Parker, Ch. J.
The state having the legal title to subdivision 10 of great lot 68 of the Glen, Bleecker and Lansing patent, brought this action to recover the damages which it
claimed to have sustained by reason of the cutting and removal of the heavy timber standing thereon to the mill of defendant. Ho question whatever was made upon the trial of the ownership by the plaintiff of subdivision 10 of great lot Ho. 68, but the defendant attempted to establish that the cutting was not done upon that lot but upon the adjoining tract in great lot Ho. 69. The defendant also attempted to show that he purchased the logs from one Glasgow without any knowledge that they were taken from the lands of plaintiff. The jury found, and the Appellate Division has necessarily affirmed the finding, that the state owned the lot from which the timber was taken. The claim of the defendant that he was an innocent victim of Glasgow’s scheming, having purchased the logs from him without suspecting that they were the property of the state, has also been put at rest by the finding of the jury and an affirmance of the judgment by the Appellate Division, for the court in its charge told the jury that the defendant was not liable provided he purchased the logs from Glasgow delivered at his mill and had nothing to do with the cutting and carrying away of the logs and timber. In view of certain exceptions that are to be later considered, it should be said that the defendant’s testimony indicates satisfactorily that he understood at the time the logs were being cut that the state owned the lot from which they were being taken. It rarely happens that the record discloses the taking of so much pains to be sure in advance of a cutting that the state owns the land to be cut over; for it appears from the testimony of the defendant, of -Glasgow and of Charles H. Woodworth, a surveyor, that before a tree was cut they, with two others to help them, made a survey of this lot. On his cross-examination the defendant, in answer to a question as to whether he understood thatthe logs -were to come off this lot you had helped survey ? ” said : “ I understood that they were to come somewhere from within the boundary that they had run out that day.
Q. When you went that day what did you go to run out ? -What did you understand was to be run out ?
“ A. I can’t tell. I learned afterwards they were surveying subdivision 10 of 68, as claimed by the state. * * * At the time I came to buy the logs I understood they had been trying to locate subdivision 10 of 68.”
Later, when the representatives of the state demanded compensation for the injuries the state had received at defendant’s hands, he took the position that the state did not own the land, and attempted unsuccessfully to prove' it as has been determined in this action.
A new trial is sought by the appellant who claims that he was prejudiced upon the trial by the rulings of the court.. Woodworth, the surveyor, who, aided by the defendant and Glasgow and two others, attempted to make a survey of subdivision 10, great lot 68, prior to the commencement of" the work of cutting down the trees thereon, testified that his father was a surveyor and that he had found among his papers a book of what purports to be field notes.
“ Q.
Does it contain, among other things, what purports to be field notes with regard to great lot 68 ? ”
This was objected to and to the ruling of the court admitting it the defendant excepted and the witness answered: “ They do.” This exception does not entitle the defendant to a reversal. The question was in no wise improper, and a direct answer such as was given could in no wise affect the issue. The question was asked apparently for the purpose of laying a foundation for a claim of right to use the notes in some manner, and, therefore, the court properly received it. But it is said the field notes were not offered in evidence or further described by the witness who testified that he used them in making his survey. True, but that evidence was not objected to nor was any motion made to strike it out, and hence if there be ground of complaint anywhere it certainly cannot be founded on the rulings of the court in so far as this general subject is concerned.
The next exception that will be considered was taken to a refusal of the court to charge that if defendant
“
only agreed to pay orders given by Glasgow to Fisher,' then the defend
ant is not liable.” We think this ivas not error for two reasons :
First,
the request was too broad, and,
second,
so much of it as was properly chargeable was in fact charged in other portions of the court’s instructions to the jury. Evidence was introduced on the part of defendant tending to show that he purchased the logs of Glasgow although he paid Fisher for cutting and delivering them, and it was testified that ■when Fisher asked defendant about paying him he replied he would pay him on the orders of Glasgow and that he did so. It was the theory of the plaintiff, however, that this arrangement .was intended as a cover to protect the defendant and that the circumstances proved surrounding the entire transaction entirely justified the jury in drawing that inference of fact. The aim of the request which we have quoted, therefore, -was to separate if possible from all the other facts and circumstances the fact testified to that defendant had told Fisher that he would only pay him on orders given by Glasgow, and thus to make that simple statement by Holmes to Fisher as to how and when he would pay Fisher for the cutting of the logs, the controlling factor in the situation. The learned judge viewed the question more accurately, and correctly submitted the entire subject to the jury. He had already charged the jury “that one who employs another to do an act is assisting that other in doing it. If you find that the defendant agreed to pay Fisher for cutting th$ timber and bringing it to his mill, then you may find that he was engaged in assisting in the cutting and carrying away of the logs and of the timber upon the premises. * ' * * I am also asked to charge that Holmes, the defendant, is not liable, provided he purchased the logs from Glasgow delivered at his mill, and had nothing to do with the cutting and carrying away of the logs and timber. That is correct, with the charge I have already given you.” Afterwards the appellant’s counsel made the request to charge, which we have been considering, and the court, after reading the request, said: “ If he had nothing to do with Fisher, or did not aid Fisher in any way in cutting the timber, and his agreement had nothing to
do with Fisher, then that would be so, but if, as an inducement to Fisher to cut the logs, he agreed to pay him, he may be liable.
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Parker, Ch. J.
The state having the legal title to subdivision 10 of great lot 68 of the Glen, Bleecker and Lansing patent, brought this action to recover the damages which it
claimed to have sustained by reason of the cutting and removal of the heavy timber standing thereon to the mill of defendant. Ho question whatever was made upon the trial of the ownership by the plaintiff of subdivision 10 of great lot Ho. 68, but the defendant attempted to establish that the cutting was not done upon that lot but upon the adjoining tract in great lot Ho. 69. The defendant also attempted to show that he purchased the logs from one Glasgow without any knowledge that they were taken from the lands of plaintiff. The jury found, and the Appellate Division has necessarily affirmed the finding, that the state owned the lot from which the timber was taken. The claim of the defendant that he was an innocent victim of Glasgow’s scheming, having purchased the logs from him without suspecting that they were the property of the state, has also been put at rest by the finding of the jury and an affirmance of the judgment by the Appellate Division, for the court in its charge told the jury that the defendant was not liable provided he purchased the logs from Glasgow delivered at his mill and had nothing to do with the cutting and carrying away of the logs and timber. In view of certain exceptions that are to be later considered, it should be said that the defendant’s testimony indicates satisfactorily that he understood at the time the logs were being cut that the state owned the lot from which they were being taken. It rarely happens that the record discloses the taking of so much pains to be sure in advance of a cutting that the state owns the land to be cut over; for it appears from the testimony of the defendant, of -Glasgow and of Charles H. Woodworth, a surveyor, that before a tree was cut they, with two others to help them, made a survey of this lot. On his cross-examination the defendant, in answer to a question as to whether he understood thatthe logs -were to come off this lot you had helped survey ? ” said : “ I understood that they were to come somewhere from within the boundary that they had run out that day.
Q. When you went that day what did you go to run out ? -What did you understand was to be run out ?
“ A. I can’t tell. I learned afterwards they were surveying subdivision 10 of 68, as claimed by the state. * * * At the time I came to buy the logs I understood they had been trying to locate subdivision 10 of 68.”
Later, when the representatives of the state demanded compensation for the injuries the state had received at defendant’s hands, he took the position that the state did not own the land, and attempted unsuccessfully to prove' it as has been determined in this action.
A new trial is sought by the appellant who claims that he was prejudiced upon the trial by the rulings of the court.. Woodworth, the surveyor, who, aided by the defendant and Glasgow and two others, attempted to make a survey of subdivision 10, great lot 68, prior to the commencement of" the work of cutting down the trees thereon, testified that his father was a surveyor and that he had found among his papers a book of what purports to be field notes.
“ Q.
Does it contain, among other things, what purports to be field notes with regard to great lot 68 ? ”
This was objected to and to the ruling of the court admitting it the defendant excepted and the witness answered: “ They do.” This exception does not entitle the defendant to a reversal. The question was in no wise improper, and a direct answer such as was given could in no wise affect the issue. The question was asked apparently for the purpose of laying a foundation for a claim of right to use the notes in some manner, and, therefore, the court properly received it. But it is said the field notes were not offered in evidence or further described by the witness who testified that he used them in making his survey. True, but that evidence was not objected to nor was any motion made to strike it out, and hence if there be ground of complaint anywhere it certainly cannot be founded on the rulings of the court in so far as this general subject is concerned.
The next exception that will be considered was taken to a refusal of the court to charge that if defendant
“
only agreed to pay orders given by Glasgow to Fisher,' then the defend
ant is not liable.” We think this ivas not error for two reasons :
First,
the request was too broad, and,
second,
so much of it as was properly chargeable was in fact charged in other portions of the court’s instructions to the jury. Evidence was introduced on the part of defendant tending to show that he purchased the logs of Glasgow although he paid Fisher for cutting and delivering them, and it was testified that ■when Fisher asked defendant about paying him he replied he would pay him on the orders of Glasgow and that he did so. It was the theory of the plaintiff, however, that this arrangement .was intended as a cover to protect the defendant and that the circumstances proved surrounding the entire transaction entirely justified the jury in drawing that inference of fact. The aim of the request which we have quoted, therefore, -was to separate if possible from all the other facts and circumstances the fact testified to that defendant had told Fisher that he would only pay him on orders given by Glasgow, and thus to make that simple statement by Holmes to Fisher as to how and when he would pay Fisher for the cutting of the logs, the controlling factor in the situation. The learned judge viewed the question more accurately, and correctly submitted the entire subject to the jury. He had already charged the jury “that one who employs another to do an act is assisting that other in doing it. If you find that the defendant agreed to pay Fisher for cutting th$ timber and bringing it to his mill, then you may find that he was engaged in assisting in the cutting and carrying away of the logs and of the timber upon the premises. * ' * * I am also asked to charge that Holmes, the defendant, is not liable, provided he purchased the logs from Glasgow delivered at his mill, and had nothing to do with the cutting and carrying away of the logs and timber. That is correct, with the charge I have already given you.” Afterwards the appellant’s counsel made the request to charge, which we have been considering, and the court, after reading the request, said: “ If he had nothing to do with Fisher, or did not aid Fisher in any way in cutting the timber, and his agreement had nothing to
do with Fisher, then that would be so, but if, as an inducement to Fisher to cut the logs, he agreed to pay him, he may be liable. If the contract was solely between him and Glasgow, and he did not know where the logs came from, then he may escape liability; but if, knowing that Fisher was cutting the logs, he agreed to pay for them and take them at his mill, you may find that he was assisting in cutting- the logs.” This seems to be as favorable a charge upon the subject as defendant was entitled to, but in any event he was not entitled to have the jury instructed in effect that if they should find that the defendant did say to Fisher that he would pay him only upon the order of Glasgow, that they must necessarily find that Glasgow’s agreement with the defendant, if there were one, was not a cover agreement, and that the real contract for cutting and taking to market was not between the defendant and Fisher.
A witness called by the plaintiff testified that while one Wemple was the owner of lot 69 lie cut the timber up to a line of marked trees, which the witness described and stopped there. This line of marked trees the witness claimed to be the line between lots 68 and 69. The defendant did not object to this testimony, but instead elected to treat it as opening the door wide enough to allow.him to prove declarations of Wemple and other former owners of lot 69 to the effect that the line between lots 68 and 69 was located elsewhere, and for that purpose a daughter of Wemple was called to testify where her father claimed the line to be, but it was excluded and a new trial is asked for because of that fact. Our attention is called to authorities establishing the right to prove both declarations and admissions of one in possession of real estate where the question was whether such a person was in possession at a given time; or whether being in possession it was under a claim of title. In all of these cases acts done upon the land or the admissions of the party, and in many cases his declarations as well, are received as in the nature of a part of the
res gestee
of the continuous and pervading fact of possession or claim, but they are not com
petent as a substitute for, or in contradiction of a paper title
(Gibney
v.
Marchay,
34 N. Y. 301), the general rule being that parol dóclarations or admissions, since they cannot confer or divest title, are not admissible as evidence of title either to sustain the burden of proof of title or to rebu
t prima facie
evidence, but only to show the nature and extent of the possession and the character and quality of the claim of title under which the property was held, or other material facts resting
in pais.
(Abbott’s Trial Ev. [2d ed.] 200, and cases cited.) Hot infrequently has this court asserted that a party cannot make title to land by parol admission of his adversary, nor be deprived of title by the declarations of Jiis adversary’s. .predecessor in title. '
(Clark
v. Baird, 9 N. Y. 183;
Terry
v. Chandler, 16 N. Y. 354;
Walker
v.
Dunspaugh,
20 N. Y. 170, 173.) The question of the possession of either of the lots by the present owners or their predecessors in title was not in controversy. The ownership of subdivision 10 of lot. 68 was not at the time of the trial, nor at any time previous thereto, the subject of dispute, and the same is true of lot 69. The real question was whether these many acres of land were within the boundaries of subdivision 10 of lot 68, or within the limits of lot 69, and the defendant could not establish that the legal title to this large tract of land was not in the plaintiff by proving the declarations of another or others that it belonged to him or them. The admission of improper evidence without objection is"rarely allowed- to open the floodgates of improper evidence along the same line, but instead' the remedy of the party claiming to be aggrieved is in a motion to strike out the evidence, admitted without his pro-. test in the first instance.
The authorities cited by the appellant are not hostile to the rules we have stated. An examination discloses that in every one of the cases the question of possession was in issue. In
Abeel
v.
Van Gelder
(36 N. Y. 513) the court said: “ Plaintiffs were allowed to prove the declarations of Hermanee and Van Derpool, while they were owners of the property, with a view to show the extent of their actual occupation.” The
plaintiffs in "that action were attempting to establish legal title by adverse possession, and while it does not clearly appear whether the testimony was given in behalf of plaintiffs or of defendants it might well have been received in behalf of plaintiffs, inasmuch as the object of their testimony appears to have been confined to showing the extent .and character of their actual occupation.
Morss
v.
Salisbury
(48 N. Y. 636) was an action of trespass, and the defendant oy his answer claimed title by adverse possession, and it was held that the declarations of a former occupant were admissible for the purpose of characterizing his possession which it was claimed was adverse to that of plaintiff. In
Donahue
v.
Case
(61 N. Y. 631) the controversy was over a division line and the defendant claimed that there had been practical location of the division line and also that he had acquired a legal title to the lands in dispute by adverse possession. He had testified that in 1866 he and plaintiff agreed to have a survey made and the disputed line located. The conversation was excluded as was also the fact that a survey was made in pursuance thereof with" the assistance of both parties, and other similar evidence, and this court held that it was error. The other authorities are to- the same general effect, audit is sufficient to say that-none of them suggest that in the absence of an attempt to show title by adverse possession a party may prove title in himself or another to a large tract of land by the declarations of a remote grantor that the lands in controversy belonged to him.
The judgment should be affirmed, with costs.
O’Brien, Bartlett, Haight, Martin and Vann, JJ., concur ; Landon, J., dissents.
Judgment affirmed.