People v. Hale

2025 IL App (3d) 220510

• Court: Appellate Court of Illinois
• Decided: May 9, 2025
• Docket: 3-22-0510
• Status: Published

Opinion

2025 IL App (3d) 220510

Opinion filed May 9, 2025 ____________________________________________________________________________

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

THIRD DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ILLINOIS, ) of the 21st Judicial Circuit, ) Kankakee County, Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) Appeal No. 3-22-0510 v. ) Circuit No. 20-CF-429 ) RASHAGUN M. HALE, ) Honorable ) William S. Dickenson, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding. ____________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE DAVENPORT delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Hettel and Bertani concurred in the judgment and opinion. ____________________________________________________________________________

OPINION

¶1 A jury found defendant, Rashagun M. Hale, guilty of two counts of first degree murder

(720 ILCS 5/9-1(a) (West 2018)). The trial court merged the counts and sentenced defendant to 45

years’ imprisonment. Defendant appeals, raising numerous claims of error. We conclude the court

erroneously instructed the jury it could find the State proved defendant guilty of both first degree

murder and reckless homicide—two offenses predicated on inconsistent mental states. And,

although the court also gave a correct instruction that contradicted its erroneous instruction, we

cannot discern from the record which instruction the jury followed. Accordingly, we reverse and

remand for further proceedings. ¶2 I. BACKGROUND

¶3 At around 1:38 a.m. on January 1, 2019, a Kankakee police officer found Anthony Stewart

lying by a dumpster on Oak Street, which runs east and west, near its intersection with Chicago

Avenue, which runs north and south. Stewart had suffered catastrophic injuries and was

nonresponsive, and he died before paramedics arrived. Video surveillance footage from the area

showed Rashaad Higgins, Warren Thomas, and defendant chasing down and beating Stewart and

then leaving him lying motionless near the curb on the northern edge of Oak Street, just east of

Chicago Avenue. The same surveillance footage also showed, about a minute after the beating had

stopped, a GMC Suburban SUV moving east on Oak Street toward Stewart’s body. Seconds later,

a low-riding Ford F-150 pickup truck followed. Defendant was driving the Suburban, and Thomas

was driving the F-150 with Higgins in the passenger seat. The F-150 struck Stewart’s body and

dragged it about 30 feet east along Oak Street, leaving it by the dumpster. At trial, the parties

disputed whether the Suburban struck Stewart’s body as well.

¶4 A. The Charges

¶5 A grand jury indicted defendant on four counts of first degree murder. Two of the counts

alleged defendant caused Stewart’s death by striking Stewart with a vehicle, with intent to cause

great bodily harm (id. § 9-1(a)(1)) (count I) or knowing such act created a strong probability of

death or great bodily harm (id. § 9-1(a)(2)) (count III). The other two counts alleged defendant

caused Stewart’s death by striking Stewart about the body with his hands and feet, with the intent

to cause great bodily harm (count II) or knowing such act created a strong probability of death or

great bodily harm (count IV). Before trial, the State dismissed two other counts of the indictment,

which charged defendant with reckless homicide and leaving the scene of an accident involving

death.

2 ¶6 At trial, counts I and III were presented to the jury as one charge. We will refer to them

collectively as the vehicle strike count. As to this count, the court gave, at defendant’s request, a

lesser-included offense instruction on reckless homicide but refused defendant’s request for a

lesser-included instruction on aggravated battery. Counts II and IV were presented as a second

charge. We will refer to them collectively as the physical beating count. As to this count, the court

gave, at defendant’s request, a lesser-included offense instruction on aggravated battery.

¶7 The State’s theory was that Stewart’s death was caused by either the physical beating, the

vehicle strikes, or some combination thereof. In addition, the State posited the physical beating

and vehicle strikes were part of a continuous offense and defendant was accountable for all of

Thomas’s acts during the offense, including Thomas striking Stewart with the F-150.

¶8 Defendant’s theory was that the physical beating and vehicle strikes were two separate

offenses, not part of a continuous act. He conceded he participated in the physical beating but

contended the beating did not cause Stewart’s death. Rather, Stewart’s death was caused by

Thomas’s act of running over and dragging him with the F-150. Thus, defendant asserted, he

committed an aggravated battery, and he did not intend to or agree to continue the attack on Stewart

with the vehicles after the aggravated battery was complete. If he struck Stewart with the Suburban,

defendant posited, he acted recklessly.

¶9 B. Pretrial Motions

¶ 10 1. The State’s Motion to Admit Other Crimes Evidence

¶ 11 Before trial, the State moved to admit proof of other crimes. See Ill. R. Evid. 404(b) (eff.

Jan. 1, 2011). Specifically, the State asked to introduce evidence that at approximately 1 a.m. on

December 23, 2018, defendant was pulled over while driving the Suburban, which was owned by

his girlfriend Jennifer Liddell, arrested for driving with a revoked driver’s license, and ticketed for

3 having no insurance. After a hearing, the trial court granted the State’s motion in part, allowing

the State to present evidence that defendant was pulled over while driving the Suburban.

Ultimately, the parties stipulated that if Sergeant Steven Hunter was called to testify, he would

state that at approximately 1 a.m. on December 23, 2018, he “pulled over a 1995 GMC Suburban,

blue in color, license plate number [redacted]. The driver of that GMC Suburban *** was the

defendant Rashagun Hale.”

¶ 12 2. Defendant’s Motion to Bar Expert Testimony

¶ 13 Before trial, the State notified defendant it intended to present the testimony of an accident-

reconstruction expert, Trooper David Verkler, who had reviewed the surveillance video footage

during the investigation. The State disclosed Verkler’s report, in which Verkler described what he

saw in the surveillance footage. Relevant here, Verkler wrote the Suburban “proceed[ed] up to the

area where Stewart [was] and [drove] over him.”

¶ 14 Defendant filed a motion in limine, asking the court to bar Verkler from describing to the

jury what he saw in the surveillance footage. 1 Defendant argued Verkler’s description of the

video’s contents went beyond his expertise as an accident-reconstruction expert and the jury should

be permitted to determine on its own what the video showed. The trial court denied defendant’s

motion. It also denied his midtrial motion to reconsider that ruling.

¶ 15 C. Jury Trial

¶ 16 1. The Events of December 31 and January 1

¶ 17 The evidence at trial established that on December 31, 2018, David Parnell and Stewart

celebrated the new year by playing cards and drinking tequila at Stewart’s apartment on South

Dearborn Avenue with a small group of friends. Their cousin, Higgins, was partying across the

1 The record indicates defendant amended the motion, but no copy appears in the record.

4 street at Robert Williams’s residence. Defendant and Thomas were present with Higgins at

Williams’s residence. Higgins and Parnell both testified there was no interaction between the two

separate gatherings.

¶ 18 Around 1 a.m., Parnell and Stewart left the apartment to visit Stewart’s godson. They

walked north on Dearborn Avenue. They were intoxicated and drank a bottle of New Amsterdam

vodka as they walked. Parnell believed they detoured from Dearborn Avenue before reaching

Court Street, but he was unable to recall any specifics. The next thing he remembered was waking

up in the hospital while receiving stitches to a wound on the right side of his forehead. He also had

a black eye and other cuts on the side of his face and his ear.

¶ 19 Higgins attended Williams’s party with defendant and Thomas. They arrived together in

Thomas’s vehicle before midnight. Higgins was not directly asked at trial what vehicle they arrived

in, but he testified that he and Thomas left the party in Thomas’s F-150, a fact not in dispute.

During the party, Higgins drove defendant to Liddell’s house so defendant could pick up Liddell’s

Suburban. Defendant and Higgins returned to the party with both vehicles before midnight.

¶ 20 Defendant, Thomas, and Higgins drank heavily during the party, and they left, intoxicated,

around 1:20 a.m. Higgins believed the plan was to drive to a bar to continue drinking. He rode

with Thomas in the F-150, and defendant drove alone in the Suburban. The three men never went

to the bar.

¶ 21 Instead, Higgins testified, they detoured to the area of Chicago Avenue and Oak Street,

where Parnell and Stewart were present. Surveillance cameras located on the nearby Salvation

Army building and Social Security Administration (SSA) office captured footage of Higgins,

Thomas, defendant, and Stewart in the area. Higgins’s testimony, along with the footage,

established that at about 1:21 a.m., Thomas and Higgins parked facing south on Chicago Avenue,

5 south of its intersection with Oak Street. About 15 seconds later, defendant arrived and parked

behind Thomas. Higgins did not know why they had stopped and had not heard defendant or

Thomas discussing an attack on someone. At first, Higgins did not know the two men who they

would encounter were Parnell and Stewart.

¶ 22 The three men exited the vehicles. According to Higgins, Thomas said nothing to him

before exiting. Thomas then ran up to and “swung on” Parnell, knocking him unconscious. Higgins

did not see if Thomas struck Parnell with an object. Thomas’s attack on Parnell was not captured

on video.

¶ 23 Thomas, Higgins, and defendant then chased down Stewart. The surveillance camera on

the SSA office captured the attack. The dumpster can be seen on the far right side of the frame.

The footage showed Stewart coming into the frame being chased by defendant, Thomas, and

Higgins. Stewart fell to the ground, and defendant began striking him. Thomas and Higgins

immediately joined in, and the three men began to grab, hit, and kick Stewart. While Stewart was

lying prone, Thomas mounted Stewart and began to choke Stewart and strike his face, while

defendant kicked and stomped Stewart in the head.

¶ 24 According to Higgins, Thomas eventually lifted Stewart’s head up and Higgins recognized

Stewart as his cousin. He told defendant and Thomas to stop. Defendant stopped and began to

walk away. Higgins followed defendant, while Thomas continued to choke Stewart for a few

seconds. The surveillance footage showed the beating lasted approximately 27 seconds.

Defendant’s participation, during which he struck Stewart with his hands and feet several times,

lasted approximately 21 seconds. The surveillance video also showed defendant was the first to

begin walking away from Stewart, toward their vehicles on Chicago Avenue. Higgins believed

6 Stewart was still conscious when the beating stopped, agreeing that Stewart “was just a little beat

up around the head.”

¶ 25 Higgins testified the men did not speak while walking toward their vehicles. The

surveillance camera on the Salvation Army building captured the men after they had returned to

and entered the vehicles. The footage showed defendant pull the Suburban alongside Thomas’s F-

150 and stop for about five seconds, before driving north—in reverse—out of the frame. According

to Higgins, the occupants of the two vehicles did not communicate while they were alongside each

other. Thomas then turned his vehicle around and drove north on Chicago Avenue, out of the

frame.

¶ 26 The surveillance camera from the SSA office continued to record Stewart’s body as it lay

motionless on Oak Street, near the apex of the intersection’s northeast corner. About one minute

and three seconds after the beating stopped, the Suburban—still in reverse—entered the frame.

From the camera’s vantage point, Stewart’s body did not appear to make any movement during

that time frame. Defendant backed the Suburban around the corner onto Oak Street, west of

Stewart’s body, facing east. He then drove forward, appearing to drive on the left side of the street.

Higgins was not in position to see the Suburban as it passed Stewart’s body, and he did not see the

Suburban strike Stewart.

¶ 27 Three seconds later, Thomas’s F-150 entered the frame and turned right onto eastbound

Oak Street. According to Higgins, Thomas slowed down and aimed the F-150 at Stewart. Thomas

then drove over and dragged Stewart’s body to the dumpster. The footage showed the F-150

fishtailing as it dragged and disengaged the body. Higgins said to Thomas, “I know you didn’t just

run [Stewart] over.” Thomas replied, “F*** that b*** a*** n***.” Both vehicles turned left onto

Greenwood Avenue and proceeded north.

7 ¶ 28 Higgins told Thomas to take him home. Thomas, however, returned to his own residence

with Higgins. When they arrived, they got into a Dodge Durango with two other men. Thomas

told Higgins they were going to “drop something off,” likely referring to a drug transaction, and

then they would drop off Higgins at his home. Instead, they drove out to a property along the

Kankakee River. Thomas shot Higgins six times at close range and left. Higgins spent days in the

hospital and survived.

¶ 29 In the meantime, the police and paramedics were dispatched to the scene where Parnell and

Stewart were located. Patrolman Levi Peters arrived and saw Parnell sitting on the sidewalk on the

southwest quadrant of the intersection. Parnell’s head was bleeding. Another patrolman tended to

Parnell, and Parnell was transported to the hospital.

¶ 30 Peters also saw Stewart lying in the roadway on the northeast quadrant of the intersection,

next to a dumpster. Stewart appeared to have suffered severe traumatic injuries—his body was

contorted, he was bleeding, and he was nonresponsive and barely breathing. Stewart died before

the ambulance arrived.

¶ 31 2. Stewart’s Cause of Death

¶ 32 Forensic pathologist Dr. Michel Humilier performed an autopsy on Stewart. His report was

admitted into evidence. Stewart suffered multiple external injuries. He had a large laceration on

the right side of his head, which exposed his skull. There were smaller lacerations near his right

ear. He had other lacerations on his head, neck, right forearm, and behind his left knee. He had

multiple abrasions on his head, neck, torso, and extremities. He also had bruises around both eyes.

The autopsy did not reveal any evidence of strangulation.

¶ 33 Stewart also suffered several internal injuries. His thoracic spine, sternum, ribs, and left

femur were fractured. His right elbow was dislocated. He had multiple lacerations on his lungs,

8 liver, and spleen. He also had multiple subgaleal hemorrhages, indicative of “blows to the head.”

Approximately 1.25 liters of blood (or about 25% of the blood in a human body) had accumulated

in Stewart’s chest and abdominal cavities. Stewart’s lungs and kidneys were pale, suggesting they

had lost blood.

¶ 34 Ultimately, Dr. Humilier concluded Stewart’s cause of death was “multiple injuries” that

“could be due to both physical and vehicular [assault] or either.” Dr. Humilier agreed, however,

that Stewart’s internal injuries to his lungs, liver, and spleen were the most significant in terms of

causing death. That is, the internal injuries were more likely to cause death than the external

injuries.

¶ 35 3. Evidence at the Scene

¶ 36 Detective Jennifer Schoon arrived on scene shortly after the patrolmen. She observed

Stewart’s body lying near the dumpster and learned that Parnell had already been transported from

the scene. Schoon recovered fragments of a broken New Amsterdam vodka bottle on the sidewalk

and adjacent grass where Parnell had been located. Some of the fragments were bloody.

¶ 37 She also observed two pools of blood. One was on the surface of Oak Street, near the apex

of the intersection’s northeast corner. This pool of blood was located where the asphalt roadway

transitioned to the concrete curbing. The second pool of blood was approximately 30 feet east on

Oak Street, next to a dumpster.

¶ 38 4. Defendant’s Police Interview

¶ 39 Schoon interviewed defendant on January 9, 2019. A portion of an audio-video recording

of the interview was admitted into evidence and published to the jury. Defendant recounted his

actions up to when he left the party. His summary of those actions was largely consistent with

Higgins’s testimony. However, defendant told Schoon he intended to visit a woman named

9 Shiann, 2 who lived on North Schuyler Avenue, when everyone left Williams’s party to go to the

bar. Defendant added that he was “drunk as hell,” a fact he repeated frequently during the

interview, and did not know whether he could make it safely to the bar. Defendant also told Schoon

that Thomas had left, with several others, in the Durango. He denied seeing Thomas’s F-150 at all

that night.

¶ 40 Defendant’s account of what transpired after he left the party evolved throughout the

interview. At first, defendant told Schoon he left the party around 1:30 a.m. He went to Shiann’s

house directly and arrived at 1:40 a.m. He woke the next morning, went to Liddell’s house, and

got into an argument with Liddell about him having taken the Suburban. Defendant confirmed he

knew Thomas had been arrested and was in jail for shooting Higgins. He heard Thomas and

Higgins had been in an altercation with other people on Chicago Avenue. Defendant speculated

Thomas may have thought Higgins was “gonna tell on” Thomas. In the ensuing days, defendant

tried to keep his distance, because defendant thought people would assume he was involved due

to his known, close friendship with Thomas.

¶ 41 When Schoon confronted defendant with the fact the Suburban was seen on surveillance

footage near Chicago Avenue and Oak Street around that time, defendant told her the “whole night

was a blur” and he was “very” or “belligerently” drunk. He expressed confusion as to why he

would be there if he was heading to Shiann’s house. Schoon then told defendant he had parked on

Chicago Avenue, Thomas’s F-150 parked behind him, and he then backed up and drove east on

Oak Street. Defendant again said he did not remember being in the area or making those

maneuvers. Schoon then asked defendant if he remembered running over a body on Oak Street,

and defendant adamantly denied running over a body, something he would have remembered

2 Shiann’s last name was not identified at trial.

10 because he would have felt a bump. He persisted in his denial even after Schoon told him she had

seen him run over the body on video.

¶ 42 After Schoon told him that Thomas also ran over the body, defendant told Schoon the only

reason he could have been in the area was the fight that Thomas got into on Chicago Avenue.

Defendant then went further, admitting he saw an altercation between Thomas and others in that

area. He maintained, however, that he was “just trying to leave” and “get to Shiann’s house.” He

did not know Thomas was behind him when he left or that Thomas followed him as he went north

on Greenwood Avenue. Defendant denied being involved in the fight.

¶ 43 Eventually, defendant told Schoon that he heard Thomas had been in an altercation with at

least one of the victims during the party, though defendant did not see it occur. Defendant also told

Schoon that he spoke to Thomas on the phone before the altercation at Chicago Avenue and Oak

Street. Thomas told defendant that “he seen somebody he had got into it with.” Defendant asked,

“Where y’all at?” Thomas told him, “Chicago.” Defendant thought it was going to be “a regular

fight,” but it got out of hand. When defendant saw a man lying on the sidewalk, not moving

(presumably Parnell), he told Thomas to leave Stewart alone and said, “let’s go.” Defendant denied

being involved in the fight, even when Schoon told him three men could be seen beating Stewart.

Instead, defendant maintained he stood by the vehicles, “looking, making sure no police were

coming and stuff.” Schoon then asked defendant whether there would be any reason his DNA was

on Stewart. Defendant responded, “All I tried to do was get [Thomas] off of [Stewart],” so they

could leave the area.

¶ 44 At one point in the interview, Schoon asked defendant whether he was scared of “going

back to prison.” Though other portions of the recording had been redacted, this remark was not.

Defendant made no objection when it was played for the jury.

11 ¶ 45 5. Defendant’s Phone Call to Liddell

¶ 46 Three days later, on January 12, 2019, defendant called Liddell while he was incarcerated

in the county jail. A recording of that phone call was admitted into evidence. During the call,

Liddell mentioned hearing about murder charges. Defendant said, “I ran over the man’s leg. That

ain’t kill him. That did not kill him.”

¶ 47 6. Evidence Recovered From the Suburban

¶ 48 Schoon located the Suburban in Hopkins Park. The Suburban was clean; the tires’ sidewalls

appeared clean and shiny. The F-150 was abandoned and burned with gasoline in Pembroke

Township.

¶ 49 Sergeant Del Rio 3 processed the Suburban on January 10, 2019. He found receipts for dry

cleaning and an oil change in the glove box, both with defendant’s name on them. He also found

vehicle registration, which stated the vehicle was registered to Liddell. He discovered blood on the

steering wheel. Forensic biologist Heather Wright later determined the DNA profile extracted from

the blood matched defendant’s DNA profile.

¶ 50 Del Rio also inspected the Suburban’s undercarriage. He discovered no blood but

recovered a black fiber, which the parties stipulated did not come from Stewart’s clothing. Del Rio

could not tell whether the undercarriage had been recently washed because it was too rusty.

¶ 51 7. Trooper Verkler’s Opinion

¶ 52 Verkler testified that he met with Schoon around 9 a.m. on January 1. Schoon gave Verkler

an overview before they went to view the scene. Schoon walked Verkler through the scene and

told him what she had identified as potential evidence. Schoon pointed out tire marks, vehicle

debris, and blood on both the northeast and southwest quadrants of the intersection. Schoon told

3 Del Rio’s first name was not identified at trial.

12 Verkler there were two victims and where those victims were located when police arrived the night

before.

¶ 53 Verkler testified the case was called in as a pedestrian crash, which he understood to mean

a moving vehicle striking two persons who were walking or standing. Thus, he was looking for

signs of what he would expect to find in such a crash but found none. Instead, he found pooled

blood in the northeast quadrant, and he found some blood and broken glass on the southwest

quadrant. Verkler immediately realized the areas where the victims were located did not “line up

to what [he] would expect to see from two people being struck by a motor vehicle.”

¶ 54 Verkler ruled out Parnell having been struck by a vehicle and believed he was likely struck

by the glass vodka bottle. As to Stewart, Verkler observed the pool of blood a few feet from the

apex of the intersection’s northeast corner. Between that pool of blood and the pool by the

dumpster, Verkler observed scuff marks on the road, “some scrubbing of clothing,” and a “couple

different imprints of blood.” He also observed a thin black tire mark on the curb next to the western

pool of blood. He found no evidence relevant to Stewart west of the western pool of blood. Thus,

he did not believe Stewart was originally struck by a vehicle. Rather, he concluded a vehicle hit

Stewart while Stewart was lying on the ground and his body was dragged to the dumpster. Verkler

believed the evidence was consistent with one vehicle striking Stewart.

¶ 55 Verkler noticed a camera mounted on the nearby SSA office. On January 2, Verkler went

to the SSA office and asked to view the surveillance footage. After watching the footage, he

concluded two vehicles struck Stewart.

¶ 56 During Verkler’s testimony, the State again published the surveillance footage that had

earlier been shown to the jury during Higgins’s testimony. Verkler described what he saw as the

jury watched. Defendant renewed the objection stated in his pretrial motion. Verkler testified there

13 was a white mark above Stewart’s body as it was lying prone, before the Suburban drove past it.

After the Suburban drove past Stewart’s body, the white mark was no longer visible. In other

words, “there [was] a change of the appearance of where Mr. Stewart is.” Verkler described the

change of appearance as a “change in the pixels in that area.” In addition, he noted the video

depicted “a little change in the suspension of the vehicle” as it drove past Stewart’s body. Because

the camera angle and lighting source remained constant, and because “the only source of motion

coming through the frame [was] the vehicle,” Verkler opined, the only thing that could have

changed the position of Stewart’s body was the Suburban.

¶ 57 D. Jury Instructions Conference

¶ 58 During the jury instructions conference, several matters relevant to defendant’s claims on

appeal were discussed and others were not discussed. We provide basic information here and will

provide additional facts in our analysis.

¶ 59 1. Accountability and Withdrawal

¶ 60 On the issue of accountability, the State offered Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal,

No. 5.03 (approved Oct. 28, 2016) (hereinafter IPI Criminal No. 5.03). The court and the parties

did not discuss supplemental paragraphs two and four of the instruction. See IPI Criminal No.

5.03, Committee Note. Relatedly, on the issue of withdrawal, the State offered IPI Criminal No.

5.04. The court gave both instructions over defendant’s objection.

¶ 61 2. Causation

¶ 62 Neither party offered Illinois Pattern Jury Instruction, Criminal, No. 7.15 (approved Apr.

26, 2019), which defines causation. The court did not give the instruction.

¶ 63 3. Concluding Instructions and Verdict Forms

14 ¶ 64 After discussion with the parties, the court also gave a concluding instruction that was

based on Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 26.01Q (4th ed. 2000) (hereinafter IPI

Criminal 4th 26.01Q).

¶ 65 E. Deliberations and Verdict

¶ 66 The jury began deliberating at 2:54 p.m. The jury sent three notes to the court. The third

note, sent at 7:10 p.m., asked the court for “[c]larification on why there are two charges of murder”

and asking whether “lead to death and cause of death” meant “the same thing.” The court and the

parties agreed to the following response to both questions: “you have heard and seen the evidence

and been instructed as to the law. No further explanation can be given.”

¶ 67 At 7:31 p.m., the jury returned a guilty verdict on both counts of first degree murder.

¶ 68 F. Motion for New Trial and Sentence

¶ 69 Defendant filed a postjudgment motion. Among other things, defendant contended the trial

court (1) should not have permitted Verkler to testify as to what he saw on the surveillance video,

(2) should not have admitted the State’s other-crimes evidence, (3) should not have given IPI

Criminal No. 5.04 on the issue of withdrawal, and (4) should have given an aggravated battery

instruction as a lesser-included offense of the vehicle strike count.

¶ 70 The court denied the motion. It merged the conviction on the physical beating count into

the vehicle strike count and sentenced defendant to 45 years’ imprisonment. The court denied

defendant’s motion to reconsider sentence, and this appeal followed.

¶ 71 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 72 On appeal, defendant raises several claims of error. Specifically, defendant contends (1) IPI

Criminal 4th No. 26.01Q, as given, improperly instructed the jury that it could find the State proved

that defendant committed both first degree murder and reckless homicide, even though those

15 offenses require inconsistent mental states; (2) the court erred by failing to give supplemental

paragraphs two and four of IPI Criminal No. 5.03 and by giving IPI Criminal No. 5.04; (3) the jury

heard improper evidence about defendant’s criminal history and prior police contact; (4) the court

improperly allowed the State’s expert to testify as to what he observed on surveillance video;

(5) the court erred by failing to give IPI Criminal No. 7.15 and by declining to answer the jury’s

question on whether “lead to death” and “cause of death” meant “the same thing”; and (6) the court

abused its discretion in failing to give instructions on the lesser-included offense of aggravated

battery. Defendant further argues that even if none of the purported errors alone is reversible, the

errors’ cumulative effect deprived him of a fair proceeding, warranting a new trial.

¶ 73 We begin with a jurisdictional issue.

¶ 74 A. Jurisdiction to Consider Unsentenced Count

¶ 75 The trial court did not enter a sentence on the physical beating count because that count

merged into the vehicle strike count. Defendant recognizes that in People v. Relerford, 2017 IL

121094, ¶ 75, the supreme court held this court lacks jurisdiction to consider the validity of

unsentenced convictions. He nevertheless maintains there is authority—People v. Lilly, 56 Ill. 2d

493 (1974), and People v. Fort, 2019 IL App (1st) 170644—permitting us to address the physical

beating count’s merits. And if we were to do so, he asks that we also reverse his conviction on the

physical beating count.

¶ 76 Except as provided by rule, this court’s jurisdiction is limited to reviewing final judgments.

Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, § 6. A judgment does not become final in a criminal case until a sentence

is imposed. Relerford, 2017 IL 121094, ¶ 71. Thus, this court has no jurisdiction to determine the

validity of an unsentenced conviction. People v. Jamison, 2018 IL App (1st) 160409, ¶ 37.

16 ¶ 77 Under Relerford, we lack jurisdiction to consider the physical beating count’s merits,

because that count was merged into the vehicle strike count and no sentence was entered on it. See

Relerford, 2017 IL 121094, ¶ 75. We therefore reject defendant’s suggestion that we may grant

him relief on the physical beating count.

¶ 78 The authority defendant cites does not persuade us otherwise. In Lilly, the supreme court

determined it had jurisdiction to consider an unsentenced conviction because the defendant had

properly appealed from a final judgment on another offense. Lilly, 56 Ill. 2d at 496. Absent from

the court’s analysis, however, was any discussion of the appellate court’s jurisdiction to review a

nonfinal judgment. To the extent Lilly holds that this court may review an unsentenced conviction,

we adhere to Relerford’s more recent and unmistakably clear holding to the contrary.

¶ 79 We decline to follow Fort to the extent it holds this court has jurisdiction to consider the

merits of an unsentenced count. The partial dissent in that case adequately explains why the

appellate court’s exercise of jurisdiction under such circumstances was erroneous under Relerford.

See Fort, 2019 IL App (1st) 170644, ¶¶ 41-49 (Connors, J., concurring in part and dissenting in

part).

¶ 80 We turn now to defendant’s claims as they relate to the vehicle strike count.

¶ 81 B. IPI Criminal 4th No. 26.01Q

¶ 82 Defendant first contends the trial court erroneously gave paragraph four of “IPI 26.01R,”

which is a concluding instruction that informs the jury how to fill out the verdict forms. See IPI

Criminal 4th No. 26.01R.

¶ 83 1. The Instruction at Issue and the Parties’ Positions

¶ 84 After the court determined the jury would be instructed on lesser-included offenses for

each murder count, the court and the parties discussed the correct instruction from the 2.01 and

17 26.01 series. 4 Trial counsel suggested IPI Criminal 4th Nos. 2.01Q and 26.01Q. The court

redirected the parties to IPI Criminal 4th Nos. 2.01R and 26.01R. The State ultimately prepared

the instruction, which read, in regard to the vehicle strike count, as follows:

“[4.] If you find the State has proved the defendant guilty of both first degree

murder, and reckless homicide, you should select the verdict form finding the defendant

guilty of first degree murder and sign it as I have stated. Under these circumstances, do not

sign the verdict form finding the defendant guilty of reckless homicide.

[5.] Under the law, the defendant cannot be guilty of first degree murder and

reckless homicide. Accordingly, if you find the defendant guilty of first degree murder,

that verdict would mean that the defendant is not guilty of reckless homicide. Likewise, if

you find the defendant guilty of reckless homicide, that verdict would mean that the

defendant is not guilty of first degree murder.” See IPI Criminal 4th No. 26.01R.

¶ 85 On appeal, defendant contends paragraph four of the instruction improperly informed the

jury it could find defendant guilty of both first degree murder and reckless homicide, and if it did

so, it should sign the verdict form for first degree murder. Defendant argues that because first

degree murder and reckless homicide require inconsistent and mutually exclusive mental states, a

person cannot be guilty of both offenses. Thus, defendant asserts, the instruction contained an

erroneous statement of the law. Further, he maintains, the erroneous instruction left open the

possibility at least one of the jurors found defendant acted recklessly, not intentionally or

knowingly, but nevertheless signed the verdict form for first degree murder. Defendant

4 The 2.01 and 26.01 series are related. The committee notes dictate that each 2.01 instruction has a corresponding 26.01 instruction, with the same letter identifier, that must be given. See IPI Criminal 4th No. 2.01, Committee Note; IPI Criminal 4th No. 26.01, Committee Note. For example, if 2.01Q is given, then 26.01Q must be given.

18 acknowledges he did not properly preserve this issue for review. He nevertheless maintains we

may grant him relief either under the doctrine of plain error or via a finding of ineffective assistance

of counsel.

¶ 86 The State concedes paragraph four of the instruction improperly stated the law but argues

defendant is not entitled to relief. Specifically, the State maintains defendant did not just forfeit

this issue; he invited the error when defense counsel stated she was “okay with [the instruction].”

Thus, the State argues, defendant cannot obtain relief under the plain-error doctrine and is limited

to a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. And because defendant has not established

prejudice, the State continues, defendant’s claim fails.

¶ 87 We agree with defendant. Before beginning our discussion, we note the trial court

incorrectly identified IPI Criminal 4th Nos. 2.01R and 26.01R as the proper instructions, which is

a mistake the parties have repeated on appeal. Defense counsel was correct when she suggested

that IPI Criminal 4th Nos. 2.01Q and 26.01Q should be used. Those instructions are to be used

when, as here, the jury is to be instructed on one or more charges and lesser-included instructions

are to be given for each charge. IPI Criminal 4th Nos. 2.01R and 26.01R, though similar, are to be

given when the jury is to be instructed on one or more charges and lesser-included instructions are

to be given on at least one but fewer than all of the charges. In any event, despite the incorrect

identification, the instruction ultimately conformed with IPI Criminal 4th No. 26.01Q

(notwithstanding the challenged paragraph). For the sake of clarity, we will refer to the challenged

instruction by its correct identifier, IPI Criminal 4th No. 26.01Q.

¶ 88 2. The State Concedes the Instruction Was Erroneous

¶ 89 To begin, we accept the State’s concession that IPI Criminal 4th No. 26.01Q, as given,

incorrectly stated the law because paragraph four should not have been included. “The function of

19 jury instructions is to provide the jury with accurate legal principles to apply to the evidence so it

can reach a correct conclusion.” People v. Hartfield, 2022 IL 126729, ¶ 51. The question—one of

law subject to de novo review—is “whether the instructions, taken as a whole, fairly, fully, and

comprehensively apprised the jury of the relevant legal principles.” (Internal quotation marks

omitted.) Id.

¶ 90 Here, the offense of first degree murder required proof that defendant either intended to

cause death or great bodily harm or knew his acts carried a strong possibility of doing so. See 720

ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1)-(2) (West 2018). On the other hand, the offense of reckless homicide required

proof that defendant acted recklessly (id. § 9-3(a)), which is a less culpable, and therefore

inconsistent, mental state. See People v. Eubanks, 2019 IL 123525, ¶¶ 73-74, 77. Paragraph four

of IPI Criminal 4th No. 26.01Q should not be used when, as here, the lesser offense requires a less

culpable mental state than the greater offense; paragraph five should be given instead. See People

v. Towns, 157 Ill. 2d 90, 110-11 (1993); see also IPI Criminal 4th No. 26.01Q, Committee Note

(stating that paragraphs four and five are mutually exclusive and that paragraph four should not be

given when the lesser offense involves a less-culpable mental state). Simply put, the jury could

not, by definition, find the State proved defendant guilty of both first degree murder and reckless

homicide in relation to the vehicle strike, and paragraph four of the instruction erroneously

indicated to the jury that it could do so. See IPI Criminal 4th No. 26.01Q, Committee Note.

¶ 91 3. Defendant Forfeited His Claim

¶ 92 We next turn to the issue of procedural default. As noted, the parties dispute the type of

procedural default implicated here. Defendant asserts he forfeited his claim regarding IPI Criminal

4th No. 26.01Q and asks for relief either under the doctrine of plain error or as an ineffective-

20 assistance claim. The State urges us to go further and find defendant invited the error, which limits

him to an ineffective-assistance claim.

¶ 93 The doctrines of forfeiture and invited error are distinct subtypes of procedural default.

Forfeiture occurs when a party fails to timely assert a known right. People v. Ratliff, 2024 IL

129356, ¶ 26. At base, forfeiture is a product of inaction or passivity. See People v. Childress,

2024 IL App (4th) 240669-U, ¶¶ 22-23. The doctrine’s purpose is to allow the trial court to correct

errors before appeal and to keep a party from obtaining reversal through inaction. People v.

Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 564 (2007). In the context of jury instructions, a party forfeits a claimed

error when the party fails to (1) contemporaneously object or offer an alternative instruction and

(2) raise the issue in a posttrial motion. Id.

¶ 94 Conversely, invited error is a product of an affirmative act. See People v. Hollahan, 2019

IL App (3d) 150556, ¶ 17, rev’d on other grounds, 2020 IL 125091; Childress, 2024 IL App (4th)

240669-U, ¶ 23. Under the invited-error doctrine, “an accused may not request to proceed in one

manner and then later contend on appeal that the course of action was in error.” (Emphasis added.)

People v. Carter, 208 Ill. 2d 309, 319 (2003). The doctrine discourages duplicity and combats the

manifest unfairness that would arise if a party were to obtain reversal based on the very error that

party injected into the proceedings. People v. Harvey, 211 Ill. 2d 368, 385 (2004). We generally

find invited error in cases where “a party *** ask[s] the court to commit the error or at least

explicitly agree[s] to the commission of the error.” Childress, 2024 IL App (4th) 240669-U, ¶ 23.

¶ 95 The distinction between forfeiture and invited error is critical because it dictates how a

defendant may seek relief on the procedurally defaulted issue. See People v. Brown, 2023 IL App

(4th) 220400, ¶ 31. If the error has been forfeited, then the defendant may seek relief either under

the plain-error rule or by claiming ineffective assistance of counsel. See People v. Jackson, 2020

21 IL 124112, ¶¶ 90-91. If the error was invited, then plain-error review is unavailable; the defendant

may only claim ineffective assistance. See Brown, 2023 IL App (4th) 220400, ¶ 31.

¶ 96 While discussing IPI Criminal 4th No. 26.01Q, defense counsel asserted paragraph four

did not “seem quite right” because it “seem[ed] like you’re telling the jury that they have to find

him guilty of first degree murder if [it] also think[s] he’s guilty of reckless homicide.” Counsel

noted that first degree murder and reckless homicide involve inconsistent mental states and

contended the jury should not be told it could not find defendant guilty of reckless homicide under

those circumstances. The court told counsel that the instruction was taken directly from the pattern

jury instructions and was presumably correct. Counsel did not press the issue further. The court

and parties then switched their focus to paragraph five. After the court noted changes would be

made to that paragraph, counsel stated, “Okay. I got it now. I’m okay with it.” As noted, the State

prepared the instruction, including paragraphs four and five, and the court gave it. Defendant did

not object to the final instruction or raise any issue with it in his posttrial motion.

¶ 97 Admittedly, this court has found invited error in another case where counsel made a similar

statement to the trial court. See Cholipski v. Bovis Lend Lease, Inc., 2014 IL App (1st) 132842,

¶ 63 (finding counsel’s response of “ ‘[o]kay’ ” was an “acquiesce[nce]” that waived the issue on

appeal). The context of counsel’s statement in this case, however, compels a finding of forfeiture

and not invited error.

¶ 98 First, defendant did not offer the erroneous instruction. See People v. Coan, 2016 IL App

(2d) 151036, ¶ 24 (declining to find invited error because the State, not the defendant, tendered

the instruction); cf. People v. Patrick, 233 Ill. 2d 62, 77 (2009) (finding invited error when the

defendant tendered the erroneous instruction). Rather, the court directed the parties to the

instruction, and the State ultimately prepared the instruction, including the erroneous paragraph.

22 Second, while counsel did not use the words “object” or “objection,” she voiced concerns about

paragraph four’s inclusion. The court nevertheless dismissed those concerns based on its

understanding—contrary to established case law and the committee note—that paragraph four of

IPI Criminal 4th No. 26.01Q must be given in these circumstances.

¶ 99 Under these circumstances, we decline to find counsel invited the error when she stated

she was “okay with” IPI Criminal 4th No. 26.01Q, which had not yet been prepared and tendered

by the State. Simply put, the concerns underlying the invited-error doctrine are not present here,

and the record provides no basis to conclude defendant requested or explicitly agreed to paragraph

four’s erroneous inclusion.

¶ 100 Instead, the record shows the failure to preserve the issue was the result of counsel’s

passivity, and defendant forfeited the claim, for two reasons. First, counsel failed to press her

concerns and did not clearly state an objection when the State tendered the final version of the

instruction. Second, defendant failed to include the claim in his posttrial motion. See Piatkowski,

225 Ill. 2d at 564.

¶ 101 4. The Erroneous Instruction Was Plain Error and Requires Reversal

¶ 102 As a result of the forfeiture, defendant may establish he is entitled to relief under the plain-

error rule. See People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167, 175-76 (2005); Ill. S. Ct. R. 451(c) (eff. Apr. 8,

2013) (“[S]ubstantial defects [in jury instructions] are not waived by failure to make timely

objections thereto if the interests of justice require.”). The plain-error rule is a narrow and limited

exception which allows us to grant relief on forfeited issues in certain circumstances. Herron, 215

Ill. 2d at 177. Under the plain-error rule, the defendant must first establish there was a plain, that

is, clear or obvious, error under current law. People v. Givens, 237 Ill. 2d 311, 329 (2010). Next,

the defendant must establish either (1) the evidence was so closely balanced that the error alone

23 threatened to tip the scales against defendant (first-prong plain error) or (2) the error was so serious

that it affected the trial’s fairness and challenged the process’s integrity (second-prong plain error).

Herron, 215 Ill. 2d at 186-87.

¶ 103 We have already accepted the State’s concession that the instruction was erroneous because

paragraph four was included when it should not have been. And the State does not dispute the error

was clear and obvious, with good reason. At the time of trial, settled law established paragraphs

four and five of IPI Criminal 4th No. 26.01Q are mutually exclusive, and paragraph four should

not be given when, as here, the lesser offense involves a less-culpable mental state. See Towns,

157 Ill. 2d at 110-11; IPI Criminal 4th No. 26.01Q, Committee Note; see also Givens, 237 Ill. 2d

at 329 (a plain error is one which is clear or obvious under current law).

¶ 104 As the parties point out, paragraph five of IPI Criminal 4th No. 26.01Q was also included

in the instruction, and it provided a correct statement of the law. Paragraph five informed the jury

that if it found defendant guilty of first degree murder, that necessarily meant he was not guilty of

reckless homicide, and vice versa. IPI Criminal 4th No. 26.01Q. In some instances, a correct

instruction may cure an erroneous instruction. Hartfield, 2022 IL 126729, ¶ 59; see People v.

Dylan E.A., 2023 IL App (4th) 220503-U, ¶¶ 32-36 (finding no plain error where the jury was

orally instructed with a correct statement of the law, then orally instructed with a directly

conflicting, incorrect statement of the law, and then given a written instruction with a correct

statement of the law); People v. Darr, 2018 IL App (3d) 150562, ¶¶ 84-85 (finding erroneous jury

instruction was not second-prong plain error where it was given once, orally; was followed by

numerous correct instructions as to the same element, both orally and in writing; correct written

instructions were sent to the jury room; and the parties during closing emphasized the correct

principles of law).

24 ¶ 105 In other cases, a correct instruction may not cure a directly conflicting, erroneous

instruction. For example, in Hartfield, the defendant was charged with armed robbery and four

counts of aggravated discharge of a firearm. Hartfield, 2022 IL 126729, ¶ 1. The trial court

provided the jury with a pattern instruction defining an element of aggravated discharge of a

firearm. Id. ¶ 18. In response to a question from the jury about that element, the court answered

with an erroneous statement of the law. Id. ¶¶ 22, 51-56. The jury found the defendant guilty of

armed robbery and all four counts of aggravated discharge of a firearm. Id. ¶ 23.

¶ 106 The appellate court found the trial court’s erroneous answer to the jury’s question was not

reversible error. Id. ¶ 27. The supreme court concluded otherwise, finding the erroneous answer

was second-prong plain error. Id. ¶ 59. After discussing People v. Jenkins, 69 Ill. 2d 61, 66-67

(1977), which had reached the same conclusion, the court wrote the following:

“Whereas a single erroneous instruction might be cured by other instructions or by some

other showing of a lack of prejudice, two directly conflicting instructions on an essential

element, one stating the law correctly and the other erroneously, cannot be cured this way

due to the simple fact that we can never know which instruction the jury was following.

What is at issue with this error is the integrity of the judicial system itself. Thus, regardless

of whether it is plain-error or harmless-error analysis, such an error is presumed to be

prejudicial.” Hartfield, 2022 IL 126729, ¶ 59.

Accordingly, the court reversed defendant’s conviction without evaluating the trial evidence. Id.

¶¶ 61, 97.

¶ 107 In People v. Woods, 2023 IL 127794, ¶ 54, the supreme court clarified Hartfield’s scope.

(Woods differed slightly from Hartfield in that the defendant in Woods preserved the issue for

review.) The court explained that giving directly conflicting instructions is not always prejudicial.

25 Id. Rather, “directly conflicting instructions may be harmless when they do not concern a disputed

essential issue in the case so that there is not a fear that the jury relied on the incorrect instruction.”

Id.

¶ 108 Under Hartfield and Woods, directly conflicting instructions may be but are not necessarily

prejudicial. The critical question is whether the instruction was given on a disputed essential issue

in the case such that there is a fear the jury relied on the incorrect instruction.

¶ 109 This case resembles Hartfield, and we conclude the erroneous instruction requires us to

reverse the jury’s verdict on the vehicle strike count. Like the instruction and answer to the jury’s

question in Hartfield, paragraphs four and five of the erroneous instruction here were in direct

conflict. Paragraph five correctly instructed the jury that defendant could not be guilty of both first

degree murder and reckless homicide. Paragraph four, however, implicitly authorized the jury to

find both offenses simultaneously established, despite their incompatible mental-state

requirements. See Eubanks, 2019 IL 123525, ¶¶ 73-74, 77; IPI Criminal 4th No. 26.01Q,

Committee Note. By directing the jury to return a first degree murder verdict if it found both

offenses proven, paragraph four presupposed the jury could, in fact, find both offenses

simultaneously proven. In addition, if the jury found defendant acted recklessly and somehow also

found he acted intentionally or knowingly, “it would be error for the court to tell the jury to ***

return a guilty verdict on [first degree murder].” IPI Criminal 4th No. 26.01Q, Committee Note.

¶ 110 While the jury signed the verdict form for first degree murder, we cannot know whether

the jury unanimously found defendant acted intentionally or knowingly. Due to the erroneous

instruction, it is possible that one (if not more) jurors concluded defendant acted recklessly and the

remaining jurors concluded he acted intentionally or knowingly. The instruction directed the jury

to reconcile such a conflict by signing the guilty verdict form for first degree murder. By directing

26 the jury toward that verdict, the instruction (1) foreclosed the jury’s ability to resolve the mental-

state issue independently and (2) masked whether the jury ever reached a true consensus. In other

words, the instruction not only misled the jury but also undermined the jury’s deliberative process.

¶ 111 Additionally, the directly conflicting instructions concerned a disputed essential issue in

the case. The State’s theory at trial was that the physical beating and vehicle strikes were part of

one continuous attack (even though it charged them as two separate acts) and that defendant was

accountable for all of Thomas’s acts against Stewart. Defendant’s theory at trial was that he

participated intentionally in the aggravated battery, completed that offense, and acted recklessly

when (if at all) he struck Stewart with the Suburban, and that Thomas’s vehicle strike was a

separate offense for which he was not accountable.

¶ 112 When it gave the lesser-included instructions, the trial court inherently recognized there

was at least some evidence from which the jury could accept defendant’s theory. See People v.

Sloan, 2024 IL 129676, ¶ 15 (noting a jury instruction should be given when there is some evidence

to justify the instruction). Based on the evidence discussed above, we agree with the court’s

assessment.

¶ 113 Thus, defendant’s mental state—an essential element of the charge presented to the jury—

was in dispute. See People v. Cunningham, 2019 IL App (1st) 160709, ¶ 28 (noting the State must

prove beyond a reasonable doubt every element of the offense, including the required mental state).

While IPI Criminal 4th No. 26.01Q did not define an element of the offense (cf. Hartfield, 2022

IL 126729, ¶¶ 18, 22), it was a critical instruction that directed the jury on what to do once it

resolved a disputed essential issue in the case. See Jenkins, 69 Ill. 2d at 66-67 (noting erroneous

instructions which “define[ ] the issues in the case or [are] mandatory in character” cannot be cured

by giving a directly conflicting instruction). That is, it implied the jury could find defendant acted

27 both recklessly and intentionally or knowingly and that if it did, it should nevertheless find

defendant guilty of first degree murder. This erroneous instruction prevented the jury from

performing its most essential function: determining defendant’s guilt or innocence as to the

charged offense. See Hartfield, 2022 IL 126729, ¶ 58 (citing Jenkins, 69 Ill. 2d at 66).

¶ 114 The State does not dispute that paragraphs four and five of the instruction directly

conflicted, paragraph four stating the law incorrectly and paragraph five correctly. Nor does it

dispute the instruction concerned a contested essential issue in the case. Instead, the State contends

the error was harmless because the jury also found defendant guilty of the physical beating count.

The jury’s finding on the physical beating count, the State argues, “reveal[s] that [the jury] acted

in a logical and legally consistent manner.”

¶ 115 We reject the State’s reliance on the unsentenced conviction as to the physical beating

count. As noted above, the physical beating count is not properly before us because no sentence,

and thus no final judgment, was entered on it. See Relerford, 2017 IL 121094, ¶ 75 (appellate court

lacks jurisdiction to decide validity of unsentenced convictions). It would be inappropriate and

inequitable to allow the State to use an unsentenced conviction to defeat defendant’s claim as to

the vehicle strike count when defendant is jurisdictionally barred from challenging his unsentenced

conviction. Moreover, the State presents no authority for its position that a nonfinal, unsentenced

conviction may be used in such a manner. The State chose to charge the physical beating and

vehicle strikes as separate offenses, and under the circumstances, the validity of the vehicle strike

conviction must be evaluated independently.

¶ 116 Finally, we find the State’s reliance on Towns unpersuasive. In Towns, the court ultimately

concluded the purportedly erroneous instruction correctly stated the law under the unique

circumstances of the case. Towns, 157 Ill. 2d at 111. The State, however, has conceded paragraph

28 four of IPI Criminal 4th No. 26.01Q was an incorrect statement of law, and it does not dispute the

instruction provided inconsistent statements of law—one correct and the other incorrect—

concerning a disputed essential issue in the case.

¶ 117 In such circumstances, “the jury cannot perform its constitutional function.” Jenkins, 69

Ill. 2d at 66; accord Hartfield, 2022 IL 126729, ¶¶ 58-59. It is the trial court’s duty to give the jury

proper guidance, and it cannot delegate that function to the jury by supplying it with two directly

conflicting instructions. See Jenkins, 69 Ill. 2d at 66-67. Because we do not know whether the jury

followed the correct or incorrect instruction, we must reverse defendant’s conviction on the vehicle

strike count.

¶ 118 C. Remedy

¶ 119 If defendant had not also been found guilty of the physical beating count, our reversal

would be accompanied by a remand with directions to hold a new trial on the vehicle strike count.

In such a case, we might also address some of the other issues raised by defendant, if we found

them likely to recur. See Pielet v. Pielet, 2012 IL 112064, ¶ 56; People v. Hari, 218 Ill. 2d 275,

299-302 (2006); Hana v. Illinois State Medical Inter-Insurance Exchange Mutual Insurance Co.,

2018 IL App (1st) 162166, ¶ 27.

¶ 120 But this is not such a case. As noted, the jury found defendant guilty of both counts. The

court merged the physical beating count into the vehicle strike count and imposed only one

sentence. Generally, when the trial court merges one conviction into another, that conviction is, in

effect, vacated. People v. Betance-Lopez, 2015 IL App (2d) 130521, ¶ 61. However, neither a

merger nor this court’s judgment in a successful appeal affects veracity of the unsentenced

conviction. See People v. Bryant, 2021 IL App (3d) 190530, ¶ 17. In such cases, the unsentenced

conviction may be reinstated and a sentence may be imposed. See id.

29 ¶ 121 The parties do not ask us to direct the trial court to hold a new trial on the vehicle strike

count. Nor do they ask us to direct the court to impose a sentence on the physical beating count.

Instead, they simply ask that we remand the case “for further proceedings.”

¶ 122 Accordingly, we decline to address the other issues raised by defendant, even those that

might recur during a new trial on the vehicle strike count. Because the parties have not specified

how they wish to proceed on remand, addressing defendant’s remaining claims would require us

to speculate that they will proceed on a new trial on that count. This is so because the court could

impose sentence on the unsentenced conviction, at which point defendant could appeal. See People

v. Henry, 2025 IL App (3d) 230137, ¶ 51 (remanding for sentencing on two counts that merged

into convictions that were vacated on appeal); Bryant, 2021 IL App (3d) 190530, ¶ 17 (same); see

also People v. Monroy-Martinez, 2024 IL App (1st) 221684-U, ¶ 33 (vacating aggravated

kidnapping conviction and sentence and “remand[ing] for entry of a conviction and sentencing”

on a second count that merged into the aggravated kidnapping conviction). As such, any discussion

of those issues would be advisory. See Pielet, 2012 IL 112064, ¶¶ 55-56; People v. Stitts, 2020 IL

App (1st) 171723, ¶ 33 (declining to address additional issue where discussion would amount to

an advisory opinion).

¶ 123 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 124 For the reasons stated, we reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand for further

proceedings.

¶ 125 Reversed and remanded.

30 People v. Hale, 2025 IL App (3d) 220510

Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Kankakee County, No. 20-CF- 429; the Hon. William S. Dickenson, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys James E. Chadd, Santiago A. Durango, and Steven Varel, of for State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Ottawa, for appellant. Appellant:

Attorneys James Rowe, State’s Attorney, of Kankakee (Patrick Delfino, for Thomas D. Arado, and Nicholas A. Atwood, of State’s Appellee: Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.