree to a bench trial—defendant did not ask the trial court to
switch to a bench trial. To the extent defendant suggests his gang membership would
have made him unpopular with the jury, this factor alone does not establish that a jury
could not impartially evaluate whether he was guilty of the charged offense.
Defendant has not shown the trial court's refusal to grant him a bench trial violated
his constitutional rights or deprived him of a fair trial.
II. Challenges to Assault Conviction
To review defendant's challenges to his assault conviction based on insufficiency
of the evidence and instructional error, we first summarize the general principles
governing the crime of assault.
12 A. The Offense of Assault
An assault occurs when the defendant willfully commits a wrongful act that by its
nature will directly and probably result in the application of physical force on another.
(People v. Colantuono (1994) 7 Cal.4th 206, 214; see People v. Trujillo (2010) 181
Cal.App.4th 1344, 1355 ["the gravamen of assault is the likelihood that the defendant's
action will result in a violent injury to another"].) Assault is a general intent crime,
requiring that the defendant commit the proscribed act willfully; i.e., on purpose.
(Colantuono, supra, at p. 214; People v. Williams (2001) 26 Cal.4th 779, 782; People v.
Ibarra (2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 1174, 1194.) Further, the defendant must have
knowledge of facts that would lead a reasonable person to realize the application of force
would directly and probably result from the act; mere reckless or negligent conduct
without knowledge of these relevant facts does not suffice to establish the offense.
(Williams, supra, at p. 788.)
However, assault does not require the specific intent to injure because the
assaultive act, by its nature, subsumes this intent. (People v. Williams, supra, 26 Cal.4th
at p. 786.) "Although the defendant must intentionally engage in conduct that will likely
produce injurious consequences, the prosecution need not prove a specific intent to inflict
a particular harm. . . . Because the offensive or dangerous character of the defendant's
conduct, by virtue of its nature, contemplates such injury, a general criminal intent to
commit the act suffices to establish the requisite mental state." (People v. Colantuono,
supra, 7 Cal.4th at pp. 214-215.)
13 B. Sufficiency of Evidence To Support Mental State for Assault
Defendant contends there is insufficient evidence to support that he had the mental
state required for the assault charge. In support, he contends he fired a single shot
towards the ground and was merely trying to stop the fight, no one saw him aim the gun
at any person, and it was unpredictable whether the bullet would ricochet and hit
someone.
In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we examine the entire
record in the light most favorable to the judgment to determine whether there is
substantial evidence from which a reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant guilty
beyond a reasonable doubt. (People v. Nelson (2011) 51 Cal.4th 198, 210.) It is the
exclusive province of the jury to determine credibility and to resolve evidentiary conflicts
and inconsistencies, and we presume in support of the judgment the existence of every
fact the jury could reasonably deduce from the evidence. (Ibid.; People v. Young (2005)
34 Cal.4th 1149, 1181.) If the circumstances reasonably justify the jury's findings,
reversal is not warranted merely because the circumstances might also be reasonably
reconciled with a contrary finding. (Nelson, supra, at p. 210.)
Witnesses in the victim group testified defendant fired the gun in their direction, at
a time when the fight was over, and from a distance of about 15 feet. Further, the
prosecution introduced evidence showing defendant's strong gang affiliation and the gang
culture of using firearms to gain respect for the gang. From this evidence, the jury could
reasonably infer that defendant was firing at the victims to support his gang companions
and to intimidate the victims by showing the gang will not hesitate to use firearms when
14 gang members are involved in fights. Although the trajectory shown by the bullet mark
and hole could support that defendant was aiming towards the ground, the jurors were not
required to reach this conclusion. The jurors could instead deduce that defendant aimed
at the victims and the bullet hit Traylor in the leg, exited, and then proceeded to the north
wall and ricocheted down to the west wall.
Moreover, even if the jurors thought defendant did aim at the floor, they could
consider that he discharged the gun in a narrow corridor where there were hard surfaces
that could easily cause the bullet to ricochet and hit someone. Notably, defendant did not
fire the gun directly where he was standing or behind himself at a location away from the
victims, but rather fired in the direction of the victims. From this evidence, the jurors
could deduce that defendant had knowledge of facts from which a reasonable person
would know someone in the victim group was likely to be hit by the bullet. (See, e.g.,
People v. Williams, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 790 [defendant's act of firing warning shot in
direction of vehicle where he knew victim was crouched constituted act that by its nature
would directly, naturally, and probably result in a battery].) Based on the showing that
defendant was aware of facts indicating that discharge of a gun would directly and
probably cause someone to be shot, the jury could reasonably find that he did not fire the
gun in a merely negligent or reckless manner but rather engaged in the willful, knowing
conduct required for the offense of assault.
The record supports the assault verdict.
15 C. Refusal To Instruct on Defenses of Accident and Defense of Another
Defendant argues the trial court erred because it refused his requests to instruct the
jury on the defenses of accident and defense of another.
Upon request by the defendant, a trial court is required to instruct on a defense that
is supported by substantial evidence. (People v. Petznick (2003) 114 Cal.App.4th 663,
677.) When deciding whether the evidence is sufficient to warrant a jury instruction, the
trial court does not determine the credibility of the evidence, but only whether there was
evidence which, if believed by the jury, was sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt of guilt.
(People v. Salas (2006) 37 Cal.4th 967, 982.) The court must "take the proffered
evidence as true, 'regardless of whether it was of a character to inspire belief. . . .'
[Citation.] ' "Doubts as to the sufficiency of the evidence to warrant instructions should
be resolved in favor of the accused.". . . .' [Citation.] Even so, the test is not whether any
evidence is presented, no matter how weak. Instead, the jury must be instructed when
there is evidence that 'deserve[s] consideration by the jury, i.e., "evidence from which a
jury composed of reasonable [people] could have concluded" ' that the specific facts
supporting the instruction existed." (People v. Petznick, supra, at p. 677.) On appeal, we
independently review the court's refusal to instruct on a defense. (People v. Manriquez
(2005) 37 Cal.4th 547, 581.)
1. Refusal To Instruct on Accident
The accident defense applies if the defendant acted " 'without the intent required
for [the] crime, but acted instead accidentally.' " (People v. Anderson (2011) 51 Cal.4th
16 989, 996; § 26; see CALCRIM No. 3404.)8 As set forth earlier, the mental state required
for assault is knowledge of the relevant facts and willful commission of a wrongful act
that will directly and probably result in the application of force; there is no requirement
that the defendant intended to harm the victim. (People v. Williams, supra, 26 Cal.4th at
pp. 782, 786, 788; People v. Colantuono, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 214.) Thus, an accident
defense can apply to charges of assault when the defendant unwillingly or unknowingly
(i.e., accidentally) committed an act that directed force towards the victim. (See, e.g.,
People v. Corning (1983) 146 Cal.App.3d 83, 88-89 [accident defense based on evidence
of accidental discharge of gun]; People v. Lara (1996) 44 Cal.App.4th 102, 106 [accident
defense based on evidence defendant unintentionally hit victim while turning around].)
Defendant's claim that he was entitled to an accident instruction is based on his
testimony (and consistent forensic evidence) that he shot towards the ground with the
intent of ending the fight. Defendant's act of shooting towards the ground constituted a
purposeful firing of the weapon; i.e., there is no claim that the gun fired accidentally.
Thus, defendant's act of firing the gun was entirely volitional, and there were no
facts suggesting some kind of nonvolitional conduct that could support an accident
defense. When considering defendant's claim that he purposefully shot towards the
8 Section 26 states: "All persons are capable of committing crimes except those belonging to the following classes: [¶] . . . [¶] Persons who committed the act or made the omission charged through misfortune or by accident, when it appears that there was no evil design, intention, or culpable negligence." CALCRIM No. 3404 states in relevant part: "The defendant is not guilty . . . if [he or she] acted . . . without the intent required for that crime, but acted instead accidentally . . . ." (Bracketing in original omitted.) 17 ground, the jury needed to evaluate whether under all the circumstances his volitional act
of shooting towards the ground (if credited) constituted an act that a reasonable person
would know would directly, probably, and naturally lead to someone being shot, thus
providing the criminal mens rea for assault. If the jury thought it was improbable that a
bullet would ricochet and strike someone, it would have acquitted defendant not because
his conduct was accidental, but because his conduct did not constitute an assault—i.e.,
there was no significant likelihood it would result in the application of force. In this
circumstance, the shooting of the victim from a ricocheting bullet could be viewed as
accidental in the colloquial sense, but it would not have been accidental in the legal sense
because defendant's act of shooting into the ground was purposeful. In other words,
under the defense theory the shooting of the victim may have been accidental, but
because the shooting of the gun was not accidental and assault is a general intent crime,
there was no basis for an accident instruction.
Nor is this a case where there was some relevant fact unknown to defendant that
could support an accident instruction—for example, when a defendant fires a gun without
knowing there is a person in the vicinity. To the extent defendant claimed he did not
realize a bullet could ricochet and hit someone, this was not a matter of unknown facts
but rather a matter of unknown probabilities relevant to the jury's determination of
whether an assault occurred based on a reasonable person's perceptions of the likelihood
that someone could be shot.
Citing section 26, defendant argues the accident instruction was required because
there was evidence showing he lacked "evil design" or "intention" because his intent was
18 to break up the fight. (See fn. 8, ante.) Section 26's reference to the absence of evil
design or intention for accident must be interpreted in the context of the particular mental
state associated with the charged offense. (See People v. Anderson, supra, 51 Cal.4th at
p. 997 [accident defense can apply if defendant acted without forming the mental state
necessary to make his or her actions a crime].) The mental state for assault is the intent
to do the wrongful act and knowledge of the facts that make the application of force a
natural and probable result. Because there was no evidence that defendant lacked an
intent to do the act of firing or was unaware of relevant facts, there was no basis to
provide an accident instruction.
To the extent defendant relies on the evidence of his intent to break up the fight,
this subjective intent was irrelevant for purposes of evaluating whether he acted
accidentally rather than volitionally or without knowledge of relevant facts for purposes
of an accident defense to assault. The evidence of defendant's intent to break up the fight
is, however, relevant to his contentions concerning defense of another, which we discuss
below.
The trial court did not err in refusing to instruct on the defense of accident.
2. Refusal To Instruct on Defense of Another
To support a claim of self-defense or defense of another, the defendant must
reasonably believe there is a threat of imminent bodily injury and the immediate use of
force is necessary, and must use an amount of force that is reasonable under the
circumstances. (People v. Hernandez (2011) 51 Cal.4th 733, 747; People v. Humphrey
(1996) 13 Cal.4th 1073, 1093 (conc. opn. of Brown, J.).) The justification does not
19 require the existence of actual danger but rather depends upon appearances; it is
sufficient that the circumstances be such that a reasonable person would be placed in fear
for his or another's safety and that the defendant acted out of that fear. (Humphrey,
supra, at p. 1093.)
However, the defendant " 'may use only that force which is necessary in view of
the nature of the attack . . . .' " (People v. Humphrey, supra, 13 Cal.4th at p. 1094.) That
is, the defendant " 'may use so much force as [appears reasonably] necessary to meet such
danger and no more. If he goes beyond this limit, he transcends the law of self-defense,
and becomes himself a wrongdoer.' " (People v. Aguirre (1938) 11 Cal.2d 248, 253.)
When declining to instruct on defense of another, the trial court recognized that
firing a warning shot could trigger defense-of-another principles. However, the court
reasoned that to justify the use of deadly force such as from the discharge of a firearm,
the perceived threat must be of "equal magnitude." The court stated it was accepting
what defendant said as true and it was not weighing the evidence, but concluded there
was no evidence that anyone was about to suffer death or great bodily injury so that
defendant could have reasonably believed discharge of a gun was necessary. The court
concluded, "You can't use a gun to break up a fist fight, even if you're firing it as a
warning shot." In response to defense counsel's claim that the beer can used by Joselyn
constituted use of a deadly weapon, the trial court stated this claim was "too great a leap."
Defendant testified he shot the gun as a warning shot to break up the fight and he
shot towards the ground. His testimony suggested he thought his friends were
outnumbered during the melee, and he referred to seeing "bottles flying and stuff of that
20 nature." This testimony could support inferences that defendant thought his friends might
lose the fight and they could be injured by flying bottles, and accordingly he fired the gun
in a defensive attempt to break up the fight. However, defendant did not dispute that he
fired in the direction of the victim group. Conspicuously absent from his testimony is
any suggestion that anyone was armed with a deadly weapon or that someone was about
to experience injury that would warrant the use of force in the form of discharging a
firearm in the direction of people. Defendant's claim that he saw bottles flying, as well as
Joselyn's testimony that she hit one of the assailants over the head with an unopened beer
can, do not alone reflect that a reasonable person would think the risk of injury was
sufficiently elevated as to necessitate firing a firearm in the direction of people. Also,
defendant made no claim that he saw someone about to be thrown over the railing, and
according to the victims this conduct had stopped when defendant reached the third floor
and fired the shot.
A firearm is a deadly weapon and when, as here, it is fired in the direction of other
individuals (even if aimed towards the ground as a warning shot) it creates a serious
likelihood of injury given the danger of ricochet and/or misaiming. Further, introducing
a firearm into a fight involving no deadly weapons or other overtly life-threatening
conduct can significantly escalate the potential for deadly violence. Accordingly, the
justifiable firing of a firearm as a defensive measure in this circumstance requires a high
degree of imminent injury to be proportionate to the degree of danger created by the
firearm discharge. The trial court properly concluded there were no facts that could
cause a reasonable person in defendant's position to believe the corridor fight posed a
21 sufficiently high threat of imminent injury to justify firing a gun in the direction of the
combatants. The court did not err in refusing to instruct on defense of another.
III. Sentencing Challenges
The trial court sentenced defendant to a total term of 24 years. The sentence
consisted of a nine-year upper term for the assault with a semiautomatic firearm
conviction (§ 245, subd. (b)); a 10-year upper term for his personal use of a firearm
(§ 12022.5, subd. (a)); and five years for the gang benefit enhancement (§ 186.22, subd.
(b)(1)(B)).
A. Erroneous Imposition of Two Enhancements for Firearm Use
Defendant argues the trial court erroneously imposed two enhancements for his
firearm use; i.e., (1) an enhancement pursuant to section 12022.5, subdivision (a) for
personal firearm use, and (2) an enhancement pursuant to section 186.22, subdivision
(b)(1)(B) based on the serious felony of assault with a deadly weapon. As we shall
explain, we agree that this constitutes two enhancements for the same firearm use in the
commission of a single offense, which is contrary to the statutory mandate set forth in
section 1170.1, subdivision (f) that only the greatest firearm use enhancement be
imposed.9
Section 1170.1(f) provides that when two or more enhancements may be imposed
for firearm use, only the greatest of those enhancements shall be imposed. That is,
section 1170.1(f) states: "When two or more enhancements may be imposed for being
9 For simplicity, we shall omit references to "subdivision" when referring to statutes in this section of our discussion. 22 armed with or using a dangerous or deadly weapon or a firearm in the commission of a
single offense, only the greatest of those enhancements shall be imposed for that
offense. . . ." (Italics added.)
Section 12022.5(a) provides for a three-, four- or 10-year enhancement when a
person "uses a firearm in the commission of a felony . . . ." (Italics added.) Here, the
court imposed the 10-year upper term for defendant's firearm use.
Section 186.22(b)(1) provides for three possible sentences when the defendant
commits an offense for the benefit of a gang: (1) two, three, or four years if the
defendant's offense is not a serious or violent felony (§ 186.22(b)(1)(A)); (2) five years if
the offense is a serious felony as defined in section 1192.7(c) (§ 186.22(b)(1)(B)); and (3)
10 years if the offense is a violent felony as defined in section 667.5(c)
(§ 186.22(b)(1)(C)). Section 1192.7(c)(31) lists the offense of assault with a
semiautomatic firearm as a serious felony.10 Here, the court imposed the five-year gang
benefit enhancement under section 186.22(b)(1)(B) based on defendant's conviction of
the serious felony of assault with a semiautomatic firearm. Had defendant's substantive
offense not qualified as a serious felony, the sentence on the gang enhancement would
have been two, three, or four years under section 186.22(b)(1)(A).
In People v. Rodriguez (2009) 47 Cal.4th 501 (Rodriguez), the trial court imposed
(1) an enhancement under section 12022.5(a) for personal firearm use, and (2) a 10-year
10 Section 1192.7(c)(31) defines a serious felony as including "assault with a deadly weapon, firearm, machinegun, assault weapon, or semiautomatic firearm . . . in violation of Section 245." 23 gang enhancement under section 186.22(b)(1)(C) because the defendant's conviction
(assault with a firearm with an enhancement for personal firearm use) qualified as a
violent felony under section 667.5(c)(8). (Rodriguez, supra, at pp. 504-505.) Section
667.5(c)(8) defines a violent felony as including "any felony in which the defendant uses
a firearm which use has been charged and proved as provided in . . . Section 12022.5."
The Rodriguez court concluded the defendant's sentence had been enhanced twice for his
firearm use, which was contrary to the requirement in section 1170.1(f) that only the
greatest firearm use enhancement be imposed. (Rodriguez, supra, 47 Cal.4th at pp. 504,
508-509.)
Rodriguez reasoned: "[T]he standard additional punishment for committing a
felony to benefit a criminal street gang is two, three, or four years' imprisonment.
(§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(A).) But when the crime is a 'violent felony, as defined in
subdivision (c) of Section 667.5,' section 186.22's subdivision (b)(1)(C) calls for
additional punishment of 10 years. Here, defendant became eligible for this 10-year
punishment only because he 'use[d] a firearm which use [was] charged and proved as
provided in . . . Section 12022.5.' (§ 667.5, subd. (c)(8).) Thus, defendant's firearm use
resulted in additional punishment not only under section 12022.5's subdivision (a)
(providing for additional punishment for personal use of a firearm) but also under section
186.22's subdivision (b)(1)(C), for committing a violent felony as defined in section
667.5, subdivision (c)(8) (by personal use of firearm) to benefit a criminal street gang.
Because the firearm use was punished under two different sentence enhancement
provisions, each pertaining to firearm use, section 1170.1's subdivision (f) requires
24 imposition of 'only the greatest of those enhancements' with respect to each offense."
(Rodriguez, supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 509.)
Subsequent to Rodriguez, the California Supreme Court granted review in a case
from our court, in which we rejected the People's contention in a cross-appeal that the
trial court should have imposed the same two enhancements at issue in the case currently
before us: i.e., (1) an enhancement under section 12022.5(a) for personal firearm use,
and (2) a five-year gang enhancement under section 186.22(b)(1)(B) based on a
conviction of the serious felony of assault with a semiautomatic firearm
(§ 1192.7(c)(31)). (People v. Le, review granted May 31, 2012, S202921.) Applying
Rodriguez, we concluded section 1170.1(f) required imposition of only one enhancement
based on the defendant's firearm use, and thus an enhancement could not be imposed
under both the personal firearm use statute and the gang benefit/serious felony/assault
with a firearm statutes. Our high court granted review in Le to consider whether
Rodriguez's holding applied in this circumstance.
Here, the trial court enhanced defendant's sentence by (1) 10 years because he
personally used a firearm (§ 12022.5(a)), and (2) five years (instead of two, three or four
years) based on a gang enhancement that was triggered because the substantive offense
was the serious felony of assault with a semiautomatic firearm (§§ 186.22(b)(1)(B),
1192.7(c)(31)). Comparable to the situation in Rodriguez, defendant became eligible for
the elevated five-year gang punishment—rather than the standard two-, three-, or four-
year gang punishment—because he committed an offense that involves the use of a
firearm. Thus, both the gun use enhancement and the gang enhancement imposed in this
25 case are derived from defendant's same act of using a firearm in the commission of a
single offense.
We note that, as pointed out by the Attorney General, the sentence imposed in this
case (unlike the circumstances in Rodriguez) does not involve the dual use of the same
firearm enhancement statute (i.e., § 12022.5, personal firearm use) to impose two
enhancement terms. Nevertheless, the court imposed an enhancement sentence twice for
the same act of firearm use. Section 1170.1(f) broadly imposes a dual-use restriction
whenever multiple enhancements are available for "using . . . a firearm," with no
suggestion that this restriction applies only to dual use of the same firearm use
enhancement statute. Based on the plain language of section 1170.1(f), and pending
resolution of the issue by our high court, we conclude Rodriguez's holding applies
equally here.
Accordingly, we reverse the sentence and remand for resentencing. (See People v.
Rodriguez, supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 509.)
B. Selection of Upper Terms
For guidance on remand, we address defendant's claim that the trial court abused
its discretion when selecting upper terms for the substantive assault count and the
personal gun use enhancement.
When deciding whether to impose an upper, middle or lower term, the trial court is
required to set forth its reasons for imposing the term it selects. (People v. Sandoval
(2007) 41 Cal.4th 825, 846-847.) The trial court's discretion must be exercised in a
manner that is not arbitrary and capricious, and its decision must be based on
26 individualized, relevant, and proper considerations. (Id. at p. 847.) The court is not
required to presume the middle term is the appropriate term, and a single aggravating
circumstance suffices to support an upper term sentence. (People v. Weber (2013) 217
Cal.App.4th 1041, 1063-1064.)
The probation report shows that defendant has a juvenile record reflecting his
commission of weapons-related offenses in 2004 and 2006 when he 13 and 16 years old.
During these offenses he possessed a locking blade knife on a school campus; he and
several companions burglarized and stole paintball guns and related equipment from a
sporting goods store; and he threw a loaded gun out of a car window while he and several
companions were being detained by the police for a shooting. The juvenile court
imposed gang restrictions as conditions of his release for the offenses in 2006. The
probation report delineates his various contacts with the police, probation violations,
continued gang involvement, participation in a gang-related fight, and placement in
various juvenile and home supervision programs. In 2010, at age 20, he committed the
current offense in which he discharged a firearm and injured a victim.
The court found that defendant's record showed increasing violence and a
"continued affinity for weapons that has now escalated to firing one and hurting
somebody . . . ." The court stated that although the shot involved a ricochet, it was also
"essentially a funnel or a tunnel situation. It was a long, narrow corridor with a group of
people down there. And any shot that gets fired is going to have a risk of hitting
somebody. And we know that that happened."
27 The court's selection of upper terms is supported by the showing that defendant's
offenses were increasing in seriousness and his violent conduct had now escalated to the
point that he intentionally fired a gun and injured someone. Defendant's contention that
the court did not consider mitigating factors is unavailing. We presume the court
considered all relevant factors absent a contrary affirmative showing in the record.
(People v. Kelley (1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 568, 582.) The court's selection of upper terms
was not an abuse of discretion.
IV. Claim of Cumulative Error
Defendant's claim that the cumulative effect of error deprived him of a fair trial is
unavailing. We have found no error except for the sentencing error that requires a
remand.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed as to the conviction. The judgment is reversed as to the
sentence and remanded for resentencing in a manner consistent with this opinion.
HALLER, J.
WE CONCUR:
HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.
O'ROURKE, J.