Fitzgerald, J.
On June 29, 1963, 29-year-old Margaret Mary Martin was found dead from a gunshot wound in her residence at 2926 Webb in the city of Detroit. The time was approximately 10:15 in the evening.
Residing at the same address were the deceased’s three children, Michael, 11; Ira, 9; and Gloria, 7; the defendant herein, Theodore Jones, 35; his mother, Sally Jones; and a cousin, Reno Allen.
On that evening, two patrolmen of the Detroit police department answering a radio dispatch to the Webb street address, discovered the body of the deceased. The only persons present were the three children, a baby, and Reno Allen. The defendant was not found there.
Two days later, defendant Theodore Jones appeared before the authorities with his attorney and on July 2, 1963, a complaint and warrant charging him with murder in the first degree was issued. This was reduced to murder in the second degree and ultimately to manslaughter, the charge upon which defendant was tried in February, 1964. The jury returned a verdict of guilty of manslaughter.
After denial of a motion for a new trial, defendant was sentenced to 10-15 years in prison.
Appeal was granted by the Supreme Court and subsequently transferred to this Court, defendant assigning numerous allegations of error in his trial, dealing largely with admissibility of evidence and jury instructions.
Defendant contends that it was error for the court to rule that witness Reno Allen could testify as to what the children told him after he chased them down the block, shortly after the shooting.
In essence, witness Allen testified that after a “boom” was heard in the house, he saw the children running down the street and went after them. In answer to the prosecution’s question, “What did the children say?”, the witness replied, “Said, 'My mama was shot.’ ” Objection by defense was overruled and the testimony admitted as part of the
res gestae,
which ruling defendant now contends was error.
The testimony, we believe, was properly admitted as a
res gestae
exception to the hearsay rule.
People
v.
Kayne
(1934), 268 Mich 186, citing Wharton on Criminal Evidence (9th ed), § 262, “And as long as the transaction continues, so long do acts and deeds emanating from it become part of it, so that, describing it in a court of justice, they can be detailed. *
* *
Nor are there any limits of time within which the
res gestae
can be arbitrarily confined.”
In the instant case, the children were indorsed, called, and testified and though further error is assigned in relation to their testimony, we find that admitting testimony of Reno Allen as to what they told him immediately following the shooting was proper.
The defendant next claims that the trial court erred in allowing the procedure employed by the
prosecution in impeaching witnesses Gloria, Ira and Michael Martin. The principal claim rests on the alleged violation of the requirements imposed by
People
v.
Thomas
(1960), 359 Mich 251.
In
Thomas,
statements which were materially damaging to the defendant were placed before the jury under the guise of refreshing the memory of a witness. The Supreme Court found reversible error stemming from the fact that the testimony in question was actually used to impeach the witness rather than to refresh her recollection, and no proper foundation had been laid for such impeachment.
In distinguishing the proper procedures for refreshing the recollection of a witness and impeaching that witness, the Court made the following statement (p 262).
“If, in truth, it is the desire of counsel merely to ‘refresh’ the recollection of a witness it may be done by permitting the witness himself to read the document intended to trigger the memory, under which procedure, of course, its content does not go before the jury, or to withdraw the jury and read the statement aloud, the procedure necessarily employed when the witness is blind or illiterate. Either procedure accomplishes the refreshing of memory, if that is, in truth, the purpose, and that without compromising the fundamental guaranties of a citizen accused of crime.”
A careful review of the record demonstrates that this suggested procedure was carefully followed in reference to witness Gloria Martin, there being no indication that impeachment was either intended or achieved.
During the course of the direct examination of Gloria Martin the jury was excused and her memory was refreshed in their absence with reference to
statements she allegedly made to Detective G-arton on the night of her mother’s death. She acknowledged having made the alleged statements and stated that they were true. The jury was recalled and Gloria testified in substance that defendant had come home on the day of the shooting and “asked for his gun,” and later, after securing it, had gone into the bedroom with her mother. She further testified that after she heard a loud noise come from the bedroom, defendant ran out, got into his car and drove away, following which she went into the bedroom, saw blood and ran out of the house. Subsequent cross-examination by defense counsel did not shake her testimony in any substantial degree.
The attempt to refresh the recollection of witness Gloria Martin was made according to the prescribed procedures and was successful. The requirements established in
People
v.
Thomas
and discussed in
People
v.
Knox
(1961), 364 Mich 620, were not violated.
Regarding the testimony of Ira and Michael Martin, the record demonstrates that refreshment of recollection in the absence of the jury having proved unfruitful, a foundation for impeachment of these witnesses was properly laid and impeachment testimony was subsequently offered and received. No reversible error is revealed by careful examination of the procedures employed.
As stated by Gillespie in 1 Michigan Criminal Law & Procedure (2d ed), §441:
“Where the prosecutor is bound to produce before the jury all facts which tend to prove not only guilt but also those which tend to prove innocence, and in certain cases to produce all eyewitnesses, he cannot always vouch for the credibility of the witnesses he places upon the stand and, when such a witness is clearly hostile, it is competent to impeach him by showing contradictory statements, not for the pur
pose of establishing the substantive facts of guilt, but that the jury may value his testimony at its real worth.”
The crucial distinction between refreshing the recollection of a witness and impeaching that witness as discussed in
Thomas
was not ignored.
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Fitzgerald, J.
On June 29, 1963, 29-year-old Margaret Mary Martin was found dead from a gunshot wound in her residence at 2926 Webb in the city of Detroit. The time was approximately 10:15 in the evening.
Residing at the same address were the deceased’s three children, Michael, 11; Ira, 9; and Gloria, 7; the defendant herein, Theodore Jones, 35; his mother, Sally Jones; and a cousin, Reno Allen.
On that evening, two patrolmen of the Detroit police department answering a radio dispatch to the Webb street address, discovered the body of the deceased. The only persons present were the three children, a baby, and Reno Allen. The defendant was not found there.
Two days later, defendant Theodore Jones appeared before the authorities with his attorney and on July 2, 1963, a complaint and warrant charging him with murder in the first degree was issued. This was reduced to murder in the second degree and ultimately to manslaughter, the charge upon which defendant was tried in February, 1964. The jury returned a verdict of guilty of manslaughter.
After denial of a motion for a new trial, defendant was sentenced to 10-15 years in prison.
Appeal was granted by the Supreme Court and subsequently transferred to this Court, defendant assigning numerous allegations of error in his trial, dealing largely with admissibility of evidence and jury instructions.
Defendant contends that it was error for the court to rule that witness Reno Allen could testify as to what the children told him after he chased them down the block, shortly after the shooting.
In essence, witness Allen testified that after a “boom” was heard in the house, he saw the children running down the street and went after them. In answer to the prosecution’s question, “What did the children say?”, the witness replied, “Said, 'My mama was shot.’ ” Objection by defense was overruled and the testimony admitted as part of the
res gestae,
which ruling defendant now contends was error.
The testimony, we believe, was properly admitted as a
res gestae
exception to the hearsay rule.
People
v.
Kayne
(1934), 268 Mich 186, citing Wharton on Criminal Evidence (9th ed), § 262, “And as long as the transaction continues, so long do acts and deeds emanating from it become part of it, so that, describing it in a court of justice, they can be detailed. *
* *
Nor are there any limits of time within which the
res gestae
can be arbitrarily confined.”
In the instant case, the children were indorsed, called, and testified and though further error is assigned in relation to their testimony, we find that admitting testimony of Reno Allen as to what they told him immediately following the shooting was proper.
The defendant next claims that the trial court erred in allowing the procedure employed by the
prosecution in impeaching witnesses Gloria, Ira and Michael Martin. The principal claim rests on the alleged violation of the requirements imposed by
People
v.
Thomas
(1960), 359 Mich 251.
In
Thomas,
statements which were materially damaging to the defendant were placed before the jury under the guise of refreshing the memory of a witness. The Supreme Court found reversible error stemming from the fact that the testimony in question was actually used to impeach the witness rather than to refresh her recollection, and no proper foundation had been laid for such impeachment.
In distinguishing the proper procedures for refreshing the recollection of a witness and impeaching that witness, the Court made the following statement (p 262).
“If, in truth, it is the desire of counsel merely to ‘refresh’ the recollection of a witness it may be done by permitting the witness himself to read the document intended to trigger the memory, under which procedure, of course, its content does not go before the jury, or to withdraw the jury and read the statement aloud, the procedure necessarily employed when the witness is blind or illiterate. Either procedure accomplishes the refreshing of memory, if that is, in truth, the purpose, and that without compromising the fundamental guaranties of a citizen accused of crime.”
A careful review of the record demonstrates that this suggested procedure was carefully followed in reference to witness Gloria Martin, there being no indication that impeachment was either intended or achieved.
During the course of the direct examination of Gloria Martin the jury was excused and her memory was refreshed in their absence with reference to
statements she allegedly made to Detective G-arton on the night of her mother’s death. She acknowledged having made the alleged statements and stated that they were true. The jury was recalled and Gloria testified in substance that defendant had come home on the day of the shooting and “asked for his gun,” and later, after securing it, had gone into the bedroom with her mother. She further testified that after she heard a loud noise come from the bedroom, defendant ran out, got into his car and drove away, following which she went into the bedroom, saw blood and ran out of the house. Subsequent cross-examination by defense counsel did not shake her testimony in any substantial degree.
The attempt to refresh the recollection of witness Gloria Martin was made according to the prescribed procedures and was successful. The requirements established in
People
v.
Thomas
and discussed in
People
v.
Knox
(1961), 364 Mich 620, were not violated.
Regarding the testimony of Ira and Michael Martin, the record demonstrates that refreshment of recollection in the absence of the jury having proved unfruitful, a foundation for impeachment of these witnesses was properly laid and impeachment testimony was subsequently offered and received. No reversible error is revealed by careful examination of the procedures employed.
As stated by Gillespie in 1 Michigan Criminal Law & Procedure (2d ed), §441:
“Where the prosecutor is bound to produce before the jury all facts which tend to prove not only guilt but also those which tend to prove innocence, and in certain cases to produce all eyewitnesses, he cannot always vouch for the credibility of the witnesses he places upon the stand and, when such a witness is clearly hostile, it is competent to impeach him by showing contradictory statements, not for the pur
pose of establishing the substantive facts of guilt, but that the jury may value his testimony at its real worth.”
The crucial distinction between refreshing the recollection of a witness and impeaching that witness as discussed in
Thomas
was not ignored. The record demonstrates that a proper foundation was laid for the admission of impeaching testimony and that the trial judge made it clear to the jury that such testimony was not admitted for the purpose of showing substantive facts of guilt but only as bearing on the credibility of the witnesses.
People
v.
Elco
(1902), 131 Mich 519;
People
v.
Babcock,
(1942), 301 Mich 518.
Allegations of error are further ascribed to the court’s charge to the jury, specifically in regard to instructions regarding flight from the scene of a crime; failure to instruct on the weight to be given to testimony of children; on the burden of proof in a criminal prosecution and on credibility of witnesses.
Regarding the instruction on flight, we feel that the defendant was not prejudiced by the court’s instructions read as a whole. Evidence of hasty departure had indeed been placed before the jury and we find no error in the court’s statement that:
“The court must instruct you that as to what force this alleged flight may be given by you. That means as to what weight you will give to it. The court charges you that the flight of a person from a scene of an offense is not substantive proof or substantive evidence of guilt. In other words, it may not, it is not a circumstance sufficient in itself to establish guilt, as it may be quite as consistent with innocence of the defendant.”
The other instructions, relating to credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony,
are not prejudicial. The instructions fairly lay before the jury the matters they must consider in their deliberations. Regarding the weight to be given to the testimony of children, the record discloses no instruction was requested in this sphere and the case relied upon by defendant in this realm,
McGuire
v.
People
(1880), 44 Mich 286, is not in point.
Defendant’s objections to the court’s charge on burden of proof are circuitous and, viewed in context, are without substance. Specifically, defendant asks, “Was the court in error in failing to give a specific instruction relative to the burden of proof?” stating that such an instruction on the burden of proof was requested.
In discussing with the court the proposed instructions for the jury, defendant’s counsel asked this: “Fourth, defendant need not prove his innocence in any degree whatsoever.” For purposes of his argument, we will assume that this was his request for an instruction on burden of proof. The court’s response indicates it was granted.
Gillespie in 2 Michigan Criminal Law
&
Procedure (2d ed), § 661, states, “It is reversible error not to give instructions relative to the burden of proof although no request is made therefor, and the rule is not changed even though an excellent instruction is given on the presumption of innocence,” citing
People
v.
Orr
(1928), 243 Mich 300, which indeed stands for that proposition.
Orr,
however, lays down no test for the sufficiency of the charge on the burden of proof, other than saying a lack of it is not cured by instructions on presumption of innocence.
The charge before us is replete with references to presumption of innocence and the question remains as to whether the requisite charge on burden of proof is present. Read as a whole, we believe that the jury
was fairly apprised that the burden of proof lies on the prosecution.
The court in its charge made this statement, “Ladies and gentlemen, it is incumbent upon the prosecution to prove the defendant guilty without any help from his side of the table whatsoever.” Standing alone, this would not be sufficient to adequately instruct the jury on burden of proof, but the concluding remarks of the court, uttered just before the jury retired to deliberate, incontrovertibly places the burden upon the State:
“Now, ladies and gentlemen, in this case there are only two possible verdicts. If the people have proven to you the elements of the crime as I have outlined them to you and proven them beyond a reasonable doubt, then it is your duty to render a verdict of manslaughter or guilty as charged.
“Now, if you find that the people have failed to prove the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt as I have defined that term to you, then you will find the defendant not guilty.”
We feel that these instructions are susceptible of no other interpretation than that the jury was fairly apprised that the State had the burden of proof in this prosecution. We are aware of no mandate that the term, “burden of proof” itself must be used and the fact that the instruction was not so exhaustive as defendant might, in retrospect, have wished, is not error.
A further allegation of error regards the prosecution’s action in having witness Sally Jones sign her name on a piece of paper for apparent comparison to a statement she purportedly signed earlier but did hot remember. We do not find that this prejudiced defendant’s case, nor is the fact that the prosecution elected not to pursue the matter prejudicial.
Defendant’s final contentions are that the verdict of the jury is contrary to law and the great weight of evidence and that the trial court erred in denying defendant’s motion for a new trial in light of the aforementioned allegations. A review of the record establishes that testimony was adduced on each allegation contained in the information and that sufficient evidence was before the jury so that it might find him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The argument that it was against the great weight of evidence is a civil case test.
People
v.
Williams
(1962), 388 Mich 494;
People
v.
Schram
(1965), 1 Mich App 279.
Defendant’s allegations of error having been found to be either without merit or -without prejudice, the denial of a new trial was proper.
Affirmed.
Lesinski, C. J., and J. H. G-illis, J., concurred.