GAROUTTE, J.
Vinton, Hayden, Gregory, and Rad cliff were charged with the murder of Littlefield. Hpon.a separate trial Gregory was convicted, and now prosecutes an appeal to [18]*18this court from the judgment and order denying his motion for a new trial. The case is purely one of circumstantial evidence. The scene of the homicide was in a mountainous and sparsely settled district in the county of Trinity, and the parties interested all resided in that territory of country. Upon September 26,1895, Vinton reported himself at the house of Hayden, a ■ friend, wounded by a rifle ball. He claimed that he had been shot from ambush by his enemy Littlefield. Upon the forenoon of the 37th there had gathered at Hayden’s house from various places and distances, principally at the invitation of Vinton’s couriers, these four defendants, and also Crowe, Laycock, and the two Van Horns, all friends of Vinton and enemies of Littlefield. During the morning of September 27th. they were notified that Littlefield was several miles distant, engaged in driving a herd of cattle. Bayles Van Horn was a.constable. Up to 3 o’clock of this day these men spent their time at Hayden’s house in talking with Vinton and resting at ease. Gregory cleaned his rifle. About 3 o’clock these seven men (Vinton, being wounded, remained at the house) started toward the point where Vinton claimed to have been shot, which was also in the general direction where Little-field was reported to be. They were all upon horses except Bad-cliff, who was mounted upon a mule, and were all armed with rifles and revolvers. After leaving the house, Van Horn deputized Crowe to assist him, and these two proceeded to the point where Littlefield was located and placed him under arrest for the shooting of Vinton. The remaining five men went to the point where Vinton claimed to have been shot, and there examined the ground for tracks. From this point the trail which Van Horn and Crowe would travel with the arrested man was in view. The five men remained at this point some time, when Gordon Van Horn departed, then Hai'den and Laycock rode away, Gregory and Eadcliff remaining behind. Littlefield was arrested, disarmed, and the journey over this trail toward the county seat began— Van Horn in front, Littlefield next, and Crowe at the rear. Van Horn had his pistol, Crowe a rifle. About sunset parties some distance away heard three shots fired. Laycock and Hayden returned to Hayden’s house separately during the evening. Eadcliff and Gregory arrived at the Vinton cabin about 8:30 P. M., Eadcliff with a rifle, Gregory with rifle and pistol. This cabin [19]*19was a few miles from the scene of the murder. The morning of the 28th Littlefield was found hanging to the limb of a tree at a point upon the trail about where the shots were heard, and three gunshot wounds were found in the body. It appeared from an examination of the surroundings that two horses and one mule had been tied in the brush near the scene of the murder, the mule unshod. RadclifPs mule was unshod. Van Horn and Crowe have heretofore been charged with the murder of Littlefield and convicted. Upon appeal to this court the judgment was affirmed. A more detailed recital of the facts surrounding this homicide may be found in the opinion of the court rendered in that case. (People v. Van Horn, 119 Cal. 323.) It may be further suggested that for several months prior to the murder, defendant had made repeated threats against the life of Littlefield.
Upon the' foregoing- state of facts, coupled with minor incidents and circumstances unnecessary to here detail, the jury was entirely justified in finding the defendant guilty of murder. The jury was further justified in finding the existence of a conspiracy to murder Littlefield, participated in by the four defendants named in the information filed in this case. The jury was also justified under this evidence in declaring that the killing was a consummation of the conspiracy, and that the arrest of Littlefield was not in good faith, but a mere pretense, an act done in direct furtherance of the scheme and conspiracy to murder. Upon a careful reading of the record we are prepared to say the sufficiency of the evidence to justify the verdict cannot be gainsaid for a moment:
It is claimed that the trial court committed error in the admission of certain evidence. The objections of the defendant are based largely upon the admission of declarations of Vinton, Laycock, Hayden, and possibly others of the eight men who were at the house of ITayden Upon the day of the murder, and whom we deem the evidence sufficiently locates as conspirators organized to kill Littlefield. These declarations were made during an interval of three or four months prior to the meeting at Hayden’s house, and were testified to by various witnesses. As for example, “Vinton said it would be a good time to hang Littlefield, and Hayden was satisfied to go and wanted witness to go with him.” In talking to Vinton about hanging Littlefield, “Laycock said he [20]*20would count over who would go, and enumerated Vinton, Lay-cock, Watkins, Hayden, Lynch, and the witness.” Hayden said: “We’ll have to do something with those fellows. There is no-use taking the law to them. We'll have to do something else.” In a general conversation between Crowe, Vinton, Gregory, and Hayden, “they, said if they could not convict him by lawing, and they did not think there was much use trying in Mendocino-county, they would hang him.” While some of these declarations were made in the absence of the defendant, still they were admissible as showing the very inception and creation of the conspiracy. As a general rule, a conspiracy can only be established by circumstances. These men were all friends. Little-field was a common enemy. His taking off occupied their minds. They deemed it a necessity, and these conversations with each other as to the means to be used and the parties to participate in the killing were matters square to the issue. These things rvent on for months. The opportunity for the killing Avas the one thing lacking, and that presented itself upon the twenty-seventh day of September by the wounding of Vinton. Whatever the cause of that wounding, we are not now concerned.
The witness Doolittle, under objection,testified that George E. White said to him: “ Trank, AAthy don’t you do up those sons of bitches up there, and then you Avon’t have to be bothered about Iuav out there.’ And I said: ’What sons of bitches do you mean?’ And he said: Hack Littlefield and Ves. Palmer.’ ” Tire attorney general stated that he proposed to follow this evidence by other evidence showing White to be connected with the murder, and that, if not so connected, this evidence might be stricken out. In view of defendant’s statements to witnesses that White was his friend and Avould assist him in case Little-field was killed, the declarations of White testified to by Doolittle were admissible in eA-idence. These declarations of White Avcre some evidence tending to show him to be a fellow conspirator, and, Avhen taken in connection with defendant’s own statement to that effect, were matters properly placed before the - jury for their consideration.
Vinton’s statement to Shores that the seven men Avhom Shores sarv in the distance were the seven men avIio had just left Hayden’s house (naming them) does defendant no harm. It is con[21]*21ceded by all parties that these seven men had just left the house and proceeded in the direction of the scene of the homicide.
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GAROUTTE, J.
Vinton, Hayden, Gregory, and Rad cliff were charged with the murder of Littlefield. Hpon.a separate trial Gregory was convicted, and now prosecutes an appeal to [18]*18this court from the judgment and order denying his motion for a new trial. The case is purely one of circumstantial evidence. The scene of the homicide was in a mountainous and sparsely settled district in the county of Trinity, and the parties interested all resided in that territory of country. Upon September 26,1895, Vinton reported himself at the house of Hayden, a ■ friend, wounded by a rifle ball. He claimed that he had been shot from ambush by his enemy Littlefield. Upon the forenoon of the 37th there had gathered at Hayden’s house from various places and distances, principally at the invitation of Vinton’s couriers, these four defendants, and also Crowe, Laycock, and the two Van Horns, all friends of Vinton and enemies of Littlefield. During the morning of September 27th. they were notified that Littlefield was several miles distant, engaged in driving a herd of cattle. Bayles Van Horn was a.constable. Up to 3 o’clock of this day these men spent their time at Hayden’s house in talking with Vinton and resting at ease. Gregory cleaned his rifle. About 3 o’clock these seven men (Vinton, being wounded, remained at the house) started toward the point where Vinton claimed to have been shot, which was also in the general direction where Little-field was reported to be. They were all upon horses except Bad-cliff, who was mounted upon a mule, and were all armed with rifles and revolvers. After leaving the house, Van Horn deputized Crowe to assist him, and these two proceeded to the point where Littlefield was located and placed him under arrest for the shooting of Vinton. The remaining five men went to the point where Vinton claimed to have been shot, and there examined the ground for tracks. From this point the trail which Van Horn and Crowe would travel with the arrested man was in view. The five men remained at this point some time, when Gordon Van Horn departed, then Hai'den and Laycock rode away, Gregory and Eadcliff remaining behind. Littlefield was arrested, disarmed, and the journey over this trail toward the county seat began— Van Horn in front, Littlefield next, and Crowe at the rear. Van Horn had his pistol, Crowe a rifle. About sunset parties some distance away heard three shots fired. Laycock and Hayden returned to Hayden’s house separately during the evening. Eadcliff and Gregory arrived at the Vinton cabin about 8:30 P. M., Eadcliff with a rifle, Gregory with rifle and pistol. This cabin [19]*19was a few miles from the scene of the murder. The morning of the 28th Littlefield was found hanging to the limb of a tree at a point upon the trail about where the shots were heard, and three gunshot wounds were found in the body. It appeared from an examination of the surroundings that two horses and one mule had been tied in the brush near the scene of the murder, the mule unshod. RadclifPs mule was unshod. Van Horn and Crowe have heretofore been charged with the murder of Littlefield and convicted. Upon appeal to this court the judgment was affirmed. A more detailed recital of the facts surrounding this homicide may be found in the opinion of the court rendered in that case. (People v. Van Horn, 119 Cal. 323.) It may be further suggested that for several months prior to the murder, defendant had made repeated threats against the life of Littlefield.
Upon the' foregoing- state of facts, coupled with minor incidents and circumstances unnecessary to here detail, the jury was entirely justified in finding the defendant guilty of murder. The jury was further justified in finding the existence of a conspiracy to murder Littlefield, participated in by the four defendants named in the information filed in this case. The jury was also justified under this evidence in declaring that the killing was a consummation of the conspiracy, and that the arrest of Littlefield was not in good faith, but a mere pretense, an act done in direct furtherance of the scheme and conspiracy to murder. Upon a careful reading of the record we are prepared to say the sufficiency of the evidence to justify the verdict cannot be gainsaid for a moment:
It is claimed that the trial court committed error in the admission of certain evidence. The objections of the defendant are based largely upon the admission of declarations of Vinton, Laycock, Hayden, and possibly others of the eight men who were at the house of ITayden Upon the day of the murder, and whom we deem the evidence sufficiently locates as conspirators organized to kill Littlefield. These declarations were made during an interval of three or four months prior to the meeting at Hayden’s house, and were testified to by various witnesses. As for example, “Vinton said it would be a good time to hang Littlefield, and Hayden was satisfied to go and wanted witness to go with him.” In talking to Vinton about hanging Littlefield, “Laycock said he [20]*20would count over who would go, and enumerated Vinton, Lay-cock, Watkins, Hayden, Lynch, and the witness.” Hayden said: “We’ll have to do something with those fellows. There is no-use taking the law to them. We'll have to do something else.” In a general conversation between Crowe, Vinton, Gregory, and Hayden, “they, said if they could not convict him by lawing, and they did not think there was much use trying in Mendocino-county, they would hang him.” While some of these declarations were made in the absence of the defendant, still they were admissible as showing the very inception and creation of the conspiracy. As a general rule, a conspiracy can only be established by circumstances. These men were all friends. Little-field was a common enemy. His taking off occupied their minds. They deemed it a necessity, and these conversations with each other as to the means to be used and the parties to participate in the killing were matters square to the issue. These things rvent on for months. The opportunity for the killing Avas the one thing lacking, and that presented itself upon the twenty-seventh day of September by the wounding of Vinton. Whatever the cause of that wounding, we are not now concerned.
The witness Doolittle, under objection,testified that George E. White said to him: “ Trank, AAthy don’t you do up those sons of bitches up there, and then you Avon’t have to be bothered about Iuav out there.’ And I said: ’What sons of bitches do you mean?’ And he said: Hack Littlefield and Ves. Palmer.’ ” Tire attorney general stated that he proposed to follow this evidence by other evidence showing White to be connected with the murder, and that, if not so connected, this evidence might be stricken out. In view of defendant’s statements to witnesses that White was his friend and Avould assist him in case Little-field was killed, the declarations of White testified to by Doolittle were admissible in eA-idence. These declarations of White Avcre some evidence tending to show him to be a fellow conspirator, and, Avhen taken in connection with defendant’s own statement to that effect, were matters properly placed before the - jury for their consideration.
Vinton’s statement to Shores that the seven men Avhom Shores sarv in the distance were the seven men avIio had just left Hayden’s house (naming them) does defendant no harm. It is con[21]*21ceded by all parties that these seven men had just left the house and proceeded in the direction of the scene of the homicide. The evidence of Simonim as to the statements of Lightfoot, a witness for defendant, made after the killing, ivas competent evidence for the purpose of showing the interest and feeling of Lightfoot. The interest and feeling of a witness are always material elements to be considered by the jury in weighing his testimony. Feither did the court.commit error in denying a challenge to the juror Griffith upon the ground of actual bias.
Defendant Avas represented by tAvo counsel. After the trial had progressed to the extent that six jurors had been impaneled and SAvorn to try the case, an application Avas made to the court that J. W. Turner, a drily licensed attorney and counselor at law, be joined as additional counsel for the defense. Turner was a brother in law of the judge of the court. His appearance in the case as an attorney would lm-u disqualified the judge to try the case. Therefore, a granting of the application would have necessarily resulted in a continuance of the case, a discharge of the jurors selected, and the selection of a second judge from some adjoining county to proceed with the trial at a future time. The trial court declared the application to be made in bad faith, and refused to grant it. The proposition here involved is someAvhat novel. At the same time we consider the court Avas fully justified in the action taken. Of necessity, the granting or denial of such a motion is a matter resting largely in the discretion of the court; and the facts would have to disclose an extreme case before the discretion A'ested in and exercised by it in such a matter Avould be held abused upon reAdew here. In dealing Avith such matters, the prompt and orderly administration of justice must eArer be kept in view, and the trial court is alloAved most liberal limits in denying a motion of this character. If the right of defendant to have Turner associated as counsel in the case Avere an absolute right, be could have held the matter in abeyance until the final argument of the case, and then, if he deemed the result likely to be adverse to him, could at that time haAre made the application here made, and thus have caused a total miscarriage of justice. Complaint is also made of the action of the trial court in rendering its decision upon the aforesaid application, in open court and in the presence of the jury. [22]*22While in passing upon the motion the language of the court is forcible, nothing was said or done upon which to predicate error. It possibly would have been a better practice to have announced the decision without the presence of tíre jury. At the same time, the jurors must be presumed to be honest, intelligent men, ready and desirous of deciding the case according to the law and evidence, and to the exclusion of all extraneous matters. It would be a most violent presumption to assume that the language here used by the trial judge upon this incidental proceeding in any way affected the final result of the trial.
There is no sound ground upon which to base an objection to the instruction assailed by appellant in bis brief.
For the foregoing reasons the judgment and . order are affirmed.
McFarland, J., Harrison, J., Van Fleet, J., and Henshaw, J., concurred.