2023 IL App (1st) 221309-U No. 1-22-1309 Order filed August 30, 2023 Third Division
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1). ______________________________________________________________________________ IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIRST DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________ THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County. ) v. ) No. 97 CR 25447 ) RANDALL JARRETT, ) Honorable ) Kenneth J. Wadas Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.
JUSTICE R. VAN TINE delivered the judgment of the court. Presiding Justice McBride and Justice D. B. Walker concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: We affirm the trial court’s denial of defendant’s motion for leave to file a successive postconviction petition because his life sentence does not violate the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution under Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012), and related caselaw. Defendant was 24 years old at the time of the offense, therefore, Miller and its progeny do not apply to him.
¶2 Defendant Randall Jarrett appeals the trial court’s denial of his motion for leave to file a
successive petition under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West
2020)). Defendant’s proposed successive postconviction petition argues that his life sentence for No. 1-22-1309
first-degree murder violates the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution (Ill.
Const. 1970, art. 1, § 11) pursuant to Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012) and related authority
holding that juveniles and certain young adults cannot be sentenced to life in prison unless the
sentencing court considered factors regarding youthful behavior and brain development. For the
following reasons, we affirm.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 A. Trial, Sentencing, and Direct Appeal
¶5 Defendant and his uncle, David Jarrett, were charged with three counts of first-degree
murder (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1), (2), (3) (West 1996)) and one count of armed robbery with a
dangerous weapon (720 ILCS 5/18-2 (West 1996)) arising out of their fatal attack on Herman
Bailey on September 2, 1997. As defendant only challenges the trial court’s denial of leave to file
a successive postconviction petition attacking his life sentence, we recite only those facts necessary
to decide this appeal.
¶6 The evidence at defendant’s 2003 bench trial established that, on September 2, 1997,
defendant and his uncle, David, drove to the office of David’s former boss, Herman Bailey, to rob
him. Defendant struck Bailey in the head with a hammer and David continued striking Bailey until
his head was “caved in.” David took money from Bailey’s pockets and desk drawer, then produced
a knife. Defendant went outside and, several minutes later, David emerged, covered in blood.
Defendant and his uncle split the proceeds of the robbery, threw the knife out of defendant’s car
window, buried the hammer, burned their clothes, and disposed of defendant’s license plate. Police
arrested defendant and, on September 4, 1997, he provided a statement to an Assistant State’s
Attorney describing the events set out above, which was entered into evidence. Defendant’s
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statement also indicated that he was 24 years old and that his date of birth is April 4, 1973. In
addition, defendant led police to his car’s license plate and the ashes from his and David’s burnt
clothing. The trial court found defendant guilty on all counts based on accountability and felony
murder.
¶7 Prior to sentencing, the parties litigated defendant’s alleged intellectual disability because
the State indicated that it would seek the death penalty. Dr. William Brantley of the Alabama
Department of Corrections testified that defendant scored a 75 on an intelligence quotient (IQ) test
in 1996, which indicated that he was borderline intellectually disabled. In 2003, Cook County
Forensic Clinical Services psychologist Timothy Cummings measured defendant’s IQ at 85, which
placed him in the “dull average range of intellectual potential” but indicated that he was not
intellectually disabled. Forensic Clinical Services psychiatrist Carol Flippen also interviewed
defendant in 2003 and concluded that he was not intellectually disabled. The court explained that
its “gut feeling” was that defendant was not intellectually disabled but found that his IQ of 75
rendered him ineligible for the death penalty.
¶8 The presentence investigation report indicated, in relevant part, that defendant started
drinking at age 15 and drank 12 to 24 beers per day until 1997. In aggravation, the State presented
defendant’s convictions for theft, burglary, and violation of probation in Alabama between 1993
and 1996. A victim impact statement from Bailey’s sister described the devastating impact the
murder had on her and Bailey’s son. Several correctional officers testified regarding defendant’s
escape from an Alabama work release facility in August 1997, less than a month before Bailey’s
murder, and his behavioral issues in Cook County jail. In mitigation, defendant called correctional
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officers and religious volunteers who testified to his cooperative and helpful behavior and his
potential for rehabilitation. Defendant expressed regret in allocution.
¶9 After merging two of the murder counts, the court sentenced defendant to natural life on
the remaining murder counts and 30 years on the armed robbery count. 1 The court described
Bailey’s murder as premeditated, cold-blooded, and the product of “exceptionally brutal or heinous
behavior indicative of wanton cruelty.” The court found that defendant was “not really
[intellectually disabled],” but that his IQ of 75 made him ineligible for the death penalty.2
Defendant filed a motion to reconsider sentence, which the trial court denied.
¶ 10 On direct appeal, defendant argued that his armed robbery and murder convictions violated
the one-act, one-crime rule and that the trial court erred by not inquiring into his pretrial pro se
claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. People v. Jarrett, No. 1-04-2025 (unpublished order
under Supreme Court Rule 23). This court vacated one of defendant’s murder convictions, but
otherwise affirmed. Id.
¶ 11 B. Postconviction Proceedings
¶ 12 In 2017, defendant filed his initial pro se postconviction petition. Relevant here, defendant
argued that his life sentence violated the eighth amendment and the proportionate penalties clause
because (1) he was intellectually disabled and (2) developing neuroscience indicated that he was
immature and juvenile-like when he committed the offense at the age of 24. Defendant contended
1 The record is somewhat unclear about whether the 30-year armed robbery sentence is concurrent with or consecutive to the natural life sentences for murder. However, that inconsistency does not affect our resolution of this appeal. There is no dispute that defendant has been sentenced to life in prison. 2 Several documents in this case, including defendant’s pro se filings, use the terms “mentally retarded” or “mental retardation.” Instead, we use the term “intellectually disabled.” See People v. Coty, 2018 IL App (1st) 162383, ¶ 1 n. 1 (reversed on other grounds in People v. Coty, 2020 IL 123972).
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that he was juvenile-like because of his relatively low IQ. 3 In support of these arguments,
defendant cited Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002) (holding that the eighth amendment
prohibits executions of intellectually disabled individuals), Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005)
(holding that the eighth amendment prohibits executions of juveniles), and Miller, which holds
that the eighth amendment prohibits mandatory life sentences without parole for juvenile
offenders.
¶ 13 The trial court dismissed defendant’s initial postconviction petition. The court concluded
that defendant’s IQ of 75 precluded only the death penalty, not a life sentence, and that it diligently
analyzed defendant’s fitness for a life sentence. The court also found that Miller did not apply to
defendant because he was 24 years old, not a juvenile, at the time of the offense. Defendant
appealed and this court affirmed. People v. Jarret, 2020 IL App (1st) 180266-U, ¶ 2. This court
held that defendant failed to provide an adequate record of sentencing proceedings, so it could not
determine what factors the trial court considered. Id. ¶¶ 13-14. In addition, this court found that
defendant provided no factual support for his claim that he was intellectually disabled. Id. ¶¶ 15-
16.
¶ 14 In March 2021, defendant filed a pro se motion for leave to file a successive postconviction
petition. He contended that, under Miller and related caselaw, his natural life sentence “imposed
on a 24 year old emerging adult with an IQ of 75 without consideration of his youth and its
attendant characteristics” violated the proportionate penalties clause. Defendant proceeded under
3 Throughout postconviction proceedings, defendant has argued that, at age 24, he was equivalent to a juvenile because of his relatively low IQ. Our supreme court has rejected equating youth with intellectual disability because the characteristics of youth fade over time, whereas intellectual disability tends to be lifelong and unchanging. Coty, 2020 IL 123972, ¶¶ 39-40. Intellectual disability may be a mitigating factor, and youth may be a mitigating factor, but an adult defendant cannot argue that he qualifies as a juvenile for sentencing purposes because he is intellectually disabled.
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the “cause-and-prejudice” test for filing a successive postconviction petition. As cause, defendant
relied on scientific studies and caselaw that did not exist when he filed his initial postconviction
petition in 2017. In support of prejudice, defendant argued that the trial court passed sentence
without considering his youthful characteristics at the time of the offense. Defendant’s proposed
successive petition argued that, although he was 24 at the time of the offense, he was intellectually
equivalent to a juvenile due to his IQ of 75, his traumatic upbringing, including physical and sexual
abuse, his alcohol and drug addiction as a teenager, and his older uncle’s “familial pressure” on
him. He also contended that he had demonstrated rehabilitative potential while in prison.
¶ 15 Defendant attached voluminous exhibits to his petition, including articles discussing young
adult brain development, his codefendant uncle’s affidavit attesting that defendant did not know
that his uncle planned to kill Bailey and thought they were only going to rob him, his and his
brother’s affidavits describing his difficult childhood, many exhibits describing his religious
activities and education in prison, and letters from correctional officers attesting to his good
behavior.
¶ 16 In April 2021, defendant filed a pro se supplement to his proposed successive petition. He
argued that the attorney who reviewed his initial postconviction petition rendered unreasonable
assistance by refusing to file the record of sentencing proceedings, which caused this court to
affirm the dismissal of defendant’s initial petition.
¶ 17 In June 2021, defendant filed a pro se petition to vacate his sentence pursuant to section 2-
1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1401 (West 2020)), which raised essentially
the same arguments as his successive postconviction petition but focused on the trial court’s
alleged refusal to accept that defendant was intellectually disabled.
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¶ 18 The trial court denied all three of defendant’s 2021 filings. Relevant here, the court denied
defendant leave to file a successive postconviction petition because no Illinois caselaw
“supported[ed] the proposition that [defendant], a 24-year-old with a purported intellectual
disability, was entitled to Miller considerations at sentencing.” The court also rejected defendant’s
suggestion that “his intellectual disability ma[de] him similar to a juvenile or young adult,” citing
Coty. Finally, the court concluded that defendant failed to establish that his life sentence shocked
the moral conscience given how “serious and violent” Bailey’s murder was.
¶ 19 Defendant timely appealed.
¶ 20 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 21 On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying him leave to file a
successive postconviction petition. Defendant contends that, under the proportionate penalties
clause of the Illinois Constitution, Miller, and related caselaw, he can raise an as-applied challenge
to his natural life sentence because the trial court failed to consider aspects of his character and
background that made him more like a juvenile than an adult at the time of the offense.
Specifically, defendant points to his alcohol dependency, below-average IQ, traumatic upbringing,
and susceptibility to his uncle’s influence as factors that made him akin to a juvenile in 1997, even
though he was 24 years old at the time. He also contends that his rehabilitation, which occurred
after he turned 26, shows that he was still maturing when he was 24.
¶ 22 As an initial matter, we note that defendant raised three claims in his 2021 filings: (1) his
Miller-based claim that his life sentence violates the proportionate penalties clause because the
trial court did not consider his juvenile-like characteristics; (2) his claim that the trial court ignored
his intellectual disability at sentencing; and (3) his claim that postconviction counsel rendered
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unreasonable assistance. However, defendant’s briefs only advance his Miller-based claim.
Defendant’s claim of unreasonable assistance of postconviction counsel is folded into the cause
prong of the cause-and-prejudice test for filing a successive postconviction petition. His reply brief
confirms that he “is not making any claim that his sentence is unconstitutional because of his
intellectual disabilities.” Accordingly, defendant’s Miller-based claim is the only claim that we
will address.
¶ 23 The Post-Conviction Hearing Act (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2020)) provides a
procedure by which a defendant can pursue a claim that his conviction or sentence was based on a
substantial denial of his constitutional rights. People v. Boykins, 2017 IL 121365, ¶ 9. Its purpose
“is to allow inquiry into constitutional issues relating to the conviction or sentence that were not,
and could not have been, determined on direct appeal.” People v. Barrow, 195 Ill. 2d 506, 519
(2001).
¶ 24 Generally, a defendant may only file one postconviction petition, and filing multiple
petitions is “ ‘highly disfavored.’ ” People v. Simms, 2018 IL 122378, ¶ 38 (quoting People v.
Bailey, 2017 IL 121450, ¶ 39). However, a defendant may file a successive postconviction petition
where he asserts “cause and prejudice” for not raising the claim earlier. People v. Davis, 2014 IL
115595, ¶ 14; 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2020). “Cause” means an objective, external factor that
impeded the defendant’s ability to raise the claim in an earlier proceeding. Davis, 2014 IL 115595,
¶ 14. “Prejudice” means a constitutional error that “so infected the entire trial that the resulting
conviction or sentence violates due process.” Id. A defendant must satisfy both prongs to prevail.
Id. A court should make cause-and-prejudice determinations based on the pleadings. People v.
Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 33. The court should deny leave to file a successive postconviction
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petition when it is clear the defendant’s claims fail as a matter of law or where the successive
petition and supporting documentation does not justify further proceedings. Id. ¶ 35. We review a
trial court’s denial of leave to file a successive postconviction petition de novo (Bailey, 2017 IL
121450, ¶ 13), meaning that we perform the same analysis as the trial court (People v. Glinsey,
2021 IL App (1st) 191145, ¶ 35).
¶ 25 In Miller, the United States Supreme Court held that a mandatory life sentence imposed on
a juvenile offender violates the eighth amendment because it prevents the sentencing court from
considering the mitigating aspects of youth; namely, immaturity, impulsivity, and vulnerability to
negative influences. Miller, 567 U.S. at 471-80. The Miller Court based its reasoning on
“ ‘developments in psychology and brain science continu[ing] to show fundamental differences
between juvenile and adult minds’ – for example, in ‘parts of the brain involved in behavior
control.’ ” Id. at 471-72 (quoting Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 68 (2010)). Illinois courts have
extended Miller to any life sentence imposed on a juvenile defendant. People v. Robinson, 2021
IL App (1st) 192289, ¶ 42. That is, before imposing a life sentence on a juvenile defendant, a court
must consider “youth and its attendant characteristics.” Id.
¶ 26 A defendant who was 18 or older at the time of the offense is an adult, not a juvenile, and
cannot raise a Miller claim asserting an eighth amendment challenge to a life sentence. People v.
Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶¶ 58-61. However, Illinois courts allow a defendant who was between
18 and 21 at the time of the offense to raise an as-applied Miller challenge to a life sentence under
the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution. Robinson, 2021 IL App (1st) 192289,
¶ 48. The proportionate penalties clause provides that “[a]ll penalties shall be determined both
according to the seriousness of the offense and with the objective of restoring the offender to useful
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citizenship.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. 1, § 11. The proportionate penalties clause extends greater
protections than the eighth amendment. Robinson, 2021 IL App (1st) 192289, ¶ 46. A defendant’s
sentence violates the proportionate penalties clause if it is “ ‘cruel, degrading, or so wholly
disproportionate to the offense as to shock the moral sense of the community.’ ” Id. (quoting
People v. Miller, 202 Ill. 2d 328, 338 (2002)). “ ‘To determine whether a penalty shocks the moral
sense of the community, we must consider objective evidence as well as the community’s changing
standard of moral decency.’ ” Id. (quoting People v. Hernandez, 382 Ill. App. 3d 726, 727 (2008)).
¶ 27 We find that defendant cannot establish prejudice. Under current Illinois authority, Miller
and its progeny do not apply to defendant because he was 24 years old at the time of the offense.
The parties agree that defendant was 24 years old when he and his uncle robbed and murdered
Herman Bailey. Defendant told an Assistant State’s Attorney that he was 24 on the date of Bailey’s
murder and confirmed that his date of birth is April 4, 1973. Similarly, multiple documents in the
record indicate that defendant’s date of birth is April 4, 1973, meaning that he was 24 years old at
the time of the offense on September 2, 1997.
¶ 28 Defendant cannot raise an as-applied Miller challenge to his life sentence under the
proportionate penalties clause because he was older than 21 at the time of the offense. Illinois
courts have declined to extend Miller principles to defendants who were 21 or older at the time of
the offense. 4 People v. Montanez, 2022 IL App (1st) 191930, ¶ 55 (“The vast majority of our cases
have drawn a bright line at 21 years old in determining who qualifies as a young adult offender.”)
(Internal quotations omitted.). Moreover, this court has expressly rejected extending Miller-based
4 As discussed below, there is one published Illinois decision that has extended Miller protections to a defendant older than 21, People v. Savage, 2020 IL App (1st) 173135.
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protections under the proportionate penalties clause to a defendant who was 24 years old at the
time of the offense. Robinson, 2021 IL App (1st) 192289, ¶ 48. (The “defendant was 24 years old
at the time he committed the aggravated criminal sexual assault, which is well past both the
juvenile cutoff for eighth amendment Miller-based claims and the 18-to-21-year-old group of
defendants who have asserted as-applied Miller-based claims under the proportionate penalties
clause.”). Even if Miller and related decisions existed when defendant was sentenced, the trial
court would have been under no obligation to follow them because they do not apply to defendant.
¶ 29 Defendant argues that his age of 24 at the time of the offense “falls within the age range of
defendants who are considered youthful in Illinois,” citing People v. Clark, 2023 IL 127273. In
Clark, our supreme court affirmed the denial of a 24-year-old defendant’s motion for leave to file
a successive postconviction petition due to his failure to satisfy the cause-and-prejudice test, so
Clark does not support the outcome that defendant seeks in this case. Clark, 2023 IL 127273, ¶¶
88, 99. Nor does Clark extend Miller protections to 24-year-olds; our supreme court declined to
decide that issue. Id. ¶ 88.
¶ 30 Defendant analogizes himself to the defendant in People v. Savage, 2020 IL App (1st)
173135, arguing that both he and Savage were in their 20s at the time of their respective offenses,
struggled with substance abuse, and had below-average intellectual capabilities. Defendant relies
on Savage because it is the only published decision that has extended Miller to a defendant over
the age of 21. People v. Buford, 2023 IL App (1st) 201176, ¶ 47 (citing People v. Guerrero, 2022
IL App (1st) 210400, ¶ 29). However, Savage is an outlier and has not been cited with approval
by most Illinois courts. Guerrero, 2022 IL App (1st) 210400, ¶ 29. Savage was 21 years and 7
months old when he committed first-degree murder, but this court allowed him to pursue an as-
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applied Miller challenge to his de facto life sentence due to his drug addiction since the age of 9.
Savage, 2020 IL App (1st) 173135, ¶¶ 67-80. Savage does not support extending Miller protections
an additional 3 years to a 24-year-old such as defendant in this case.
¶ 31 Defendant also cites People v. Crockett, 2023 IL App (1st) 220128-U for the proposition
that there is no maximum age for Miller-based claims under the proportionate penalties clause. 5
Crockett, 2023 IL App (1st) 220128-U, ¶ 33. Crockett is distinguishable for two reasons. First,
Crockett was decided in the context of an initial postconviction petition, not a successive
postconviction petition. Id. ¶ 11. The defendant in Crockett only had to “present an arguable claim”
at the first stage of initial postconviction proceedings, and “it [was] arguable that Miller [could]
apply to someone over the age of 21.” Id. ¶¶ 31-32. By contrast, in this case, defendant must show
that he was, in fact, prejudiced by the trial court’s failure to follow Miller at sentencing. He has
failed to make that showing because the great weight of authority indicates that Miller would not
have applied to him at 24 years old. Second, the defendant in Crockett was 21 when he committed
first-degree murder and armed robbery, not 24. Id. ¶ 38. Crockett does not stand for the proposition
that a 24-year-old is a youthful, adolescent-like defendant to whom Miller applies. While Clark,
Savage, and Crockett open the door to Miller-based claims by defendants aged 21 and slightly
above, there is simply no legal authority in Illinois that extends such claims to 24-year-olds.
¶ 32 Defendant contends that scientific studies recognize that “young adults up to age 25 possess
the transient characteristics of youth.” That may be, but they do not provide legal authority for us
to extend Miller protections up to the age of 25 when neither the legislature nor any Illinois court
5 Although Crockett is an unpublished order pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 23, defendant properly cites it as persuasive authority because it was decided after January 1, 2021. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 23(e)(1) (eff. Feb. 1, 2023).
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has done so. We continue to take the view that any extension of Miller principles to defendants
older than 21 “should be made by our legislature or our highest court.” People v. Rivera, 2020 IL
App (1st) 171430, ¶ 27; see also Montanez, 2022 IL App (1st) 191930, ¶ 56; Guerrero, 2022 IL
App (1st) 210400, ¶ 32.
¶ 33 Finally, we are unpersuaded that the factors defendant cites as demonstrating his
“youthfulness” at age 24 are, in fact, indicative of immaturity. Substance abuse is not unique to
juveniles, many adults struggle with addiction. As explained above, under Coty, defendant cannot
convert his IQ of 75 into juvenile status. Moreover, the record indicates that, in 1997, defendant
assumed adult responsibilities in almost every area of his life. He had been married and divorced,
raised four children, worked as a self-employed mechanic, and owned a car. Accordingly, we find
that the trial court properly denied defendant leave to file a successive postconviction petition
advancing a Miller-based challenge to his life sentence pursuant to the proportionate penalties
clause.
¶ 34 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 35 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the denial of defendant’s motion for leave to file a
successive postconviction petition.
¶ 36 Affirmed.
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