THIRD DIVISION October 17, 2007
No. 1-05-1923
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from ) the Circuit Court Plaintiff-Appellee, ) of Cook County. ) v. ) No. 01 CR 27693 ) JAMES HOUSE, ) Honorable ) Colleen McSweeney-Moore, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE THEIS delivered the opinion of the court:
Following a jury trial, defendant, James House, was convicted of first degree murder (720
ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1) (West 2000)) and sentenced to 75 years’ imprisonment. On appeal, defendant
contends that: (1) the trial court abused its discretion when it disqualified defendant’s privately
retained counsel, Mike Fulton, because a potential conflict presented by the fact that he had also
represented both of the State’s eyewitnesses was insufficient to overcome the presumption in
favor of allowing defendant to be represented by the counsel of his choice; and (2) the trial court
abused its discretion in preventing defense counsel from introducing a prior consistent statement
by eyewitness Cornelius Aaron to rebut an allegation of recent fabrication. For the following
reasons, we affirm. 1-05-1923
The following facts and procedural history are relevant to the issues raised in this appeal.
Defendant was charged with multiple counts of first degree murder in connection with the
shooting death of Isaiah Ewing on June 19, 2001.
Shortly after he was charged, defendant retained attorney Mike Fulton to represent him.
At a November 2002 status conference, Fulton admitted that he had also been retained to
represent Leander Coleman, one of the State’s two eyewitnesses, in another unrelated criminal
matter. The court admonished defendant of this fact and asked Fulton whether his representation
of Coleman presented a conflict of interest. Fulton indicated that at that point in time, Coleman
was denying that he ever made a statement to police implicating defendant. The court asked
Fulton how he could fairly represent defendant when he was representing a witness against him
in another matter. Fulton responded that he had only filed his initial appearance in Coleman’s
case and that he would withdraw from representation of Coleman.
At another status conference in March 2003, Fulton indicated that he had learned, but did
not explain how, that defendant and Aaron suffered from a certain mental deficiency. Fulton
indicated that he would be requesting psychological evaluations of both defendant and Aaron.
That evaluation indicated that defendant suffered from a mental deficiency which impaired his
ability to resist coercion, intimidation, or trickery. The State responded that what Fulton had said
gave the impression that, at some point, Fulton had also represented Cornelius Aaron, the State’s
other eyewitness, who was also defendant’s brother. Fulton admitted that he had represented
Aaron previously in an unrelated armed robbery case, for which Aaron had been charged during
the pendency of the murder case against defendant. Aaron was found not guilty of that offense
2 1-05-1923
after a bench trial. At the next status conference, Fulton added that he had also represented
Aaron in yet another unrelated case, which involved a gun possession charge. However, Fulton
made clear that he was no longer representing Aaron. Nevertheless, the court instructed the State
to file any motions regarding a “per se conflict of interest” prior to the next court date.
On that date, the State expressed its belief that Coleman and Aaron were going to “flip,”
or change their testimony to not implicate defendant. The State also indicated that defendant was
going to sign a written waiver of the conflict of interest affecting Fulton. The court then
admonished defendant regarding the conflict on the record, explaining, inter alia, that because
Fulton represented Aaron, Fulton was loyal to Aaron and not to defendant. The court also
explained to defendant that Fulton believed that defendant and Aaron suffered from a mental
deficiency and that Fulton would be obtaining confidential psychiatric records regarding
defendant and Aaron. Nevertheless, defendant agreed to waive Fulton’s conflict on the record.
After hearing argument on whether a defendant could waive such a conflict, the court
again admonished defendant about the nature of the conflict. This time, defendant indicated that
he would like more time to talk with Fulton and think the matter over.
At the next status conference on April 14, 2003, the court ruled that defendant could not
waive Fulton’s conflict. The court observed that in certain circumstances, a conflict will override
a defendant’s right to be represented by the counsel of his choice. The court characterized the
conflict presented in this case as “astronomical” because Fulton had represented both of the
State’s key witnesses in other matters. The court also recognized that defendant suffered from a
type of mental disability. Accordingly, the court disqualified Fulton and appointed an assistant
3 1-05-1923
public defender to represent defendant.
The court subsequently conducted a jury trial of defendant. In its opening statement, the
State indicated that Aaron had given a statement to police implicating defendant in the murder of
the victim and had testified consistently with his statement before the grand jury. The State
further indicated that Aaron would be “brought before you to testify in this case, whether he likes
it or not against his brother,” but the State would “not even begin to predict what Cornelius
Aaron might say face to face with his brother,” or what kind of “headstands or back flips” he
would make to protect his brother.
The following evidence was then presented. Eric Solomon, the victim’s brother, testified
that around 10 a.m. on June 19, 2001, he was walking with the victim in the alley behind Kolin
Street near Cermak Road in Chicago. The victim subsequently got into a car with two men,
whom Solomon identified as defendant and Aaron. Solomon gave the victim $20 with which to
buy marijuana, and defendant, Aaron, and the victim drove away.
Sometime later, Chicago police were notified that a man had been shot on the ninth floor
of 2240 South State Street, which is a building located in the Harold Ickes public housing
complex. Cook County Deputy Medical Examiner Dr. Aldo Fusaro, who conducted an autopsy
of the victim, determined that he had been killed by two close-range gunshot wounds to the head.
Detective David Gehrke subsequently spoke with Solomon, who indicated that defendant and
Aaron were the last people with whom he saw the victim. However, police were unable to locate
defendant or Aaron for several months.
Chicago police arrested Aaron on October 31, 2001, on an outstanding arrest warrant for
4 1-05-1923
his failure to appear in court for an aggravated unlawful use of a weapon charge. Following
Aaron’s arrest, Detective Gehrke spoke with Aaron at the police station. Aaron eventually told
Detective Gehrke that he, defendant, Leander Coleman, and the victim went to the Ickes housing
complex to purchase marijuana. Then, they went to the ninth floor of one of the buildings to
smoke it, and defendant shot the victim.
Assistant State’s Attorney Brian Hofeld testified that he also spoke to Aaron and reduced
his statement to writing. Therein, Aaron stated that sometime in June 2001, he and defendant
were standing outside of their home at 2320 South Kolin with their mother, sister, younger
brother, niece, and grandmother when the victim approached them. The victim told them that he
had a gun at his grandfather’s house that he had stolen from a man known as “Pipe.” Defendant
and Aaron went with the victim to get the gun, then brought it back to their house. The gun was
a “big 22-caliber rifle that could shoot [two] hundred times.” Defendant and Aaron agreed to
keep the gun at their house for the victim for a few days.
On June 19, 2001, the victim returned to claim the gun. The victim stated that Pipe and
several other men “jumped on him” and beat him because they had learned that he had stolen the
gun and they wanted it back.
Then, defendant, Aaron, and the victim decided to pick up Coleman and purchase some
marijuana. They purchased the marijuana in the Ickes housing complex and decided to stay in
the complex and smoke it there. Accordingly, they went up to the ninth floor of the building
located at 2240 South State Street and smoked. At one point, Coleman left to urinate in the
stairwell. Then, defendant pointed a gun at the victim’s head and fired. Aaron began to run
5 1-05-1923
away, and defendant fired a second time. Aaron then located Coleman, and they fled to the car.
Defendant came down shortly thereafter, and they drove Coleman home. Defendant told Aaron
that he shot the victim because he believed that he was going to “set him up and tell Pipe that he
was holding the gun.” Defendant explained that he did not want to shoot the victim, but he had
to because he was a threat.
Shortly after Aaron’s statement was taken, Assistant State’s Attorney Beth Pfeiffer
questioned Aaron in front of the grand jury. Aaron related substantially the same account of the
shooting.
However, at trial, Aaron testified that on June 19, 2001, he and defendant encountered the
victim at the corner of Cermak and Kolin. The victim told them that he had been “jumped” by
Pipe and several other men. The three then walked back toward Aaron’s and defendant’s house.
The victim asked defendant to take him somewhere, but defendant said that he could not. Then,
another of the victim’s friends drove up, whom Aaron did not know. The victim spoke to him,
then got into his car. He told defendant and Aaron that he would be “right back,” and they drove
away. Aaron never saw the victim again.
Aaron denied that the facts contained in the handwritten statement taken by Assistant
State’s Attorney Hofeld were true. Rather, Aaron maintained that the detectives who
interrogated him beat him, choked him, and told him what to say. They also said that if he did
not comply, they would charge him with possession of cocaine in addition to the weapons charge
he was already facing. One of the detectives then struck him again in the face and told him that
he had two choices: either “get locked up” for a long time, or say what they wanted him to say.
6 1-05-1923
Accordingly, Aaron agreed to cooperate.
Aaron then signed the statement written by Assistant State’s Attorney Hofeld. He also
added that he was not given the opportunity to read the statement or make any changes.
However, Aaron admitted that he did not tell the grand jury or Assistant State’s Attorney Pfeiffer
that he was beaten by the detectives or that he had not seen his statement before he signed it.
On cross-examination, Aaron indicated that after testifying before the grand jury, he
spoke with attorney Sladjana Vuckovic, of the First Defense Legal Aid clinic, whom his family
had contacted to represent him following his arrest. However, when defense counsel asked
Aaron what he told Vuckovic, the State objected on the grounds of hearsay, and the court
sustained the objection. At a sidebar, defense counsel argued that the State opened the door to
this line of questioning in its opening statement and in its questioning of Aaron, which tended to
suggest that his testimony that he was beaten by detectives was a recent fabrication. The State
responded that this testimony was not admissible to rebut the allegation of fabrication because it
was made subsequent to the prior inconsistent statement. Defense counsel responded that this
did not matter but, rather, all that mattered was that Aaron’s statement to Vuckovic was made
earlier than his testimony at trial. The court stayed the matter for further argument and did not
permit the cross-examination.
Detective Gehrke denied any mistreatment of Aaron. Assistant State’s Attorneys Hofeld
and Pfeiffer both testified that Aaron was calm and cooperative when he spoke with them. He
also told them that he had been treated fine by the detectives. In addition, Officer Robert
Maloblocki, who processed Aaron when he arrived at the Central Detention Center following his
7 1-05-1923
grand jury testimony, testified that he performed a visual check of Aaron for any physical injuries
pursuant to standard procedure and found none. In addition, Aaron expressed no complaints
about his treatment to Officer Maloblocki.
Police also arrested defendant on October 31, 2001. Detective Gehrke spoke with
defendant following his arrest. Defendant ultimately admitted killing the victim; however, he
refused to give a statement.
Police also spoke with Coleman, who at that time was incarcerated in the Cook County
Jail awaiting trial on an unrelated offense. An assistant State’s Attorney subsequently reduced
Coleman’s statement to writing and that statement recounted a nearly identical chronology of
events as the one in Aaron’s statement. Coleman also related a similar story to the grand jury.
However, at trial, Coleman stated that the only reason he signed the statement was because the
detectives were “going to put the case on” him if he did not.
After the conclusion of the State’s case-in-chief, the court heard further argument on
whether Vuckovic would be permitted to testify to her conversation with Aaron following his
grand jury testimony. The State reiterated its argument that because the statement to Vuckovic
was made after Aaron’s handwritten statement and grand jury testimony, it was not admissible
under the hearsay exception for prior consistent statements. The defense responded that the time
when the statement was made was not relevant; rather, the only relevant factor was whether the
statement was made prior to the motive to lie. The defense further contended that the allegation
of improper motive in this case was that Aaron would lie to protect his brother when confronted
with his brother face to face in court. Accordingly, the defense contended that Aaron’s statement
8 1-05-1923
to Vuckovic would rebut this motive to lie because it was made long before Aaron was faced
with meeting defendant in court. The court observed that because defendant and Aaron were
brothers on the date of the murder, on the date of Aaron’s statements, and at the time of trial,
Aaron’s motive to lie always existed. Therefore, the court ruled that Aaron’s statement to
Vuckovic was not admissible under the prior consistent statement hearsay exception.
In defendant’s case-in-chief, the defense presented the testimony of defendant’s mother,
brother, and sister, all of whom testified that defendant was home, sitting on the front porch all
day on June 19, 2001 because his girlfriend at the time was braiding his hair. Attorney Mike
Fulton also testified that no one from the House or Aaron family paid him to represent Coleman.
Fulton also testified that defendant’s uncle paid for Fulton to represent defendant. Defendant
also testified on his own behalf that between the hours of roughly 11:30 a.m. and 3 p.m. on June
19, 2001, he was on the front porch with his family and girlfriend, who was braiding his hair. He
further denied going to the Ickes housing complex that day.
The jury ultimately found defendant guilty of first degree murder. Defendant
subsequently filed a posttrial motion contending, inter alia, that the trial court erred in
disqualifying Fulton and in ruling that Aaron’s statement to Vuckovic was inadmissible. The
court denied the motion. It subsequently sentenced him to 75 years’ imprisonment. Defendant
then filed this timely appeal.
Defendant first contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it disqualified
Fulton. Defendant claims that the “potential” conflict presented by the fact that Fulton had also
represented Aaron and Coleman was insufficient to overcome the presumption in favor of
9 1-05-1923
allowing defendant to be represented by the counsel of his choice.
The sixth amendment right to counsel encompasses both the right to counsel of choice
and the right to effective assistance of counsel. People v. Holmes, 141 Ill. 2d 204, 217, 565
N.E.2d 950, 955 (1990). Of these two rights, an accused may exercise the right to counsel of
choice even where it jeopardizes the right to effective assistance of counsel, provided that the
accused makes a knowing, voluntary, and intelligent waiver of the latter right. Holmes, 141 Ill.
2d at 217, 565 N.E.2d at 955.
Nevertheless, there are certain limits to a defendant’s right to insist on the counsel of his
choice. People v. Ortega, 209 Ill. 2d 354, 358, 808 N.E.2d 496, 500 (2004), citing Wheat v.
United States, 486 U.S. 153, 159, 100 L. Ed. 2d 140, 148-49, 108 S. Ct. 1692, 1697 (1988).
Among those limits, the trial court can refuse to allow a defendant to waive an actual or potential
conflict of interest where the interests threatened by the conflict overcome the presumption
favoring defendant’s chosen counsel. Ortega, 209 Ill. 2d at 361, 808 N.E.2d at 501-02; People v.
James, 368 Ill. App. 3d 433, 436, 857 N.E.2d 839, 841-42 (2006). In Holmes, the supreme court
identified four of the interests or factors that could outweigh the defendant’s right to counsel of
choice: “(1) the defendant’s interest in having the undivided loyalty of counsel; (2) the State’s
right to a fair trial in which defense counsel acts ethically and does not use confidential
information to attack a State’s witness; (3) the appearance of impropriety should the jury learn of
the conflict; and (4) the probability that continued representation by counsel of choice will
provide grounds for overturning a conviction.” Ortega, 209 Ill. 2d at 361-62, 808 N.E.2d at 502.
However, this list of interests is not exclusive; rather, a court should seek to fairly consider all of
10 1-05-1923
the interests that are affected by a conflict in a particular case. Ortega, 209 Ill. 2d at 362, 808
N.E.2d at 502.
Because nascent conflicts of interest are notoriously hard to predict, trial courts are given
wide latitude to decide whether to accept or reject a proffered waiver of a conflict. Ortega, 209
Ill. 2d at 358-59, 808 N.E.2d at 500. Accordingly, we will not set aside a trial court’s decision to
disqualify a defendant’s chosen counsel unless the trial court has clearly abused its discretion.
Ortega, 209 Ill. 2d at 359, 808 N.E.2d at 500.
Here, the record discloses that the trial court did consider the interests articulated in
Holmes as well as other interests relevant to the conflict situation presented in this case. The
court considered defendant’s interest in having the undivided loyalty of his counsel at length.
Notably, when explaining the conflict to the defendant, the court articulated that one of the
problems presented by Fulton’s representation was that Fulton had a loyalty to Aaron and
Coleman. As a result, the court explained that Fulton may not vigorously cross-examine Aaron
and Coleman. Although the State believed that both Aaron and Coleman would recant, there was
no way the court could have known that for certain at the time.
The court also considered the appearance of impropriety if the jury had learned of the
conflict. Significantly, when the State indicated that Aaron and Coleman would probably recant,
the State added that it would bring up the fact that Fulton came to represent both of them in
other, unrelated criminal matters during the pendency of the murder charges against defendant.
Presentation of these facts to the jury could have led the jury to infer that Fulton in some way
improperly influenced the State’s witnesses. See Holmes, 141 Ill. 2d at 226, 565 N.E.2d at 959.
11 1-05-1923
The court also implicitly considered the State’s right to a fair trial. The record before the
trial court established that Fulton represented Aaron and Coleman in criminal matters that arose
subsequent to defendant’s indictment. Fulton would have acquired more information about
Aaron and Coleman by virtue of his relationship with them than he would have ordinarily had
about a State witness. Significantly, it was Fulton’s request for confidential psychiatric
information about Aaron and defendant that had led to the revelation that Fulton had previously
represented Aaron. The fact that Fulton knew at all about Aaron’s psychological problems
suggests that Fulton had access to information about Aaron, a State witness, to which he may not
have had access but for the fact that he previously represented Aaron. Fulton could have used
this information to cross the bounds of proper cross-examination. See Holmes, 141 Ill. 2d at
226, 565 N.E.2d at 959. In addition, the State pointed out that both Coleman and Aaron
indicated that they were going to recant after Fulton came to represent them on unrelated charges
during the pendency of defendant’s case. These facts suggest that Fulton could have gained an
unfair advantage over the State and that Fulton could have exerted improper influence over the
State’s key witnesses. In these circumstances, the State would have been denied its right to a fair
trial. See Holmes, 141 Ill. 2d at 227, 565 N.E.2d at 960.
In addition, the court considered the likelihood that Fulton’s continued representation
would have led to a reversal of defendant’s conviction on appeal. The court considered the facts
presented by the conflict scenario in this case in light of Holmes and the other precedent in
existence at the time. In finding that defendant could not waive the actual conflict of interest
presented by Fulton’s representation, the court indicated that it was also concerned about the fact
12 1-05-1923
that defendant suffered from a mental deficiency which impaired his ability to resist coercion,
intimidation, or trickery. Certainly, a defendant’s inability to fully appreciate or understand the
consequences of a waiver should be a relevant concern in a trial court’s decision to accept or
reject a waiver. See People v. Lego, 168 Ill. 2d 561, 564-65, 660 N.E.2d 971, 973 (1995)
(explaining that in order to waive the right to counsel, a defendant must have the mental capacity
to make a knowing and voluntary waiver). In conclusion, we believe that a reasonable person
could conclude that it would have been seriously unfair to the State, not to mention defendant, if
Fulton had been permitted to continue to represent defendant. See Ortega, 209 Ill. 2d 369-70,
808 N.E.2d at 506.
The fact that the trial court inappropriately referred to the conflict scenario in this case as
a “per se” conflict does not affect our conclusion. At the time that the trial court made its ruling,
the supreme court had not yet decided Ortega, in which it clarified the meaning of the term.
Moreover, in Ortega, the supreme court did not find such a mischaracterization to be material.
Ortega, 209 Ill. 2d at 364, 808 N.E.2d at 537. Most importantly, the trial court applied the
correct law, including Holmes, to the case at bar.
In reaching this conclusion, we find People v. Downey, 351 Ill. App. 3d 1008, 815
N.E.2d 756 (2004), upon which defendant relies, distinguishable from the present case. In
Downey, which was an interlocutory appeal from a trial court order granting a motion to
disqualify defense counsel, the Second District held that the trial court abused its discretion in
disqualifying an attorney where it did not consider the factors articulated in Holmes and Ortega.
Downey, 351 Ill. App. 3d at 1012, 815 N.E.2d at 759. Here, although the trial court did not
13 1-05-1923
explicitly state that it was considering the Holmes factors and announce findings on each one, the
record clearly establishes that the trial court heard argument on the relevant factors and based its
decision on that information. Therefore, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in
disqualifying Fulton.
Defendant also contends that the trial court abused its discretion in preventing defense
counsel from introducing a prior consistent statement by eyewitness Aaron to rebut the
suggestion that Aaron recently fabricated his trial testimony, in which he recanted his statements
to the police and the grand jury. Specifically, the defense sought to introduce the Aaron’s out-of-
court statements to First Defense Legal Aid attorney Sladjana Vuckovic, in which he claimed
that he only gave the handwritten statement and implicated his brother before the grand jury
because the police tortured him into doing so.
In general, proof of a prior consistent statement made by a witness is inadmissible
hearsay, which may not be used to bolster a witness’s testimony. People v. Calderon, 369 Ill.
App. 3d 221, 234, 859 N.E.2d 1163, 1175 (2006); see also People v. Heard, 187 Ill. 2d 36, 70,
718 N.E.2d 58, 77 (1999). However, there are two distinct exceptions to this rule: (1) where the
prior consistent statement rebuts a charge that a witness is motivated to testify falsely, and (2)
where the prior consistent statement rebuts an allegation of recent fabrication. People v.
Richardson, 348 Ill. App. 3d 796, 802, 809 N.E.2d 141, 146 (2004). Under the first exception,
the prior consistent statement is admissible if it was made before the motive to testify falsely
came into existence. Richardson, 348 Ill. App. 3d at 802, 809 N.E.2d at 146. Under the second,
a prior consistent statement is admissible if it was made prior to the alleged fabrication.
14 1-05-1923
Richardson, 348 Ill. App. 3d at 802, 809 N.E.2d at 146. We will not reverse a trial court’s
evidentiary ruling on a prior consistent statement absent an abuse of discretion. Richardson, 348
Ill. App. 3d at 801, 809 N.E.2d at 146.
Here, although defendant contends that the second exception, recent fabrication, applies,
we find that the present scenario actually involves an allegation of motive to testify falsely. In its
opening statement, the State suggested that Aaron would recant based on his relationship with his
brother. Specifically, the State suggested that Aaron may be reluctant to testify against his
brother, explaining that Aaron would be “brought before you to testify in this case, whether he
likes it or not against his brother.” However, the State would “not even begin to predict what
Cornelius Aaron might say face to face with his brother,” or what kind of “headstands or back
flips” he would make to protect his brother. Thus, the State’s theory of Aaron’s recantation was
not that he simply created a new story prior to trial but, rather, that he would not implicate his
brother face to face. Because Aaron and defendant were brothers long before the victim’s
murder, any statements Aaron made to Vuckovic at the police station cannot be said to have
predated the existence of Aaron’s motive to lie on behalf of his brother. See, e.g., Heard, 187 Ill.
2d at 70, 718 N.E.2d at 77 (finding that the trial court did not err in refusing to admit prior
consistent statements of defendant’s fiancee and friend because their relationship with defendant
predated their statements). Accordingly, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in
refusing to admit Aaron’s prior consistent statement to Vuckovic.
For these reasons, we affirm defendant’s conviction and sentence.
Affirmed.
15 1-05-1923
QUINN, P.J., and CUNNINGHAM, J., concur.