People v. Jackson

2026 IL App (4th) 250215-U

• Court: Appellate Court of Illinois
• Decided: January 27, 2026
• Docket: 4-25-0215
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

NOTICE This Order was filed under 2026 IL App (4th) 250215-U FILED Supreme Court Rule 23 and is January 27, 2026 not precedent except in the NO. 4-25-0215 Carla Bender limited circumstances allowed 4th District Appellate under Rule 23(e)(1). Court, IL IN THE APPELLATE COURT

OF ILLINOIS

FOURTH DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of v. ) McLean County LEILA JACKSON, ) No. 18CF735 Defendant-Appellant. ) ) Honorable ) William A. Yoder, ) Judge Presiding.

JUSTICE HARRIS delivered the judgment of the court. Presiding Justice Steigmann and Justice Cavanagh concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶1 Held: The appellate court affirmed, holding that postconviction counsel’s certificate pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017) substantially complied with the rule and the record did not rebut the presumption of compliance.

¶2 Defendant, Leila Jackson, appeals the dismissal of her postconviction petition at

the second stage of postconviction proceedings. Defendant argues that the trial court’s order

dismissing the petition must be reversed and the matter remanded for new second-stage

proceedings because postconviction counsel’s certificate of compliance with Illinois Supreme

Court Rule 651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017) failed to substantially comply with the rule and the record

does not affirmatively demonstrate counsel’s compliance. We affirm.

¶3 I. BACKGROUND

¶4 In 2018, defendant was charged with four counts of first degree murder (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1), (a)(2) (West 2018)) for causing the death of Quantez Brown. At a jury trial,

defendant presented the defense of self-defense. During the trial, outside the presence of the jury,

defense counsel advised the trial court that he had “discuss[ed] the issue of lesser included

offenses” with defendant on several occasions. Counsel stated: “[W]e’ve had extensive

conversations about the consequences, the options, very extensive, and she has chosen how we

are proceeding *** without the lesser included.” The court asked defendant if she understood

“what options were available to [her]” and if she agreed with her attorney’s representations. She

indicated she understood.

¶5 The next day, the trial court stated that it wanted to clarify that, ordinarily, only a

defendant can make a decision relating to a lesser-included offense instruction, but second

degree murder is not a lesser-included offense of first degree murder. The court stated that the

decision to request a second degree murder instruction belongs to the attorney rather than the

defendant. Defense counsel advised the court that he had had ongoing discussions with defendant

for months regarding “how lesser included second-degree murder instructions work.” Counsel

stated it was defendant’s wish that there be no second degree murder instruction, and he also

believed that was a proper trial strategy. Counsel asserted: “And it is also my decision being

made, not just hers, that not including other instructions is appropriate trial strategy.” Counsel

agreed with the court that he was pursuing an “all-or-nothing” defense. The court then asked

defendant if she had been informed of and did not object to counsel’s decision, even though it

was “his decision to make.” Defendant stated: “Yes, I understand.”

¶6 The parties then gave their closing arguments, and the jury found defendant guilty

of first degree murder. The trial court sentenced her to 23 years’ imprisonment. Defendant

appealed, and we affirmed her conviction. People v. Jackson, 2022 IL App (4th) 200625-U,

-2- ¶ 118.

¶7 On January 9, 2023, defendant, pro se, filed a postconviction petition raising six

claims. Relevant here, one of the claims was that defendant’s trial counsel was ineffective for

failing to properly advise her that she had the right to “have a lesser included charge of Second

Degree Murder as a defense.” She stated she did not “fully understand her right to raise a

defense, versus counsel[’s] decision to move for a personal strategy.” Defendant asserted:

“Had the defendant [been] made aware she retained her right to include a

lesser charge for defense to present for jurors to deliberate her innocence or guilt,

she would have elicited [sic] for Second Degree Murder. An ‘all or nothing’

defense in a domestic dispute almost surely gives jurors doubt to the innocence of

a person only seeking an acquittal or being held accountable and this counsel for

the defendant chose his strategy over her right to be informed.”

¶8 In a separate claim, defendant also asserted that her trial counsel was ineffective

for failing to investigate “the evidence of domestic violence in this case” and her mental illness.

¶9 The trial court did not rule on the pro se postconviction petition within 90 days,

and it was advanced to the second stage of postconviction proceedings, at which time counsel

was appointed to represent defendant.

¶ 10 On October 22, 2024, postconviction counsel filed an amended postconviction

petition, which included a claim that defendant’s trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by

failing to request a second degree murder instruction based on imperfect self-defense. The

petition alleged that the trial evidence showed that defendant believed she was in danger during

her altercation with the victim and “might have acted out of fear, even if that fear was

unreasonable.” The petition alleged that failing to offer a second degree murder instruction “left

-3- [the jury] with a binary choice—convict of first-degree murder or acquit—neither of which

accurately reflected the evidence.” The petition noted that self-defense was a defense to both first

degree murder and second degree murder, and it argued that trial counsel’s decision not to offer a

second degree murder instruction was “attributable to his misapprehension of the law and not to

tactics or strategy.” The petition further alleged defendant was prejudiced because a reasonable

probability exists that she would have been convicted of second degree murder if trial counsel

had requested such an instruction.

¶ 11 The amended postconviction petition also contained claims that trial counsel was

ineffective for improperly delegating the decision of whether to request a second degree murder

instruction to defendant and appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the ineffective

assistance of trial counsel claims stated in the amended petition.

¶ 12 Postconviction counsel also filed a certificate of compliance pursuant to Rule

651(c), which stated:

“NOW comes Jeff Brown, Attorney for Petitioner herein, who pursuant to

Illinois Supreme Court Rule 651(c), certifies that:

1) Undersigned counsel has consulted with the Petitioner, either by phone,

mail, or electronic means, or in person, to ascertain Petitioner’s assertions of

deprivation of Constitutional rights and has examined the proceedings at trial and

sentencing;

2) Undersigned counsel has made amendments to the pro se petition

necessary for adequate presentation of petitioner’s proceedings.”

¶ 13 The State filed a motion to dismiss the amended postconviction petition, arguing

that it failed to make a substantial showing of a constitutional violation.

-4- ¶ 14 On February 13, 2025, the trial court granted the State’s motion to dismiss. This

appeal followed.

¶ 15 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 16 On appeal, defendant argues that the matter must be reversed and remanded for

new second-stage proceedings because postconviction counsel’s certificate of compliance with

Rule 651(c) failed to substantially comply with the rule and the record does not affirmatively

demonstrate that counsel complied with the rule. Rule 651(c) provides, in relevant part:

“The record *** shall contain a showing, which may be made by the

certificate of petitioner’s attorney, that the attorney has consulted with petitioner

by phone, mail, electronic means or in person to ascertain his or her contentions

of deprivation of constitutional rights, has examined the record of the proceedings

at the trial, and has made any amendments to the petitions filed pro se that are

necessary for an adequate presentation of petitioner’s contentions.” Ill. S. Ct. R.

651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017).

¶ 17 Defendant notes that the Rule 651(c) certificate in this case stated that

postconviction counsel had made amendments to the pro se petition necessary for an adequate

presentation of defendant’s “proceedings” rather than her “contentions” (id.). Defendant asserts

that the words “proceedings” and “contentions” are neither synonymous nor interchangeable,

and, accordingly, no inference can be drawn that postconviction counsel meant to state that he

had made the amendments necessary to adequately present defendant’s contentions.

¶ 18 “The purpose of Rule 651(c) is to ensure that postconviction counsel shapes the

defendant’s claims into a proper legal form and presents them to the court.” (Internal quotation

marks omitted.) People v. Landa, 2020 IL App (1st) 170851, ¶ 45. “Substantial compliance with

-5- the rule is sufficient.” Id. “Postconviction counsel may create a rebuttable presumption that

reasonable assistance was provided by filing a Rule 651 certificate.” People v. Custer, 2019 IL

123339, ¶ 32. “In the absence of such a certificate, a clear and affirmative showing of

compliance on the record must be present.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Smith,

2016 IL App (4th) 140085, ¶ 33. Where an attorney fails to comply with the requirements of

Rule 651(c), remand is required regardless of whether the claims raised in the petition had merit.

People v. Suarez, 224 Ill. 2d 37, 47 (2007).

¶ 19 In People v. Richardson, 382 Ill. App. 3d 248, 253 (2008), the defendant argued

that postconviction counsel’s Rule 651(c) certificate was insufficient to create a presumption of

compliance where counsel certified that she consulted with the defendant by mail but failed to

also state that she consulted with him to ascertain his contentions of deprivation of constitutional

rights. The defendant also noted that the certificate stated counsel had prepared a supplemental

petition that “adequately complement[ed] petitioner’s claims of deprivation of his constitutional

rights,” but she failed to certify that she made any amendments necessary for an adequate

presentation of his claims. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. The defendant argued that if

postconviction counsel had adequately reviewed the record, she would have raised additional

claims not included in the pro se petition. Id.

¶ 20 The Richardson court held that counsel substantially complied with her duties

under Rule 651(c), “even against the alleged shortcomings of the certificate.” Id. at 257. The

court stated it was “reasonable to infer” that counsel consulted with the defendant by mail

regarding her appointment to ascertain his contentions of deprivation of constitutional rights. Id.

The court also found that counsel stating that she prepared a supplemental petition that

adequately complemented the defendant’s claims was in substantial compliance with her duty to

-6- make amendments to the petition necessary for an adequate presentation of the defendant’s

claims. Id. The court stated: “[W]ere we to find counsel’s certificate in this case insufficient to

pass muster under Rule 651(c), we would be hard-pressed to conceive of a certificate that would

demonstrate counsel’s compliance, short of one that exactly mirrors the language of the rule.” Id.

¶ 21 Similarly, in People v. Thomas, 2025 IL App (4th) 240895-U, ¶ 46, the defendant

argued that his postconviction counsel’s Rule 651(c) certificate was facially insufficient because

counsel averred that he made amendments to the pro se petition for the “ ‘adequate

preservation’ ” of the defendant’s claims rather than the “ ‘adequate presentation’ ” of the claims.

The Thomas court found this to be a “distinction without a difference” and held that the

certificate substantially complied with Rule 651(c). Id. ¶¶ 46, 48. The court stated: “Counsel’s

statement that amendments were made to defendant’s pro se petition to preserve defendant’s

claims was adequate to infer that counsel was attesting the supplemental petition adequately

presented defendant’s contentions.” (Emphases in original.) Id. ¶ 47.

¶ 22 In the instant case, we similarly find that the Rule 651(c) certificate filed by

postconviction counsel substantially complied with the rule, despite its failure to track the exact

language of the rule. While the certificate stated that counsel had made the amendments to the

pro se petition necessary to adequately present defendant’s “proceedings” rather than her

“contentions” (see Ill. S. Ct. R. 651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017)), it also stated counsel had conferred

with defendant “to ascertain [her] assertions of deprivation of Constitutional rights” and stated

the certification was made pursuant to Rule 651(c). Thus, it is reasonable to infer that counsel

was certifying that he made amendments to the petition necessary to adequately present the

pro se claims that defendant had raised in the postconviction proceedings. While defendant is

correct that the words “proceedings” and “contentions” are not synonymous, we note that the

-7- Rule 651(c) certificates filed in Richardson and Thomas contained wording that was not

synonymous with the language of Rule 651(c) and were nevertheless found to be substantially

compliant.

¶ 23 Defendant next argues that the record does not affirmatively demonstrate that

postconviction counsel complied with Rule 651(c). Specifically, defendant contends that counsel

failed to adequately present her claim that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request a

second degree murder instruction because postconviction counsel failed to include allegations

concerning defendant’s past trauma and mental illness in support of the claim. Defendant argues

that the amended petition would have made a substantial showing of a constitutional violation if

these allegations had been included.

¶ 24 As we have found that postconviction counsel’s Rule 651(c) certificate

substantially complied with the rule, the certificate creates a rebuttable presumption of

compliance. See Custer, 2019 IL 123339, ¶ 32. Therefore, we need not consider defendant’s

argument that the record does not otherwise affirmatively demonstrate compliance. See Smith,

2016 IL App (4th) 140085, ¶ 33.

¶ 25 However, to the extent defendant is arguing that the presumption of compliance

with Rule 651(c) is rebutted by postconviction counsel’s failure to include allegations concerning

her past trauma and mental illness in support of the claim that trial counsel was ineffective for

failing to request a second degree murder instruction, we reject defendant’s argument. To prevail

on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that counsel’s

performance was deficient and that the deficient performance prejudiced the defendant. People v.

Thomas, 2017 IL App (4th) 150815, ¶ 10. “To establish deficient performance, the defendant

must show his attorney’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Id.

-8- “Errors in trial strategy do not constitute ineffective assistance unless counsel entirely fails to

conduct any meaningful adversarial testing.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Custer, 2019 IL

123339, ¶ 39.

¶ 26 Here, the amended postconviction petition alleged that trial counsel’s decision not

to request an instruction for second degree murder based on imperfect self-defense fell below an

objective standard of reasonableness, and defendant was prejudiced because a reasonable

probability exists that she would have been convicted of second degree murder if trial counsel

had requested such an instruction. The amended petition also alleged that the trial evidence

supported a request for a second degree murder instruction, as it showed that defendant believed

she was in danger during her altercation with the victim and acted out of fear, even if this fear

was unreasonable.

¶ 27 While additional allegations concerning defendant’s past mental illness and

trauma may have bolstered her claim that she subjectively believed she was in danger during her

altercation with the victim, such factual details were not necessary for an adequate presentation

of her ineffective assistance of counsel claim, and postconviction counsel’s failure to include

such details does not demonstrate a failure to comply with Rule 651(c). Moreover, contrary to

defendant’s argument on appeal, merely alleging that there was additional evidence supporting a

theory of imperfect self-defense would not have made the requisite substantial showing that trial

counsel rendered ineffective assistance by pursuing an “all-or-nothing” strategy instead. See

People v. Dobbs, 353 Ill. App. 3d 817, 827 (2004) (“Neither mistakes in strategy nor the fact that

another attorney with the benefit of hindsight would have proceeded differently is sufficient to

establish ineffective assistance of counsel.”).

¶ 28 III. CONCLUSION

-9- ¶ 29 For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

¶ 30 Affirmed.

- 10 -